IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


>-liM 

|5  0     '""^^ 

1^ 


|M 
M 

1.8 


1^  il.4    nil  1.6 


-A^J 


Photographic 

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;:<? 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


WW^^^^^^y<v-' 


-?^^p 


»m^ 


m 


.  '■"i 


Tochnictil  uiul  Bibliographic  Notos/Notos  tor.hniquos  ot  bibliographiniios 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
whioh  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  lo  meillour  exomplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  so  procurer.  Les  d6toils 
do  cet  exomplaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I 

%■■'■' 

t 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag6e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  litre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliS  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajo  *'es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  film^es. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculees 

\ — ]'   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 


J? 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 

□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit6  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


1 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  r6duction  indiqu6  ci  dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

,.J 

i9y 

IfiX 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

aire 

i  ddtuils 
|ues  du 
t  modifier 
iger  une 
3  filmage 


i/ 
u6es 


aire 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
othe:  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »•  (meaning  "COIM- 
TIIMUED"),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"). 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  incSuded  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  fjlm6  fut  repioduit  grace  d  la 
gdn^rositd  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photodupiication  Service 

Los  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduces  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaircs  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film§s  en  commenqant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  compofte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  ia 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  gtre 
filmds  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seut  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


by  errata 
ned  to 

lent 

une  pelure, 
facon  d 


i 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ELEiMENTS 


OF 


GEOGRAPHY 


W.il 


i 


ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 


WITH  AN  ATL 


DY  J.  E.  WORCESTER. 


feOSTON 

VtTBUSHED    BY    TIMOTHY    SWAN,    NO.     15,    CORKHliL. 

FLACG  AND  O0CLD....rRIKTKR8> 

1819. 

'1 


DISTRICT   OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  TO  ^VIT  ^ 

District  Clerk's  OJftxc. 

Statesof  America,  J.  '-.r^  ^J'-^l^":  .^  .:„u,  whereof  he  cams 
iled  in  this  office  (he  title  of  a  bo^^j/^'^./'f^i^^^t,  of  Geography, 
a,  author,  in  the  word,  ffll°«>"f' J'^/-,  e  Wcrces  "."  In  conl 
Ancient  and  Modern;  with  an  ^'l^'-  '^J  J"  J-jYutcs  of  America, 
formity  to  the  act  of  the  congress  of  the  ""^^fj";  ,'    ecuring  the 

-;:ro;;\%'i£^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

iuch  copies  during  the  times  therein  °»'=»l'°"«"J;,,^^,.  „^,;,,  District 
J50.  W.  Davis,   ^     ^^  jMaasaclMsells, 


^ 


On 


01 


PREFACE. 


WIT ; 

Vcck's  Offixc. 

■  November,  a.d. 
lice  of  the  United 
itrict,  has  depog- 
hcreot"  he  claims 
ita  of  Geography, 
rcesler."  In  con- 
;atc3  of  America, 
g,  bj'  securing  tlie 
and  proprietors  of 

k  ()/  Ihe  District 

■  JSJassaclmisetts. 


The  multii  n  of  books  of  elementary  infitriictioii, 

')Ugh  sometinn.     complained  of  as  an  evil,  is,  however, 

■.  (ended  with  some  advantages.     By  the  various  attcnipts 

>•  indivi.liials  the   diflferent  wants  of  the  community  are. 

upplied,  elementary  treatises  are  adapted  to  the  existing 

late  of  science,  and  the  interests  of  learning  are  advanced. 

.rt  compiler  of  a  book  of  this  description,  may  always  come 

forward  with  this  apology,  that  if  his  work  is  calcnliitrd  to 

be  useful,  the  publication  of  it  may  be  advantageous  to  the 

public  ;  if  otherwise,  the  injury  must  fall  chiefly  on  himself. 

In  the  following  pages  k  will  be  found  that  more  sta- 
tistical information  has  been  introduced  in  the  form  of 
tables,  than  is  usual  in  works  of  this  kind.  Ijy  attending  to 
these  tabular  views  a  student  will  acquire  correct  and 
comparative  knowledge  of  thr  subjects  presented,  with 
much  greater  facility,  than  he  would  in  any  other  manner. 

The  design  has  been  to  present  interesting  and  useful 
information  in  a  narrow  compass,  and  to  exhibit  it  in  a 
perspicuous  manner.  A  pupil  after  having  thoroughly 
studied  this  small  volume,  and  sufficiently  familiarized 
himself  with  the  maps,  will,  it  is  believed,  have  a  com- 
prehensive and  tolerably  satisfactory  knowledge  of  geog- 
raphy both  ancient  and  modern. 

It  would  be  unnecessary,  were  it  possible,  to  point  out 
the  various  sources  from  which  information  has  been  de- 
rivedv     The  book  is  the  fruit  of  studies  which  ^verc  per-' 


■i  t 


Ui''' 


»v 


PUKKAM'.. 


formed  ...  the  proraration  of  prcccdi..ff  publ.cal.ons  a. 
well  as  of  more  recent  enquiries.  Attention  han  been  pa.a 
to  the  latent  hou.xos  of  information ;  and  in  g.v.ng  tl.e  sta- 
tistics of  Kiirope,  considerable  use  bas  been  made  ol  a 
gazetteer  publishe.l  in  Germany  in  1817-13,  by  that  emi^ 
nent  ffoo-i".phcr  Dr.  Hassel  of  Weimar. 

If  \vx-  boon  loconuncnded  by  some  gentlemen  to  have 
a  li.l  of  (...ctious  ^vbich  woubl  embrate  all  the   pnncpa 
„oinls  contained  in  the  volume.     But  it  will  be  perce.ved 
Uiat  the  pages  arc  broken  up  into  very  ^hort  paragraphs, 
with  the  s..bjecls  of  each  expressed  at  the  boginn.ng  m 
Ualu-  ;  ^o  that  it  will  be  perfectly  easy  for  the  instructor 
,0  fran.e  questions,  a..d  for  the  pupil  to  ..nderstand  -.eforc- 
hand  what  the  import  of  the   questioiis  will   be.     H,  how- 
ever,  questions   should  '.e  thought   desirable,  they  may, 
without  .ncoDvenience,  be  added  hereafter  iu  a  separate 

tori"-  ,..       1        .««  „f 

The  compiler  having  experienced  a  liberal  port.on  ot 

candour  with  regard  to  former  publications,  w.ll  be  happy, 
-hould  this  little  volume  be  thought  to  exhibit  suffic.ent 
evide.ice  of  his  desire  to  merit  a  continuance  of  the  pub- 
lic approbation. 

NOVEHBEU  27,  IC19 


Mathcn 

Globes 

Maps 

riijsicB 

Natural 

Enrth 

Aiueric 

North  / 

Greenh 

Uritish 

Upper  ( 

Lower  i 

New  Bi 

Cape  B 

Newfou 

United 

NewE 

Maine 

NewH 

Vermel 

Massac 

Rhode 

Coniiec 

Middle 

New  Y 

New  Jt 

Pennsy 

Delawi 

Southe 

Marylc 

Distric 

North  < 

South  I 

Georgi 

Alabai 

Missis! 

Wesle 

Kentuc 


ublications,  ns 
h;iH  been  |iiii<l 
jiving  llic  sta- 
311  made  of  a 
0,  by  that  emi' 


CONTENTS. 


Icmen  to  have 
the  princii>al 
1  be  perceived 
it  paragraphs, 
e  beginning  in 
'  the  instructor 
crstand  before- 
1  be.  If,  how- 
l)le,  they  may, 
!r  in  a  separate 

beral  portion  of 
,  will  be  happy, 
xhibit  sufficient 
ice  of  the  pub- 


iMnthcmaticnl  Gcograjihy 

Globes      .... 

Mapi        .... 

n.ysicBl  Geography 

Natural  Divisious 

Earth        .... 

America 

North  America 

Greenland 

Lritish  America,  New  Britain 

Upper  Canada 

Lower  Canada 

New  Brunswick,  Nora  Scotia 

Cape  Breton      ... 

Newfoundland,  St.  Johns,  Bermudas 

United  States 

New  England    . 

Maine       .        .        .        • 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island     . 

Connecticut 

Middle  States    . 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Southern  States 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia,  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Mississippi         . 

Western  States,  Tennessee 

Kentucky 


rAGE 

f» 
It 

13 

14 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

29 

31 

32 

33 

34 

61 

52 

54 

66 

58 

62 

63 

65 

60 

70 

72 

'V  f  > 

',  / 
7a 

84 
87 
90 
92 
94 
95 
9« 


f{  CONTF.NTI!. 


Ohio 

Indiana  • 

Illinois       •         •  _, 

Michigan  Tcrrilory,  NW.  Territory 

L3uiiiana  • 

Louiiiana 

Mitioiiri    . 

Arkanittw  Territory 

t'loridn,  Spanish  rosieuioii 

Mexico  01  New  i^paia 

Ouutiinala 

West  Indies 

Cuba         .         • 

St.  Uoininc;o,  Jamaica,  Vorlo  Rico 

South  Anu'i'ica 

New  Grenada    . 

Vcnozuclft 

Guiana 

Peru      . 

Amazonia,  Brazil 

Btjenos  Ayres    . 

Chili 

Patagonia 

Europe 

Lapland   . 

Norway     . 

Sweden     . 

Denmark 

Kuisia 

Prussia 

Poland      . 

England  and  Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Netherlands 

Germany 

Saxony     . 

Hanover 

Havaria     . 

Wirtemherg 

Grand  Dutchy  of  Baden,  Austria 

Switzerland 

Fiance 

Spain 

Portugal  • 

Italy         .        . 

Ionian  Republic 

Turkey  in  Europe 

\sia. 


10 1 
103 
10./ 
lOti 
Ul7 
IOC 
lOCt 

no 
III 

114 
115 

no 

117 

no 

\-20 
Ml 
122 
l'J3 
124 

i2r> 

12fl 
129 
130 
J  35 
IJG 
Kt!! 
139 
141 
143 

ua 

146 

151 

1,V3 

l;i;i 

157 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

167 

16R 

1'5 

177 

178 

Ui2 

183 

186 


Tiirke 

ilussii 

Ar.ihii 

Indrpi 

Ciibuli 

Mindo 

Itirma 

Malay 

linns, 

(.'ochir 

Corea, 

Thiboi 

Asintii 

Austra 

f'olync 

Africa 

llurhni 
Weite 
Southc 
Knster 
Abyasi 
iNubia 
Centra 
Africa: 


Comps 

Europ« 

Gaul, 

Thrac* 

Italy 

Italian 

Greec* 

.Vlaced 

Greece 

Pelopo 

Islands 

Asia,  i 

Colchi: 

Syria 

Palesti 

Pera;a, 

OrienK 

tfcica, 


101 
103 

lo;* 

llKi 
107 
urn 

lO'.t 

no 
III 
\\z 
lit 

115 

ur, 

117 
IIU 
l-.'O 

141 

122 
1,23 
124 
12r> 
12fl 
12!) 
130 
135 
13G 
130 
139 
Ml 
143 
115 
14f. 
151 

i.yj 

155 
157 
160 
161 
162 
163 
164 
167 
168 
1'5 
177 
l78 
lti2 
183 
186 


COSTF.NT«i. 

VII 

Tiirkcj  in  Aiia lUg 

lluiaia  in  Aiia 

l!)l 

Ar.ibiu      .... 

192 

Independent  Tnrtftfv,  Portia 

194 

(.'abulistau  (ir  Afghiinifitan 

196 

ninddOitiiii        .         .         f 

197 

IWrmnli  or   Ava 

201 

Mnjaynor  Miilacca,  Sinm 

203 

Lnoi,  Carohodia 

204 

(■ochin-C'liina,  Toiv|uin,  China 

SOfi 

Corua,  Cliineiu  TarUry     . 

20Q 

Tliibot,  Japun            .         • 

209 

Aiintlc  Uliinds 

210 

Auitralaiia 

213 

Polynesia 

214 

Africa       .... 

210 

Kg/pt       .... 

210 

fJurhnry  States 

220 

Weitern  Africa 

224 

Southern  Africa 

226 

Knatero  Africa 

227 

Abyssinia 

228 

iNubia        .... 

229 

(Central  Africa  .         . 

230 

African  Islands 

232 

ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 

Comparative  View 833 

Europe,  Britain 237 

Gaul,  Germany,  &c. 233 

Thrace,  Spain  ........  239 

Italy 240 

Italian  Islands 242 

Greece 243 

Macedonia,  Epirus,  Theisaly 244 

Greece 245 

Peloponnesus 246 

Islands  of  Greece 247 

Asia,  Asia  Minor 349 

Colchis,  iberia  and  .Aoaoia,  Armenia,  Mesopotamia    .        .  251 

Syria 252 

Palestine '   .         .         .         .  253 

Persia,  Arabia  ........  255 

Oriental  Kingdoms    '. .  256 

tfcica,  /Egypt 257 


VIII 

Ancient  Fmpirci        • 

llivcrt 

Iilaiid« 

J,Bke«       ■         •  .      ' 

Srai,  Gulh,  S»rft>';    .       ;,     . 

Oneition.  on  Iho  Mo'l^m  Mapi 

S,.,..lion«  on  the  Ancient  Mup» 

Vrol.lera*  on  llu-  u.e  of  Globe* 

ConitructioD  of  Mapi 


roKTr.NT* 


250 
373 

•iia 

'i77 
278 
JOt 
311 
31U 


fage  34. 


ERUATA. 

.       1 .  nM  to  have  l-een  claiied  with  Muine  and 
MiMOuri  ought  not  to  have  "ecu 
Alabama.     Sec  page  HO. 
139.  for  Fanen,  read  Funen,  ^      ^  ^J■(f^^  Rhine. 

4?:  ^l«-'^^''-'•'"''  -^n^'euS        i6^.,'^n.nM37. 

Au.lria.    l'0PS^7;„^?«LV";e' t  il  take'n  from  Haue),  and  u 
Jem'd  preferable  to  the  former. 

^"Se|5MorAndea,read..J«._ 
qL'        Bofitica,        Bnolia. 


plane 
Tl 

rovol 
Th 

folloi 

/:«»•</ 

Mc 
(lipir 
ers  .n 
<,'arth 


2.')0 
273 

•ro 

'277 
311 

an: 


,6(1  «ilh  Maine  and 

ad  wesl  ofihe  Rhine. 
;n.  ler,,  20,n6,4;37. 

from  HaMe't  »•»''  " 


ratta- 


ELKMENT8  OF  GEOGHAIUIV. 


GF.ocRArnr  i-i  n  (Iiv'riiptioti  of  thfi  carlli. 

Mathematical  gcmrraphy  trontu  of  the  c;irth  as  a  pari  ol 
ihe  8ol;ir  dystein  ;  illuttlrutes,  from  aHtronoinical  principles, 
it"!  fia:iire,tnaffnitu(lp,  and  motion  ;  explains  the  construction 
of  fflobcH,  with  their  application  to  the  solution  of  prob- 
liMnx ;  and  <lcsciihes  the  mcthoiU  of  projecting  mnpa  and 
ciiarts. 

Physical  geography  embraces  n  descriptive  view  of  the 
gonoral  fcatiirod  rtf  tlie  earth,  or  its  iiuliiral  history. 

Civil  or  political  grngi-aphy  delineates  the  empires,  king- 
ilomn,  and  i^tutes,  which  occupy  the  surface  of  the  cartiv, 
and  exhibits  various  raonunlenta  of  Immaa  industry  and 
skill. 

MATHEMATICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

TIIK  SOLAH  BVSTEM 

The  sblar  system  is  composed  of  the  sun,  the  primary 
planets.,  the  satellites,  the  asteroids^  and  the  comets. 

The  sun  is  in  the  centre  of  the  primary  planets,  which 
revolve  around  the  sun  in  elliptic  orbits,  from  west  to  east- 

There  are  seven  primary  planets,  distinguished  by  the 
following  nanlcs  and  characters  ;  Mercury  9,  Fenus  ^^ 
Earth  ®,  Mars  i,  Jupiter  U,  Saturn  h,  and  Herschel  y. 

Mercury  and  Venus  are  called  inferior  planets,  because 
iheir  orbits  are  included  within  that  of  the  earth;  the  oth- 
ers superior,  because  their  orbit*  are  without  that  of  the 
earth. 


m 


!i! 


H 


i'q  mathematical 

There  arc  r.  mtclliies  or  sccondnry  plnucK  Tl.e  F.nrih 
his  Jn„Ucr  4,  Saturn  7,  and  Herschel  0.  Tl.osc  revolve 
round  t£  primaries,  and  accompany  them  .n  the.r  un^ 
nnal  revolutions  round  the  sun. 

Saturn  is  encompassed  by  a  remarkable  nnff. 
There  are  four  r^^rmr/v,  Cem,  ^''["'^'^"""'TihlZ' 
These  are  small  primary  planets,  revolvmg  round  the, un, 
in  orbits  included  between  those  of  Mars  and  Jup.ter 

Corner,  are  bodies  revolving  round  the  sun  in  very  ec- 
centric ellipses.  The  number  of  comets  belongmg  to  the 
ceiuiH.  cii>i^-^  .      „,jmber   ot  those 

^^"^^l^^^Sl^  l"een  cllctteTvas,  m. 
"'7SZ-:  Those  stars  which  always  retam  U.e  s.ne 
situation  with  respect  to  each  other,  are  called /i.«rf  stars. 
£  Togo  are  sien  by  the  naked  eye  in  tiie  v.s.ble  hori- 
zon U  by  the  use  of  a  telescope,  the  number  js  immen  e- 
(y  increased,  and  it  increases  in  proportion  to  themagmiy- 
ifig  power  of  the  telescope. 

Tat/6  of  the  sizes,  distances,  rotations,  and  periods  of  the 
sun  and  planets. 


.Mean  di»t- 

Diameter'ances  from 

in  miles  the  sun  in 

mill<  miles 


t^un  883,246 
Mercury)  3,221 
Venus 


Earth 

Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 

Ilersch'l 


7,687 

7,013' 

4,180 

80,170 

70,042 

35,112 


Rotation 

on  their 

axis. 


Time  of  revol- 
ving round  the 
sun. 


Bulk.  The 
earth  being 
1. 


(1.  h.  m 
25  14  08 
24  05  28 
0  23  22 
0  23  56 
100  30 
OO0  56 
0  10  16 
unknown 

29  12  44 


d.      b.  m. 


87  23ir 

224  16  40 

365  06  09 

G86  23  30 

4,332  08  61 

10,761  14  37 

30,445  18  00' 

365  06  09l 


1,380,000 


J. 

I 


1,470 

1,030 

90 


Moon      '     2,180 

Figure  of  the  earth.  The  figure  of  the  ^nrth  is  spherical 
This  i3  evident,  1st,  tVom  the  appearance  ol  a  ship  wnon 
loprothh  Mhe  sh'ore,  the  mast  and  topsai  s  always  be.n,' 
Sffio^lte  hull;  2Jly,  from  the  circular  ior.n  ol  th. 


3.  TheEnrih 
"iicsc  ipvolve 
n  in  their  aii' 

(110,  ami  Veata. 
round  tlic  sun, 
1  Jupiter, 
n  in  very  cc- 
longing  to  the 
(iber  of  those 
was  103. 
•etain  the  same 
lied  ft.ted  stars. 
le  visible  horj- 
)er  is  immense- 
to  the  magnify- 


periods  of  the 


re  vol - 

Bulk. 

Tlic 

nd  the 
I. 

earlh  being 
t. 

b.  m. 

1,380,000 

23  15 

16  49 

OG  09 

1 

23  3U 

?'♦ 

>08  51 

1,410 

1  14  ;r 

1,030 

3  1CO0 

90 

5  OG  09 

4-1 

>nrth  is  spherical. 

of  a  shif 

when 

sails  alway 

5  bcin^' 

cular 

onn 

ot    tllf 

GEOGRAPHY. 


U 


earth's  ^^hadow  ns  observed  in  eclipses  of  the  moon  ;   and 
3(lly,  from  the  actual  circumnavigation  of  the  globe. 

The  earth  is  not  a  pcrlcrt  sphere,  but  is  flattened  at  the 
poh's.  The  equatorial  diameter  exceeds  the  polar  diame- 
ter 37  mile*. 

GLOBES. 

A  sphere  or  globe  is  a  round  body,  every  point  of  whose 
surface  is  equally  distant  from  a  point  within  the  body,  call- 
ed the  centre.     A /(cmis;)/icrc  is  a  half  globe. 

There  arc  l»vo  kinds  of  artificial  globes,  the  terrestrial 
and  the  cvlcstuil. 

The  terrestrial  ghhc  is  a  representation  of  the  earth, 
having  the  seas  and  dif^rent  countries  delineated  on  it 
exactly  as  they  are  on  Jip  surface  of  the  earth. 

The  celestial  globe  is  an  artificial  representation  of  the 
heavens,  having  the  fixed  stars  drawn  npon  it  in  their  nat- 
ural order  and  situation. 

The  axis  of  the  globe  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through 
its  centre  from  north  to  south,  around  which  it  revolves. 

The  poles  are  the  extremities  of  the  axis  terminated  by 
the  surlace  of  the  globe.  One  is  the  ivortk,  and  the  other 
the  so^tth  pole  ;  and  are  each  90°  from  the  equator. 

Great  circles  are  such  as  divide  the  globe  into  two  equal 
parts.  These  are  the  equator  or  equinoctial,  the  Aorwort,  the 
jiieridians,  the  ecliptic,  and  the  two  colures. 

Less  circles  are  those  that  divide  the  globe  into  two  un- 
equal parts.  These  are  the  two  tropics,  and  the  two  polar 
circles. 

F.very  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  equal 
part*-,  called  degrees  ;  each  degree  into  60  equal  parts,  call- 
ed minutes;  and  each  minute  into  60  equal  parts,  called 
seconds.  They  are  marked  thus,  23"  28'  16" ;  i.  e.  23  de- 
grees, 28  minutes,  and  16  seconds. 

The  Equator  is  an  imaginary  great  circle  of,  the  earth, 
equi-distant  from  the  poles,  dividing  the  earth  into  the 
northern  and  southern  hemispheres. 

The  Equator  is  divided  by  the  principal  meridian  into 
two  equal  parts  of  180°  each. 

Meridians  are  imaginary  great  circles  passing  through 
the  poles,  and  perpendicular  to  the  equator. 


■J' 

I". 


m 


i'i 


MATHEMATICAL 


The  meridian  nj' the  place,  or  the  12  o  clock  hour  cPcIc, 
,s  the  meridian  tliat  cuts  the  horizon  in  the  aor  h  and  south 
points.  The  first  ineridian  of  any  country  is  the  meridian 
passing  through  the  capital  of  that  country. 

The  Horizon  i.  either  sensible  or  real.  The  5.««6/e  Ao- 
rizon  is  a  small  circle  which  limits  our  prospect,  where  th»^ 
sky  and  land  or  water  appear  to  meet.  '1  he  rca/  horuun 
t  a  great  circle  which  dfvidcH  the  earth  into  the  upper  and 
lower  hemispheres.  ,,        ^     e  (,no  ^..^u 

The  horizon  is  divided  into  four  equM  parts  of  90»  each, 
by  the  four  cardinal  point,,  East,  West,  Xorth,  ^f.^<»^]- 
^The  wooden  horizon  of  the  artificial  globe  is  d.vulcd  into 
three  parts;  the  innermost  is  marked  with  all  the  points  m, 
the  mariner's  compass ;  the  next  has  the  names,  characters, 
fnd  fibres  of  the\^elve  signs  ;  and  the  third  is  a  calendar 
of  months  and  days.  By  the  two  last  is  instant  y  seen  the 
Irand  leg^e  the  sun  is  in  during  every  day  m  the  year. 
^The  £cHptic  is  an  imaginary  great  circle  m  the  heavens, 
,n  the  planrof  which  the  eaith  performs  her  annual  rev- 

alutioQ  round  the  sun.  .«  .  •     i  u      i  i„..«i» 

The  ecliptic  is  drawn  on  the  artificial  globe  obliquely 
to  the  equator,  making  with  it  an  angle  ol  23    28  . 

iL  twelve  'signs  J  the  twelve  equal  parts,  mto  which 
the  ecliptic  is  divided,  each  consisting  ot  30  . 

The  La«c  is  a  broad  belt  in  the  heavens  16°  broad, 
in  the  middle  of  which  is  thejBcliptic. 

The  names  and  characters  of  the  12  signs  and  the  time 
of  the  sun's  entering  them  are  as  follows. 

Time. 
March  20lh 
April    20th 
May      2l3t 
.Tunc     21st 
July      23d 
August  23d 
Sept.      23d 
Octob.    23d 
Nov.      22d 
Dec.      22d 
Jan.      20th 
Feb.      19tb 


Latin- 

I.  Aries 

5.  Taurus 
•J.  Gemini 
4.  Cancer 
o.  Leo 

6.  Virgo 

7.  Libra 
3.  Scorpio 

9.  Sagittarius 
10.  Capricornu' 

II.  Aquarius 


English. 


The  Ram 
The  Bull 
The  Twins 
The  Crab 
The  Lion 
The  Virgin 
The  Scales 
The  Scorpion 
The  Archer 
The  Goat 
The  Waterman 
Vho  Fishos 


Characters. 

T 

B 

n 


Tl 
ern. 

Tl 
eipiii 
hre  , 
and  I 

T 
equa 
tor  c 
tropi 
nortl 

T 
pole 
the  ( 

Z 
trop 
temp 

T 
tein| 
and 

.4 
cart 
and 
allel 
the 
tor  i 

T 
nort 
reel 
cee( 

mer 
exc( 


A 

part 
T 

Lam 
L 

s?lol 


k  hour  circle, 

ji'th  and  south 

the  merUlian 

he  sensibh  ho- 
ld, where  the 
le  real  hori^trn 
the  upper  and 

ts  of  GO'*  each, 
i,  and  South. 
isdivulcd  into 
II  the  points  on 
iBS,  characters, 
•d  is  a  calendar 
antly  seen  the 
ay  in  the  year, 
in  the  heavens, 
er  annual  rev- 
lobe  obliquely 
13°  28'. 

rts,  into  which 
)". 
rcns  16°  broad^ 

ns  nnd  the  time 


Time. 
March  20lh 
April    20th 
May      2l3t 
June      21st 
July      23d 
August  23d 
Sept.      23d 
Octob.   23d 
Nov.      22d 
Dec.      22d 
Jan.      20th 
Feb.      19tb 


GEOGRAPHY.  VJ 

The  lirst  six  are  called  northern  signs ;  the  last  six  south- 


ern. 


The  Colures  are  two  circles,  one  passing  through  the 
eciuinoxial  points,  Aries  and  Libra,  called  the  equinoctial  co- 
lure  ;  the  other  passing  through  the  solstitial  points,  Cancer 
and  Capricorn,  called  the  solstitial  colurc. 

The  Tropics  are  two  less  circles,  drawn  parallel  to  the 
equator  at  the  distance  of  23°  28' ;  one  north  of  the  equa- 
tor called  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ;  tlie  other  south,  called  the 
tropic  of  Capricorn.  These  circles  show  the  sun's  limits 
north  and  south  of  the  equator. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  less  circles,  described  round  the 
poles,  at  the  distance  of  23°  20'.  The  northern  is  called 
the  arctic  circle,  and  the  southern  the  antarctic. 

Zones  arc  divisions  of  the  earth's  surAice,  formed  by  the 
tropics  and  polar  circles.  They  are  five,  one  torrid,  fwo 
temperate,  and  fwo  frigid  zones. 

The  torrid  zone  is  included  between  the  tropics ;  the 
temperate  zones  between  the  tropics  and  polar  circles  j 
and  the  frigid  between  the  polar  circles  and  the  poles. 

Ji  Climate,  as  used  by  astronomers,  is  a  portion  of  the 
earth's  surface,  included  between  two  parallels  of  latitude, 
and  of  such  a  breadth  that  the  longest  day  under  the  par- 
allel nearest  the  pole,  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  under 
the  other.  There  are  24  such  climates  between  the  equa- 
tor and  each  of  the  polar  circles. 

Tlie  Latitude  of  a  place  is  the  distance  from  the  equator, 
north  or  south,  measured  on  a  meridian  towards  either  pole, 
reckoned  in  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds.  It  cannot  ex- 
ceed 90°, 

The  Longitude  of  a  place  is  its  distance  from  the  first 
meridian,  east  or  west  measured  on  the  equator.  It  never 
exceeds  180°.  . 

MAPS. 

A  map  is  a  representation  of  the  earth's  surface,  or  some 
part  of  it,  upon  a  plane. 

The  top  of  maps  is  north,  the  bottom  south,  the  right 
hand  east,  and  the  left  hand  ■ttcest. 

Latitude  and  Longitude  are  the  same  on  maps  as  en  the 
globe. 

£* 


■'fl 


m 


^1' 


H 


IIIYSICAL 


"  Cc,  ara»t,  »c..«  tl..'  ">-P  f«"»  "8l"  '°  ""'  "°  '"" 

'■''lC,  taw»'1^1%  .op  to  >»=  W»m  of  mnv.  »« 
caUed  j/wrtdiflTM  of  JongUuJ^. 


PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  ATMOSPHERE. 

ef  the  sun's  rays.  ^^^  ^^0  pressure  of 

TEMPERATURB. 

T.e  Wing  »7,ri.riiitcr.onhrro'Xo°ioS 

,ion  is  determined,  is  its  '"f '''"^^.    .  ^    the  influence  of 
•'"«=  'ffr  ^^eirret  S™S.rc»  »..h  regard  .0 

rS,}tSoUr;^.  »^^^^^^^^ 


san' 


up   illul  liOUi 

c  uinvaiil  tlj» 

run  along  tlio 
increase  Irom 
•ight  to  loU,  !■ 

left,  are  call 

1  of  maps  are 


HY. 


luid,  which  siir^ 
!ight,  and  grad- 
t  of  50  miles  the 
ptible  reflection 

the  pressure  of 
is  16  pounds. 


meralure  of  any 
,e  north  or  south 
J  the  influence  of 
on  with  regard  to 

M  temperature,  at 
latitudes,  and  the 


(..tOCJRAPlIY. 


1> 


IM. 

Mcau 
Ttiii)). 

l'er|iH.    , 

CollgLl.       I 

Fcut.     U 

Lut. 

'I'oiiip. 

_  __ 

it  lO      t»' 

11    J                A. 

lo,W7    1 

50 

'L>"(i' 

a 

16,(»it,')    1 

i.5 

4  J     2 

111 

112     6 

14,764    j 

60 

45     0 

1.) 

OU     7 

14,220 

65 

41    :; 

20 

78      1 

13,478    1 

70 

;>.«    1 

26 

74   y 

12,557 

75 

35     5 

M 

71      1 

1  l,4a4 

80 

33     6 

S5 

67     0 

lU,2fi7 

85 

32     4 

40 

62     G 

9,U01 

90 

C2     0 

'.J 

r.8    1 

7,G71 

r.  rpi^t. 
ViiA. 


6.;VU 
5>,,;i 

;:,8 1 0 

2,722 

I,77H 

1,(116 

457 

117 

0 


Mean  ar.nt'.al  htal  in  seT>>ntl  f  laces. 


■St.  Pctcf^burgb 

Stockholm 

Edinburgh 

Berlin 

London 

Paris 

Vienna 

Padua 

Brunswick,  Me. 

Cambridge,  Mass. 


Htat. 

38,8  Pliiladcljdiiii 

43,39  l'p';i!t 

47,7  C'mciniinti,  Ohio 

49,  Algiers 

81,  Cairo 

63,  Canton 

51,53  Spanish  Town 

52,2  Madrn:< 

41.7         Pondichcrry 

48.6         Quito 

WINDS. 


Heat. 
54,16 
55,5 
5t,2"7 
72, 
73, 
75, 
81, 
01,3 
81,3 
62, 


Wind  is  air  put  in  motion.  On  a  great  part  of  the  globe 
the  winds  are  subject  to  great  irregularity ;  but  between 
the  tropics  they  are  governed  by  regular  laws,  and  in  par- 
ticular tracts  and  seasons,  blow  almost  invariably  in  the 
same  direction.  , .  ,    , , 

The  Trade  Windu  are  remarkable  currents,  which  blow 
from  east  to  west,  between  about  28  degrees  N.  and  S.  of 
the  equator,  across  nearly  the  whole  circumference  of  the 

fflobc* 

The  Monsoons  are  a  deviation  from  the  uniformity  of  the 
trade  winds.  They  prevail  chiefly  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  during  six  months  in  the  year,  while  the  sun  js  m  tho 


fa 


K> 


I'llV&lCAI- 


noithcrn  tropic,  th.7  »'»"*^  <■'•""»  ''"^  southeast ;  tl..  oihu 
six  months,  iVoin  the  iiorthwcsl. 

S  «     I't  /^««''  firecrc..  These  prevail  .n  the  .slanjl- -u 
.aed"n    1  e  course   of  the  trade  vviml..     The  sea  l.ree/.e 
i  o  .    h    n,  the  .lay  ;  and  the  hnul  hree.o  .h.rr.r  H.o  m-^hr 
Tclodty  :/  IVind    When  the  velocity  of  ,v.,ul  .-  o-.lv      > 
,„,  PS  u.  Sour,  it  is  just  perceptihle  ;  at  lour  "ule.  a.'   -^'; 
it  i.  a  ffcutle   hree/e;    at  thirty,  a  h.^h  unul ;    at  l.tly,  a 
tciniic^  ;  at  a  hundred,  a  violcut  hurrtcaue. 

CLoviia. 
( 'louds  are  composed  of  water  raised  hy  e vaponitiol,  ami 
.•usncnded  in  .mall  vesicles   or  hollow   spheres        H  esx 
velTes'tbrm  a  kmd  of  middle  slate  between  water  and  m- 
visible  vapour. 

KAIS. 

The  quantity  of  rain  that  falls  in  different  regions  of  the 
,loT,e  is'  extrc^nely  diflVrent.  it  is  most  f -jJ-^^^.-^^J.n 
Vhc  tropics,  and  decreases  m  proportion  to  the  distance 
-rom  the  e.  uator  towards  the  poles  W.thin  he  tropics  the 
n,i,?s.  like  the  winds,  occur  regularly  at  certam  seasons  of 
'lie  year. 


St.  Vetersburpb 

I'psal 

Abo 

Utrecht  ' 

Loiulon 

Paris 

Vienna 

Padua 


Anmtal  quantity  of  rail  at  several  places. 
Inches, 


15 

25 

2!!,8 

'"2 

21,4 
11,6 
25,2 


Marseilles 

Charlestown,  Mass. 

Rome 

Naples 

Algiers 

Charleston,  S.C. 

Calcutta 

Grenada,  W.  Indies 


Jnehef. 
21,4 

:k;,5 

30,1 

37,2 

29,2 

5.1, 

SI. 

12C-, 


TIDES. 


The  tido,8  are  the  regular  motions  of  the  sea,  according 
to  which  it  ebbs  and  flows  twice  every  2  hours.  Ihey 
Lfc  caused  chiefly  by  the  attraction  of  the  moon,  mocU 


iliMJ  in 
takes 
»'troiij>'l 
est  wh 
iiKJeiitf 
td.  In 
tliey  i\ 
the 
tide  ;  i 
surcee 
dav.i.  f 


Mou 
groups, 
coimtrj 

Vole 

The 

as  folio 


TJie 
iron,  CO 
reeds  tl 
g:old  an 
in  gold, 
general 

Of  th 
L'Ocks.  ; 


rbc 


jasl  i  tlio  oihti 

Lhe  islam!--  ^ilu- 
Mif.  scii  l;iee/.(: 
iiri'^rllif'  nil,'!''- 
/iiul  I-  oiilv  lv\t> 
r  miles  an  l.mu' 
nd  ;    at  til'iy,  a 


;>vapon»tioli,  atul 
•he  res.  ThcHC 
en  water  and  in- 


nt  regions  of  the 
abiuulant  within 
to  the  distance 
in  the  tropics  the 
;ertain  seasons  of 


IP 

'aces. 

Jnchet. 
21.4 

vn, 

Mass. 

30.  J 
37,2 
29,2 

n,S 

.C. 

5-1, 
81. 

W. 

Indies 

120, 

the 

sea,  according 

2  4 

hours. 

Tliey 

'  the  moon 

,  mot'i 

Gi:0(JF{APIfY. 


17 


tied  in  fome  dejrroc  hv  that  of  (he  sun.  This  movement 
tiiUos  J, lace  in  ovt-rv  pari  of  the  olohe,  hut  mtirh  more 
•'tning-ly  in  "i.ine  parts  than  in  other".  Tlie  tides  ine>lrong- 
est  when  they  come  from  a  g-re.it  extent  of  dccan  upon  an 
iiidented  roast, «-here  their  force  is  reflected  and  concentrat- 
e<l.  In  land-!()c)<ed  sras,  as  the  Mediiorranean  and  Vr.iVAr. 
tJiey  are  scarcely  ft-lt. 

The  greatest  tide  is  called  a  sprtn^-tidc  ;  the  least  a  ncap- 
ticie  ;  and  these  spring  and  neajitides,  like  the  daily  (iiles, 
succeed  each  other  in  a  regular  series,  diminishinLf.  in  li. 
davi,  from  the  greatest  to  the  leiist. 

MOUNTAINS. 

Mountains  sometimes  stand  single,  but  are  oftener  in 
groups,  or  disposed  in  ridges,  traversing  a  great  extent  of 
country. 

V0LCAN06S. 

Volcanoes  exist  in  every  region  of  the  globe. 
The  number  of  them  has  been  stated  by  Mr.  Jameson 
as  follows ; 


Continent  of  Europe 
European  islRuds 
Continent  of  Africa 
Asiatic  islands 
Continent  of  America 
American  islands 


1 
12 

8 
60 
S7 
19 


METALS  AND  MINERALS. 


The  Meluls  which  chiefly  deserve  notice  are  gold,  silver, 
aon,  copper,  lead,  tin,  and  mercuiy.  America  greatly  ex. 
reeds  the  other  qutu-ters  of  the  globe  in  the  production  of 
gold  and  silver;  and  next  to  America,  Africa  most  ahoimds 
in  gold.  Iron,  the  most  useful  oi  alt  metals,  is  the  niost 
(generally  distributed. 

Of  the  Minerals  the  most  important  are  fossil  coal,  salt, 
!.ocks.  and  precious  stones. 

VEUETABLES. 

The  whole  number  of  plauts  actually  known,  atcording 


h 

'I 


-if 


J  ' 


t3  I'lIVSKAL  (iF.OCKArilV. 

to  Unn.l.oUl,,  is  A  1,000.  Thr  lorri.l  /.."o  'li^r'-^^;*!;;; "l^^,', 
luxu>ia..t  v.-p.lHt.on;  l.ul  the  tc.m,.on.o  '<'";•  I  '"';, 
,1,..  !,nr;.t.wt  .K„„,1;m,.-,o  tl.o.o  ro.n.no.l.t,.-,  uI.h  !  e  ma  I 
„a.l\.l  to  .na...  lu  tl.o  tV.t^ul  /.;no  MatMr.  ='-"";^-^^"  ^ 
lin.l  severe  aspect,  ami  towar.N  H..'  l"'!*--  veg.t.vl.on  u> 
tirely  fiiils. 

ANl.VAI.S. 

The  lorri.l  zone  teems  with  the  siinc  UiMinance  of  uni- 
mal  as  of  vc^'etahlc  hfe.  Some  of  the  most  <'^f^'  <"•;";=; 
.l.riNe  iu  all  the  /.ones,  as  the  ox,  the  sheep,  he  h.^,  c 
fCoat,  the  horse,  the  .log,  and  the  cat.  J  •»;.'^'^l"^"','  o' 
rhinoceros,  the  hippopotamus,  the  l.on,  the  tiger,  the  leop- 
ard,  the  panther,  the  l>yena,  and  the  ounce  extend  little 
beyond  the  torrid  zone. 

MAN. 

The  human  spccicr,  exhihits  a  great  divet|sity  in  com- 
pUMon,  form,  character,  and  i.rM'rovement.  1  he  most  f> 
vourable  state  cf  society  is  found  in  the  temperate  /one. 

The  human  species  may  he  considered  as  existing  in  the 
..nvagc,  the  barbarom,  the  half-civilhcd,  and  the  cmhz^d 

"I!";  the  savage  state  man  subsists  '^'•"««\«"''''"'/,,Jiy  ^""h" 
\n^  fnhin<r,  and  the  spontaneous  productions  ot  the  earth. 
Th.  inhab i'tants  of  New  Holland  and  the  adjacent  islands 
a  large  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Africa,  and  the  aborigine, 
of  America,  are  considered  as  savage. 

In  the  barbarous  state  subsistence  is  derived  chiefly  from 
pa  "nrage,  with  some  rude  agriculture.     This  state  .va 
E  of  al   Europe  during  the  middle  ages.     It  is  now  the 
Slate  of  that  part  of  Africa  which  is  not  savage,  of  Arabia, 
and  of  central  and  northern  Asia.  i  „„,.„fnrtures 

In  the  half-cvvUized  state  agriculture  and  m«  «/»;J"'" 
are  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  improvement,  but  foreign 
commerce  exists  only  in  a  very  limited  degree.  la  this 
slate  are  Turkey,  Persia,  llindoostan,  and  Chma. 

The  civilL-ed  state  is  the  most  improved  form  of  humau 
society,  and  exists,  though  with  <^«"«;f  .'•'^^''^c.^''*"^ 
throughout  the  most  of  Europe,  the  United  States,  aad 
some  other  parts  of  America. 


Thf 

(lenins 
and  sh 

.1  a 
Iv  sep; 
"  Till 
lope, 
and  S( 

.'In 
water. 

A  p, 

.in  I 
ronlin( 

A  Cf> 
land  is 

Am 

Arc 

flame. 


Isdi 
or  hav 

An  (. 
\y  sept 

The 
Southc 

A  se 

with  ai 

.Ala 

countr 

A  gu 
land. 

A  ho 
■^irroui 


ilisplaVf'thcmoHt 
ronr  jirtidiicfs  in 
,  uhii'Ii  lire  iiio-t 
i.-Mim(s;i!,'looii>y 
•^.  vt'grtalion  » i>- 


UMinancc  of  ani 
ost  (iseful  ar.inialS 
ocp,  tlic  h"!fi  t''<' 
'he  elephant,  the 
le  tiger,  the  leop- 
incc  extend  lilUe 


diversity  in  com- 
nt.     The  most  f> 
temperate  zone. 
I  us  exifctinf?  in  the 
and  tlic  civiliicd 

entirely  by  hunt- 
tions  of  the  earth, 
e  adjacent  islands, 
and  the  aborigines 

>rived  chiefly  from 

I.     This  state  was 

res.     It  is  now  the 

savage,  of  Arabia, 

and  manufactures 
ement,  but  foreign 
>d  degree.  la  this 
ind  China, 
^ed  form  of  human 
iiderable  diversity, 
United  States,  wd 


NATURAL  DIVISIOiNS. 


LAND. 


Tiir  luitiiral  (livisionf  of  the  land  are  rontinrnf-i,  inland*. 
(ienuisuia«,  isthmuses,  capes  or  promontories,  mountains, 
and  shores  or  coast*. 

.1  continent  is  tiie  largest  extent  of  land,  nowhere  entire- 
ly separated  by  wntcr. 

There  are  two  continents  ;  the  eastern  com^jrisint,'  Kn- 
rope,  Asia  and  Africa;  and  the  western  comprising  North 
and  South  America. 

An  island  is  a  portion  of  land  entirely  surrounded  bv 
water. 

.1  peninsula  is  a  portion  almost  surrounded  bv  water. 

.In  istfimns  is  a  neck  of  land  which  joins  a  peninsula  to  ;i 
continent. 

J  cape  is  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  the  .sea ;  if  th<' 
land  is  high  and  mountainous,  it  is  called  a  provwntortj. 

.1  shore  or  coast  is  that  land  which  borders  on  the  sea. 

Jl  mountain  is  n  vast  protuberance  of  the  earth. 

A  volcano  is  a  burning  mountain,  which  emits  smoke  and 
flame. 

i 

WATER. 

Is  divided  into  oceans,  .seas,  lakes,  gulfs,  bays,  harbouri 
or  havens,  straits,  sounds,  roads,  rivers,  friths  or  estuaries. 

An  ocean  is  the  largest  extent  of  water,  no  where  entire- 
ly separated  by  land. 

There  are  live  oceans,  the  Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian^ 
Southern,  and  Northern  or  Arctic  oceans. 

A  sea  is  a  smaller  collection  of  water,  communicating 
with  an  ocean. 

.A  lake  is  a  large  collection  of  water  in  the  interior  of  a 
country. 

A  gulf,  or  bay  is  a  part  of  a  foA  (  xtending  up  into  the 
land. 

A  harlmtr  or  haven  is  a  small  portion  of  the  sea  almosi 
■^yirrounfled  by  land,  whore  sjripi  nny  ride  safely  at  anchor. 


1 


;■! 
i: 

f' 


1 

U 


1'. 


20 


ni'FINlTK^NS. 


.1  ,imit  in  a  narrow  channel,  joiniaK  two  «oas  or  od- 
part  ol"  a  son  with  anollior. 

'     I  .uund  i*  n  snull  Hta  rto  shallow  that  it  may  be  soumlrJ. 
.1  r.'d-'  i'*  n  l>ln''«>  "f  ^"'"e  aislancp  from  tlic  shore.  whi-K- 
ship-  may  he  at  aiirhor.  , .  .      .       . 

I  rkr'r  i^  a  tarpe  utroam  of  inlanrt  wator. 
'a  frith  or  csluan/x^  the  wl^lpniiiaf  of  a  rirer  «l  its  mouth, 
into  an  arm  of  the  sea. 

poi.mcAt.  rivisioNT. 
Aa  ".rpirr  isoomposcd  of  several  larpe  fountrio-.,  sul)j.;ct 
to  one  MiveroiRii,  styled  an  emperor. 

A  /,,•;l^-<iom  W  Renerally  less  extcnaive  than  un  empire, 
and  is  MjlMcrt  to  a  king. 

\  -rrnn./  .««(r/»!/,  a  dntchy,  a  pri.iapahlri,  and  a  y.<'c/ini.<:  , 
are  slill  smaller  extents  of  country,  subject  severally  to  ii 
jXrand  duke,  a  duke,  a  prince,  and  a  pacha,  who  are  all 
themselvesMdtioct  to  the  supreme  power.  _ 

PfovUcet,  dvpartmeats,  amntia,  &c.  are  Jubdiv.Mons  ol 
countries. 

(■■OVP.nNMF.NT. 

The  four  elementary  forms  of  government  are  democM- 
.'V,  aristocracy,  monarchy,  and  de.-potism. 

1..1  ilcmoc'raoj  is  a  government  administered  by  the 
whole  body  of  the  people.  \  . 

1  repuhlic  is  a  government  administered  by  a  body  ol 
men  elected  by  the  people  for  a  limited  lime. 

2.  An  aristocracy  is  government  exercised  by  u  lew  per«- 

'"''l^A'^^mmrchy  is  a  government  vested  in  the  hands  of  an 
individual.     If  his  power  is  limited  by  law,  it  is  called  a  hm- 

iled  monarchy.  .     ,  ,  ■    v  .:  i.. 

4.  .1  dcnwti,m  is  a  government  exercised  by  an  individu- 
al, who  has  the  entire  control  of  the  lives  and  property  ol 
his  subjects.  ,  ,        ~       r 

■      r.nt  a  small  portion  of  human  i-ace  enjoy  the  benefits  o 
..ood  government  and  equal  laws.     The  most  lavoured  par 
of  the  world,  with  regard  to  these  advantages  are  several 
of  the  countries  of  Europe  and  the  United  States  of  Amen 


Tl. 
or  Hi 

/'.Tl 

most  i 

suagi 

partia 

Mill 

Mrica 

;ind  p: 

Jwl 

■  he  au 

I'he  .1 

iiunibe 

C'hri 

iheGr 

Chri 

the  ex 

settled 

Jjurop* 

The 

ing  pre 


Kxten 


Pupul 
estimate 
half  that 
be  atteiK 


nnv  Ijc  sountlftl. 
10  shorp.  when- 


er  nl  iU  moulli. 

'Untrio^,  «iil)jt'cl 

hnn  an  einpirp, 

ami  ;i  puchnlic  , 
r,l  sevorally  to  ii 
ha,  who  are  all 

e  8\ilnli virions  of 

cnt  are  deniocra- 

ini»toreil  by  tlifi 

P(l  hy    a  body  ol 

ime. 

nl  by  u  few  pcr«- 

n  the  hands  of  an 
,  it  is  called  a  lim- 

3d  by  an  individu- 
a  and  property  of 

iy  the  benefits  of 
Kut  favoured  part 
taaje-;,  are  several 
d  StRtes  of  Aiucri 


KAHT/J 


nKI.KilOK. 


;.'! 


The   o.ir  pnnr.pril  religions  of  the  worl.l,  ure  the  I'atfai. 

■r  Heathen,  the  Mahometan,  the  Jewish,  and  the  Christian 

l,i!;mtyn  is  the  mo«t  extensive,  and  is  the  religion  ofal 

n.ost  all  that  pari  of  the  human  race  that  continue  in  thf 

savage  H(ate,  and  It  also  prevails  in  the  populous  countries 

partially  civilized,  in  the  southeast  pari  of  Asia 

MilMuHhm  is  the  previiling  religion  in  t'he  norlh  of 
\..ua,  in  Imlvey,  Arabia,  I'er.ia,  Tarfary,  part  of  l{uv,ia, 
:ind  p:irt  ol  India.  '  ' 

Ju.luhm   i,   (he  religion  of  the  Jevvs,  „ho  arknowledi?,. 
■he  authority  ol  the  Old  'IVslament,  but  reject  the  New. 
I  he  Jews   are  dispersed   throughout   the   ,^Iobe.     Their 
numbers  are  variously  estimated  from  4  to  'J  millions 

Chnstianit!,  is  distinguished  into  three  general  divisions, 
'he  Greek  church  the  [{oman  Catholics,  and  Protestants. 

Christianity  is  the  prevailing  religion  of  all  Europe,  with 
he  exception  of  Turkey,  of  all  the  counlries  in  Jmcrica 
ettled  by  European-,   ol   Abyssinia  in   Africa,  and  of  the 
Luropean  settlements  in  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  several  religions  may  be  stated  in  ni)out  the  follow- 
ing proportions. 


Pagans 
Christians    . 
Mahometans 
Jews 


450,000.000 

210,000,000 

1:55,000,000 

5,(X)0,000 

700,000,000 


THE  lUHTIl. 


Extent.  The  surface  of  the  globe  is  esti- 
mated at 
The  land  at 
The  water  nt 


Square  milts. 

1  y8,ooo,oo(^ 

50,000,000 
148,000,000 


e.tfZi/  ^',  P°P"'«''°»  ««  the  globe  is  variously 

haf^hlf^rr  "'w'"' '.'  '.'«'^^'00'>.000,  others  le,s  thaj 
half  that  number.  It  is  obvious  that  every  statement  mml 
be  attended  with  great  uncertuinty. 


1 


■'i 


4  f 


■J 

'-.'.Hi 


■  ■:J 


r 


fl^ 


12 


Kiiropt 

A<iia 

.\fric(i 

\mcrir,n 

Australiuia,  4;c. 


^..\RTI«. 

.kcording  In  i/ui'c/. 
Sq.  mi/(«. 

10,180,000 

n,'-210,(MH) 

l6,!)t5;J,0(H) 

4,0^20,000 


Total     50,117,000 


Pop. 

1IJ(»,IHI(),000 

:(fU),(H)0,(IUO 

00,(Mt(),(MM) 

2I,<HM),(HK» 

2,U00,()O< 

1)32.   vM),0*.  » 


Jlccnrding  to  Pink'rtiii* 


Kiiropo 
Asia 
Africa 
America 


rr,, 

160,000,1100 

bO0,O00,0()0 

;j(>,(K)0,(M)0 

20,000,000 

700,000,000 


111  tlie  above  estimates  the  popnlntion  of  America  is 
aouLtlcss  Htatcd  too  low.  The  following  statement  la  tak- 
en from  several  authorities. 


Length. 

Breadth 

America 

9,400 

3,700 

Asia 

6,500 

5,000 

Africa 

5,000 

4,100 

Europe 

2,000 

2,200 

Australasia, 

Lc. 

Sq,  miUi. 

15,000,000 

14,500,000 

11,000,000 

2,800,000 

4,700,000 


Pop. 

35,000,000 

400,000,000 

50,000,000 

182,000,000 

4,000,000 


Total     48,000)000    671,000,000 


f'of,. 

|I}(»,IKI0,(MH) 

»HO,(M)0,tH)() 

00,000,(100 

2I,<KM),0(U» 

2,000,(M)<^ 

ii3?.  J0,000 


of 

America  is 

tatemunt  is  tak- 

i)0 

Pop. 

:<r),ooo,o(.to 

1)0 
K) 
00 
00 

400,000,000 

50,000,000 

182,000,000 

4,000,000 

lOO    611,000,000 


AMERICA. 


Kxltnt.  AmrriiJi  tn  iwiiiiUy  uccounlctl  thv  ImgeH  of  llitr 
four  (juurtcru  .)f  the  gUAte  ;  thoiiffh  Home  iriitke  it  iiiforun 
in  extent  to  Asia. 

Featurta.     Nature  in  thin  continent  ntwumcs  nn  n»*pr«;t  oi 
pcciilmr  niiignidf  ence  ;    for  whether  we  consider  its  inoun 
tain.-,  j^s  rivei¥,  its  lakes,  its  forests,  or  its  plains,  Aniericu 
appears  to  lie  •listiiij^uisheil  in  all  tiiese  leading  featnres  »»> 
u  grandeur  not  to  be  found  in  the  other  parti  of  Ihe  gl(/be. 

troduciiornf.  America  abounds  in  all  the  varieties  of  the 
aniniiiL,  vegetable,  and  mineral  productions. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  thiu  continent  in  distinguish  d 
from  that  of  the  other  by  the  predominance  of  cold.  It  is 
calculated  that  the  mean  hrnt  is  at  least  10  degrees  lest. 
than  in  the  same  parallels  iii  the  eastern  continent. 

IMscovery.  America  was  first  discovered  in  1492  bv 
Christopher  Columbus  ;  but  it  took  its  name  front  Ameri- 
CU8  Vesputius,  a  subseijuent  discoverer. 

I.\UIANg. 

This  is  a  term  universally  applied  to  the  aliOrigiues  of 
America  ;  who  still  possess  a  large  part  of  the  continent. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  the  natives  in  some  parts, 
particulary  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  were  considerably  advanc- 
ed in  civilization.  They  have  in  some  instances  mingled 
with  the  while  population,  and  become  in  a  decree  civil- 
ized. 

They  live  Jicnei.ily  in  a  .scattered  manner,  in  small 
tribes,  of  usually  from  500  to  5,000  souls. 

I'lieir  common  occupations  are  hunting,  fishing,  and  war. 

riicy  are  cf  cojiper  complexions,  tierce  aspect,  tall, 
straight,  athletic,  and  capable  of  enduring  great  fatigue. 
1  hey  arc  hospitable,  g(Mierous,  faithful  in  their  friemlships, 
but  implacable  in  their  resentments. 


■! 


i 

It 


I, 'I? 

H 

■if 


oi  NORTH  AMERICA. 

America  i^  diviclfd  into  two  parts,  North  and  Seulfc 
America. 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

nivinon^  North  America  inchulos  Cireonlana,  New 
FrUain  U  per  and  Lower  Canada,  New  Brnnsw.ck,  Nova 
B  oUa^'the'  'united  States,  Florida,  M-.co  Gua^.ma  a,  and 
extensive  reeions  wholly  in  po»i.ession>oi  th«5  natives. 

PouulatJ  The  popnhUion  of  North  America  cannot 
he^cuJSl^ly  nscertiii^d.  Ti.e  f^l'--"^,;— ^j;; 
eluding  the  VVe.t  Indie.,  does  not  probably  dilkr  very 
widelv  iVom  the  truth. 


United  States 

Indians  within  the  U.  S. 

British  Possessions  in  N.  A. 

Mexico 

Guatimala 

Indians  &  others,  perhaps 

West  Indies 


Pop. 

9,500,000 

260,000 

630,000 

0,500,000 

1,800,000 

500,000 

2,400,000 


Capilab. 
Washington 

Quebec 
Mexico 
Guatimala 

i  llavannah 
)  Kingston 


Ciliet 
Mexico 
New  York 
Philadelphia 
l,a  Puebla 
Baltimore 
GuanaxuatQ 
Zacatecas 
Queretaro 
Boston 
Charleston 
•Vevv  Orleans 
Montreal 


Total        21,590,000 

tHIEF  CITIES. 

Stale. 
Mexico 
New  York 
Vennsylvania 
Mexico 
Maryland 
Mexico 
Mexico 

Mexico 

Massachusetts 

South  Carolina 

Louisiana 

Canada 

Canada 


Pop. 
137,000 
96,373 
92,217 
67,01)0 
46,555 
41,000 
33,800 
30,000 
33,250 
24,711 
24,552 
24,000 
15,2&7 


rth  and  Seulb 


ecnlnnd,  New 
nnswick,  Nova 
Guatiinalii,  and 
<j  natives, 
imerica  cannot 
V  estimate,  ii»- 
jly   dilVer  very 

Washington 

Quebec 
Mexico 
Guatimalii 

C  llavannah 
\  Kingston 


Pop. 
137,000 
96,373 
92,217 
67,000 
46,655 
41,000 
33,800 
30,000 
33,250 
24,711 
24,552 
24,000 
15,257 


iVORTH  AMERICA' 

MoiMiains.  The  principui  rnn{,'es  of  mountains  m  North 
\mcric;t.  uro  the  Alleyhiuiy  moUtiliiins,  th('  Kocky  mouu- 
fains,  and  tlie  Cordilleras  of  Mexico. 

The  heiiijli*  of-tmic  of  tJie  mo-t  remarkable  summits  i- 
exhibited  m  the  followin-,'  tublo. 


iMir.ii  f  I  M r.s. 

White  Mountains',  VVashiny:tnn.  the  liiifhest  peak, 

N.  llampi-hire. 
Mansfiehi  mt.  highest  in  V't. 
Saddle  mt.  highest  in  Mass,  k^ 

Catskill  mt.  highest  in  N.  Y. 
Otter  Peak,  Va.  iiighest  of  the  Alleghanies 
Rocky  Mountain-?,  iiighest,  estimated  at 

NORTHWEST   COAST. 

St.  Elias,  Lat.  GO.  22.  N. 
Fairweather  mt.  Lat.  58.  57.  N. 


MEXICO. 


Popocatepetl 

Orizaba 

Iztaccihuatl 

Peak  of  Fraide 

City  and  plain  of  Srexico 


Feel. 

C,634 
4,279 
4,000 
3,80* 
3,950 
C,20(» 


17,850 
14,900 


17,710 
17,.371 
15,700 
15,129 
7,470 


Rivers.  The  estimated  length  of  «ome  of  the  principal 
rivers,  following  the  winding  of  their  courses,  is  given  in  the 
following  table. 


Missouri 
Mississippi 
Arkansaw 
St.  Lawrence 
M'Kenzie's 
Del  Norte 
Platte 
Red  River 

3* 


Miles. 
4,590 
3,000 
2,170 
'2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,600 
1,800 


Colombia 

Nelson's 

Ohio 

Kansas 

Tennessee 

Yellowstone 

White 

Colorado 


Miht. 
1,500 
1,450 
1,350 
1,200 
1,100 
1,100 
1,000 
1,000 


A' 


;t 


^6 

Lukfs. 
America. 


nUF.KNI.AND. 

The.  fiil'.owin?  arc  the  principal  lakes  iw  Xoitli 


Superior 

Huron 

Michigan 

Erie 

Ontario 

Winnipeg 

Slave  Lake 

Charoplaia 

Athapcscow 

L.  of  the  Woods 


Length 
400 
200 
2G0 
230 
190 
240 
200 
123 
100 
70 


Breadth 

IGO 

K'lO 

GO 

GO 

55 

GO 

50' 

i;> 

30 
40 


Cir. 

1.500 

1,100 

750 

700 

GOO 


Hands  The  principal  islands  belonging  to  Norrt» 
America  are  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton,  St.  John's,  Uhode 
island,  Long  Island,  and  the  Bermudas. 

The  West  ImHa  Islands  lie  between  North  and  South 

America. 


GREENLAND. 

Greenland  is  an  extensive  country,  belonging  to  Deiir 

Face  of  the  country,  &c.     The  country  is  mountainous^ 
the  soil  mostly  barren,  but  in  some  parts  tolerably  fertile. 
Climate.     The  climate  is  very  severe  ;  the  wmters  long 
and  cold.     The  thermometer  frequently  smks  to  43  de- 
crees below  0.  o  .         .  ,         •    1  •• 

Inhabitants.  The  natives  are  of  low  stature,  mchning 
to  corpulency,  and  are  pagans,  rude  and  ignorant.  Settle- 
ments have  been  formed  on  the  western  coast,  by  the  Danes 
and  Norwegians,  who  are  Lutherans,  and  they  have  here 
five  churches.  The  Moravians  have  established  missions 
on  the  western  coast,  and  have  three  meeting  houses. 

Fisheries.  Greenland  is  valuable  chiefly  on  account  ot 
its  whale  fisheries.  Among  its  exports  are  feathers,  eider- 
down, horns  of  the  sea-unicorns,  skins  of  seals,  foxes,  whjte 
bears,  and  reind«er. 


D, 
(he  i 
I. 

o 

and  t 
3. 
1. 

•'olin' 
Be: 

IS  go\ 
Go 

?cner 

of  eac 


and  A' 

Loner 

Faci 

vast  cc 

barren 

Thep 

bare  ai 

are  nol 

are  nui 

(here  if 

Jiive; 

Nelson, 

Cliim 

lasts  ab 

the  mid 

Tradi 

the  Hu( 

has  sev 

Severn, 

fur,  skir 

Inhah\ 

the  natii 


;ikci-  A\  X'Ttli 

Cir. 
1.500 
1,100 
750 

700 

t;oo 


longing  to  Deiir 

is  mountainous^ 
tolerably  fertile, 
the  winters  long 
sinks  to  48  dc- 


Btature,  inclining 
rnorant.  Settle- 
ast,  by  the  Danes 
1  they  have  here 
iblished  missions 
eting  houses. 
Hy  on  account  of 
•e  feathers,  eider- 
leals,  foxes,  whjte 


fing   to    North 
•.John's,  Uhoile      | 

>rth  and  SoutJi      i 


BIIITJSII   AMERICA. 

1-  Lppor  Cmiiula. 

3-  New-Brunswick. 
•Jolln'f ''"  '"'''^'  ''  "'"^''  "  «""-'''^'i  ".e   i^:.nJ  of  S, 

NEW  BRITAIN. 

Loner  Canada.  '  '^'"''"^'  '"^  '^^  govcr„m.>nt  cf 

•''''"  if  the  country  and  .soil.      \lmo«t  thp  «»    i       r    l- 
vast  country,  as  far  as  it  h./hn/n  ,    '^"■'*'  "^  '^'^ 

barren  and;  rcarv  he.,:  f...  ^'^P'"'-^^<>,  h  oxtromoly 
The  prevailing  Sj^cf^'l^  jXZ,^ ^T^;'?^-- 
bare  and  frightful  rock-.  The  most  oh./.  ^*' "''.*' 
are  not  supposed  to  0x000.1^^,0";  •.•  o  '"T-"'"'? 
are  numerous,  but  springs  are  rare  In  too  '"•"''' 
there  .s  some  .oil  capabfo  of  cuhivation  '^-''"'''''"^  P^''^ 

Severn,  Nelson,  and  Albany.     The  arSles  of  7  r*""' 
fur,  skms,  and  fish  *"«  articles  oi  trade  arc 


>3 


'i- 
If 

n 


I', 


OS  rPl'Ell  CANADA. 

,  oi.-i.i  ol  viuious  liil.os  Imt  may  I'c  dividodinto  1"o  Kfnr. 
lal  cla<«o-«.  tlu>  nioiiiit;>iiioors  who  iiihnl'it  the  luliiiul  ili- 
trict^.  i.n(l  tl.i'  i:-iiuimaii\.  wli.>  .K-,.:ai))  the  .'^t^a  con-t-. 

Ui^.noji.'.  The  Moravian  iiii>/ionaries  have,  ssnce  llii 
vr'ar  1761.  horn  pniloavoui'ir.i>-,  with  {Treat  pt r-cvoraiire, 
"to  instinct  lh(-e  iMi.lo  peni-if  in  the  arf<  of  c.vih/e.l  lite 
nn.l  the  principles  of  cliristianity.  Tl:ey  ha>c  three  set- 
tlement, in  Lahrador,  vi/,  Nain,  Okkak,  an.l  lloj.ecale, 
which  employ  twenty  tlve  misniouaries.  and  contain  about 
mo  inhabitant*.  ' 


Indiai 
lid 
(ian.'< 
in  the 

mate( 

most 

habit; 


* 


UPPER  CANADA. 

Dividom.     Tpper  Canada   is   divided  into   0   districts, 
which  are  snbdivided  into  23  counties;  and  these  subdivid- 
ed into  169  townships.  .      i.    •' 
Clii'ftoiuns.      V<.,-/c  is   the   scat   of  government.     Iti^ 
plca.-^antlv  situated  on  the  northwest  part  ol  Luke  9"*"^;!°' 
has  an  excellent  harbour,  and  contains  several  public  build- 
mi?s  and  upwards  of  300  houses.                              r  n      c. 
Kinestun  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  egress  of  the   bt. 
Lawrence  out  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  the  Inr-cst  town  in 
Ihe  province,  containing  370  houses.     It  has  an  excellent 
havtour,  and  is  the  remle/vous  of  the  shipping  on  the  lake. 
The  other  most  considerable  towns  are  Q,ueenstown, 
Newark,  and  Chippeway. 

Riva^.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  St.  Lawrence, 
rttawas,  Niagara,  Trent,  Ouse,  Redstone,  and  Thames. 

Lakes.  One  half  of  the  lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  St.  Clair, 
Huron,  Superior,  Rainy  Lake,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and 
Winnipeg,  is  included  in  Upper  Canada.  Lakes  Nipis- 
sing,  Sinicoe,  St.  Joseph's,  and  others  are  mcluded  within 

the  province.  ,      ,    •  *»,„  c» 

Face  of  ike  country.     The  country  bordering  on  the  St. 

Lawrence  and  the  lakes  is  generally  level,  further  in  the 

interior  it  is  more  uneven.  .,      vi       ^„* 

Climate.     The  climate  is  healthy,  and  considerably  more 

temperate  than  in  lower  Canada. 

Soil     The  soil  throughout  the  whole  country,  as  far  as 

it  has  been  surveyed,  is  for  the  most  part  very  fertile  and 

well  adapted  to  cultivation.   A  large  part  of  it  is  covered 

with  bcavv  timber 


Di-i 
whicl 
ions  a 

Chx 
Canat 
point  i 
about 
theU 
of  imj 
house 
thoug 
popul 
presei 

Mo 
180  nr 
theh< 
furs. 
24,00( 

Th 
Canad 
Queb( 
most  < 
LaCh 

Goi 
ciples 
posed 
bers,  ! 
cial  ps 


% 


into  1\v()  grnr- 
he   iuliiiul  ili*- 
.«f!i  c(i;i'-tH. 
live,  siiiue   lh< 
{)f  I'-cvortincf, 
f  civilizi'il  life 
u\c   three   sel- 
aii.l  llo|teihile, 
J  contain  about 


nto  0  districts. 
I  these  subdiviil- 

ornment.  It  i^ 
il'  Luke  Ontario, 
iral  public  buihl- 

;ress  of  the  St. 
largest  town  in 
las  an  excellent 
ping  on  the  lake, 
re  Q,ueen!-town, 

!  St.  Lawrence, 
and  Thames. 
1,  Erie,  St.  Clair, 
the  Woods,  and 
Lakes  Nipis- 
included  within 

ilering  on  the  St. 
?1,  further  in  the 

onsiderably  more 

country,  as  far  as 
t  very  fertile  and 
t  of  it  is  covered 


f-OWKR  C.\NAT)A.  i;-) 

Productions.  T!ie  principal  proiluctions  are  gvass,  whciit, 
Indian  corn,  llix.  lio|ps,  &,c. 

licUgiiin.  'I'lio  most  niiinorniH  denomination  of  Cliris- 
tians  are  Methodists,  'l-hore  are  l.nt  few  settled  miiiist*!-,' 
in  the  province. 

Population.  The  population  of  r|)per  Ciiiada  was  esli- 
mated  in  1703,  at  lO.OdO.  ami  in  IfiM,  acconling  to  the 
most  arciirate  returns,  nt  ;)r,,'K)().  A  !nri,'e  p-irr  of  t!:c  iu- 
hahitants  are  emigrants  from  tiie  United  tjlalts. 


Dix 


LOWKR  C AA^AD.N. 

isious.      Linvor  (.'aiiaila    is    divided    iii(o    I   districts. 


Tlie  minor  divis- 


which  are  subdivided  inio  21  counties, 
ions  are  Ist.  seigniories,  2d.  townships. 

Chief  toxens.  Quebec,  the  capital  not  only  of  Lower 
Canada  but  of  all  British  America,  is  situated  on  a  lofty 
point  at  the  confluence  of  S(.  Charles  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
about  400  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
the  Upper,  and  the  Lower  Town.  The  former  is  a  place 
of  immense  strength.  The  streets  are  irregular,  and  the 
houses  are  mostly  of  stone,  but  small  and  inconvenient, 
though  some  of  the  public  buildings  are  spacious.  The 
population,  in  1 8 1 8,  was  1 5,257.  The  environs  of  the  city 
present  a  most  bcautitui  and  sublime  scenery. 

Montreal,  is  situated  on  an  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence, 
180  miles  above  Quebec  and  200  below  Lake  Ontario,  at 
the  head  of  ship  navigation,  and  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
furs.  The  population  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  in  1 « 1  (!,  was 
24,000. 

Three  Rivers,  or  Trots  Rivieres,  the  third  town  in  Lower 
Canada,  is  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  84  miles  SW.  of 
Quebec,  and  contains  about  2,500  inhabitants.  The  other 
most  considerable  towns  arc  Sorelle,  Chambly,  St.  John's, 
La  Chine,  and  New  Carlisle. 

Government'.  The  government  is  modelled  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  British  constitution.  The  executive  is  conv- 
posed  of  a  governor  and  an  executive  council  of  17  mem. 
hers,  appointed  by  the  king.  The  legislature,  or  provin- 
cial  parliament,  is  composed  of  a  council  of  15  jneiabers 


m 


30 


LOWER  CANADA. 


'^ 


>ili 


aproint(Ml  hv  the  kinjr,  an.l  a  liouso  of  a^'M'n.bly  conMstini,- 
ofii  members  doctfJ  Uy  tho  people. 

Rdi"-iun.  About  nine  tiiUiis  onUe  inhubitantijnre  Lalti- 
olic-i ;  Uie  remiiiiiiler  iire  mo>ily  Ki)isi-.opiilians.  There  are 
2  Iji'^lie.ps  one  Catholi,-.,  the  ulber  of  the  cliurch  of  Eiifr- 
l;in(l,  and  in  \'M\.  Ibero  were  I  tO  clergymen  of  the  cath- 
olic chnrch,  16  of  the  church  of  England,  and  3  Presby- 
terians. .       . 

[■Alacat'on.  There  are  respectable  isennnanes  at  <-ine- 
hei  and  .Montreal,  but  education  isgeilerally  much  neglect- 
ed. All  tl'.e  publications  ])rink'd  in  Canada,  a  few  years 
siince,  were  I  iiew^paper.-*,  au  almanack,  and  the  acts  of  the 

assembly.  ,      •      ,-,nr 

PonHhaion.  The  population  of  Canada,  m  nJ&,  wa*, 
about  90,000,  and  in  1814,  by  enumeration,  335,000 ;  ol 
which  275,000  may  be  called  native  Canadians,  the  remamr 
der  consisting  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Americans. 

Commerce,  The  commerce  of  Canada  has  been  progres- 
sively increasing  since  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Great- 
Britain.  In  1769,  the  exports  amounted  to  £163,000,  and  in 
1808,  to  £1,156,000.  The  exports  consist  of  lumber,  pot 
and  pearl  ashes,  peltry,  grain,  lish,  &c. 

Clvmite.  The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  very  great. 
The  thermometer  sometimes  rise.s  in  summer  to  100,  and 
sinks  in  winter  to  40  below  0. 

Face  of  the  country.  Lower  Canada  is  intei-sected  by 
lidges  of  mountains,  which  generally  run  from  the  coast  in- 
to the  interior  in  parallel  chains,  with  intervening  valleys 
of  a  fertile  and  pleasant  appearance.  ,     <■  •* 

Soil  and  productions.  The  soil  is  various,  but  mnch  ot  it 
is  very  fertile.  The  productions  consist  ol  grass,  wheat, 
barley,  rye,  and  culinary  vegetables. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  St.  Lawrence,  Lt- 
tawas,  Sorelle,    St.  Francis,  Chaudiere,    Saguenay,   and 

Black. 

Curiosities.  On  a  number  of  the  rivers  there  are  beau- 
tiful cascades,  the  most  remarkable  are  the  falls  of  the 
Montmorency,  7  miles  below  Quebec.  The  nverjust  at  its 
entrance  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  falls  over  a  precipice  ot 
246  feet  perpendicular,  presenting  a  stcne  of  singular  beau- 
ty and  grandeur. 


•"//i 

)l-;rd 

il'  nil 

'I'll 

river 

j^idrra 

.St.  . 

i^  the 

Jiiv 

i"  miic 

_  Ha,,. 

Fundy. 

Soil. 

TJio  !S 

which 

well  til 

Prod 

gvixiii,  I 

culture 

inimens 

ter  the 

f^XJJO 

butter, ; 
Popui 


Divisi 
ed  into  £ 

Chief 
consider 
Chebuct 
navy  yai 
Great  Br 
lation  is  i 
Liverp 
contains  ! 
the  othei 
Pictou,  ai 


iil)ly  ron.-istmi; 

itanti«ar(>  Calli- 
nn.  There  are 
Iturch  of  Eiijr- 
cn  of  the  cath- 
aml  '-i  Freshj- 

niiries  at  Qiio- 
^  much  iie^lect- 
In,  a  few  years 
ilthe  acts  oftlic 

,  in  1795,  was 
on,  335,000 ;  ol 
ans,  the  remainr 
[1  Americans, 
as  been  progres- 
session  of  Great- 
El  63,000,  and  in 
ist  of  lumber,  pot 

I  are  very  great, 
uncr  to  ioo,  and 

i  intei-sected  by 
Vom  the  coast  in- 
tervening valleys 

us,  but  much  of  it 
of  grass,  wheat, 

3t.  Lawrence,  Ut- 
Saguenay,   and 

s  there  are  beau- 
B  the  falls  of  the 
'he  river  just  at  its 
er  a  precipice  of 
i  of  singular  beau- 


NOVA  .SCOTIA. 
NnW   KRUN.SWICK, 


;<1 


""nnulh,  ,s  tl.o  sen.  r,f  government  '        ""'""  '''^'^^'' 

-I--..l.le  c,r,;;:.;;<!'"  ^''^"''  ♦""■"'  ••'"'J  ^^  "  place  or  con. 

4o;;t;m;;:r:L;:,^-;:^«^^"--'.^^ 

^  ".Ich  thei;^;::-;!;!:;'^'  ^'-'^  -  ^^^-t  ^^O  .i,es  ,o„^, 

F4?:c,:S::/;o;tftJrr  ^— 'i-'-b-,  ^.y  of 

..■^:s^;:;,:Sv:n!;sSc  jK^'^f  -  --  ^-  -^^ 

culture.  TLseacSnhi     ,        Z*'^^^''"™'''*!^  '"  «ffri- 

in.mense  nhoal   ofTr^fn^id''  'h"'  ?"'  "^'^  ''^'^ '  -<^ 
ter  the  river  "«-"'"?»  shad,  and  salmon  annually  en- 

butf:a?:     '"'^  ^''''"'•'•^  --'^^  «^  '-ber,  tish,  horses 
Population.   The  population  is  estimated  at  about  60,000. 
NOVA  SCOTIA. 

lation  IS  stated  at  about  16  000  -^'"<"^'^='-     The  popu. 

the  other  towri  aJe  a„ 'll,""";"^^'''''';'^   "-ade.     Among 
Pi«^to«,  and  Ar^le      ^"""»'''''*'  Lu,.enburg:h,  Baninglon, 


I 


■:}\ 


'-■n 
i  m 

If* 

M 

n 
J. 


i# 


I 

i 

f 


's 


M 


CAl-K  BRKTON. 


Governmmt.  Tho  Icgiiti.ture  isrompofloaol  a?o%nn.n 
,.  council,  an.l  a  I........  ..f  roprpsentativf's  con-i^Uni?  ol  >.. 

membor.!   Tho  govrnor  i.  appointed  l.y  U.o  kn.«  ot  (.na- 

^'■"kW/^-om.     The  oMal.li.ho.1  roliffion  i.  (h.t  of  the  churcl. 

Nov:f  Sia,  N.nv  Brunswick,  and  the  isjands  of  Capo 

'^ C)«;"-  tI::' piulation  i.  os,imaiod  a.  about  100,000 
£"     n    In  1302  a  charter  ^s•a.  .Vrantod  to  a  .om.nary 
.t.vlcdKin^^'.Coll.-o,  which  i.  cstahli^hcd  at  Wuidsor,  and 

""C=e;;f' ?(u:  t^dc  of  Nova  Scotia  has  Jattoj^on 
very  considerable.     The  export,*  consists  chiefly  ot  luml.tr 

'"'''lace  of  the  country.  The  iace  of  the  country  i.  .ome- 
.vhatuneven,  but  there  are  no  \u^h  mountains.  1  he  north 
ea«t  shores  present  a  dreary  a-'i)ert. 

Soil  The  soil  on  the  s.m  coast  is  generally  poor :  in  the 
Interior  it  is  better,  and  ui  some  j.arts  very  good. 

pZluction.  The  soil  in  '^-^^  V-^''^y>'f^::^^'Z 
of  grain.     Tiiere  are  minei  ol   iron,  coal,  limestone,  and 

plaister  of  P')^^^- 
Export       '"' 

'''iilys'^'on  the  coast  of  of  Nova  Scotia  are  numerous 
haySd  harbour.  The  largest  -.t'-«^y  "^  ^;""^!^y;,;;^f„ 
is  femarkable  for  its  tides  which  rise  with  ff'"^^  -JM'''' ^y  »" 
30,  and  sometimes,  in  the  narrowest  parts,  to  GO  Icet. 

CAPE  BRETON. 

Face  of  the  country,  &c.  This  island  is  about  110  miles 
lonV  The  surface  of  the  country  is  diversified,  and  ib 
lorn;  parts  mountainous.     Much  of  the  soil  is  fertile,  and 

''VSfto:^r%i:^  S^iowns  «re  Louisburg,  Sydney. 

""Trt£'"The  island  is  valuable  chiefly  on  account  of  it. 
pcUry  and  fisheries. 

PopiiMion.  about  3,000. 


Exports.     The  chief  exports  .tre  lumber,  fish,  and  plais- 


nard 
con  I  a 

Fa 
ly,  th 
(iml)e 

Th 
with  I 

Ba 
whici 
The  C 
300  n 
240  n 
-imaU 
ries. 

SI 

Th 
Cai 
Poj 


Th. 
ihem  I 

Chi 
island, 
built  0 

Clk 
but  sul 

Pof 


lofa  jfovcrooi, 
p  kill!,' "I" (i ••*■»' 

it  of  the  churrli 
liocorio  iticlndo- 
Jands   of  Capn 

t  nbout  100,000 
(1  to  a  ?'oniiniuy, 
at  WimUor,  nml 

las  lattPily  l»fif^n 
hii'fly  «t'luml>er 

•oiintry  i)*  xonic- 
lins.    The  nortli 

illy  poor :  in  the 
good. 

dines  good  cropH 
,  limestone,  and 

r,  fwh,  and  plaia- 

la  are  numerous 
r  of  Fundy,  which 
great  rapidity  to 
i,  to  GO  feet. 


J  about  110  miles 
iversified,  and  is 
loil  is  fertile,  and 

ouisburg,  Sydney, 

r  on  account  of  it? 


NORTH  AMERICA.  a  J 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Chief  towns.  Placmtia  and  St.  .John'n  are  .situated  to- 
wards the  SE.  part  of  the  iwhuid,  have  good  harbours,  and 
contain  each  3  or  1,000  inhabitants. 

Face  of  the  country.,  &c.  The  face  of  the  country  is  bil- 
ly, the  shores  rugged,  and  the  soil  generally  barren,  though 
limber  is  abundant. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  dreary,  subject  to  fogs,  attended 
with  frequent  storms  of  snow  and  sleet. 

nank).  This  island  is  chielly  valuable  for  its  fisherie.s, 
which  are  carried  on  upon  the  banks  of  Newfoimdiand. 
The  Grand  Bank  is  sixty  miles  from  the  SE.  shore,  and  i» 
■300  miles  long,  and  70  wide ;  cast  of  this  is  Greeti  Bank, 
240  miles  long,  and  120  broad.  As  many  as  3,000  sail  ol 
small  craft,  and  100,000  men  are  employed  in  these  fishe- 
ries. 

Population,  in  1805,  24,922. 

ST.  JOHN'S,  OR  PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

This  island  has  a  good  soil,  and  is  well  watered. 
Capital.     The  capital  is  Charlotte's  Town. 
Population  about  B,000. 

BERMUDAS,  or  SOMERS'  ISLANDS. 

These  islands  are  about  400  in  number,  but  the  most'ol" 
them  are  very  small,  barren,  and  uninhabited. 

Chief  town.  St.  GeorgeU  Town,  situated  on  St.  George's 
island,  is  the  chief  town,  and  contains  about  500  houses, 
built  of  soft  stone. 

Climate.  The  climate  is  very  temperate  and  healthy, 
but  subject  to  storms,  accompanied  with  severe  thundel-.  * 

Population  10,381, 

4 


,i'» 


'J 

I 

i 
I 

Irtf 

4 

f 


UNITED  STATES. 

'I'HE  original  number  of  states  wn«  13  ;  the  present  n.nn 
ber,  inclucHng  Maine,  Ahibama,  k  Mi^^our.,  which  are  ahonl 
forming  con8titutio„8  xvith  a  view  to  mim.ss.on  into   It  tn- 
fon,  iH  24.     The  13  original  states  are  place,   hi-st  m  the 
Swing  table;  the  others  in  theordiro   the.ra.mu,s..M.. 

The  foUowing  table  exhibits  the  number  of  tmm/.«, 
htatcd  generally  for  the  year  1018,  the  ^o«"'*7»  •"  8  0, 
the  PoH  Offices  iu  1818,  the  Datih,  state«l  mostly  lor  1818, 
and  the  number  of  Representatives  to  Congress. 

Tnt,    P.  O.  B».  Rop. 


F.l<^^^«■l•  Coi. 


3. 
4. 

r.. 

(3. 
7. 


10 


I.  New  Hampshire 
ii.  Massachusetts 

Khode  Island 
Connecticut 
New  York 
New  Jersey 
Pennsylvania 

8.  Delawre 

9.  Maryla\.' 
Virginia 

I I .  North  Carolina 

12.  South  Carolina 

13.  Georgia 

14.  Vermont 
l.'j,  Kentucky 
Hi.  Tennessee 

Ohio 
Louisiana 

19.  Indiana 

20.  Mississippi 
Illinois 
Maine 
Alabama 

24.  Missouri 

Columbia  (Dist.  of) 


17. 
18. 


^w  1  . 

22. 
23. 


- 

■  6  1  212  125  1 

11 

K 

14  1  295 

£38 

28 

1.-5 

5   31 

23 

31 

2 

8   110 

128 

11 

1 

60  425 

584 

35 

27 

1 

13  116 

118 

14 

6 

50  1  651  1 

338 

45 

23 

3 

25 

23 

9 

2 

19 

127 

24 

9 

103 

481 

15 

23 

62 

216 

12 

13 

28 

158 

8 

9 

39 

81 

9 

6 

1731 

13 

247  140 

2 

6 

1792 

57 

128 

,56 

10 

1796 

38 

100 

13 

6 

1802 

52 

320 

222 

29 

6 

1812   24 

36 

6 

1 

1816   22 

27 

49 

2 

1 

1817 

13 

35 

1 

1 

1818 

15 

12 

19 

3 

1 

1819 

9 

217 

162 

14   7 

1819 

11 

19 

3    1 

1819 

8 

34 

1    1 

) 

2 

3  1  14  1 

Totals 

3,586  394  J  87 

iVJiiini 
New 
Verm 
.^nss. 

Rhodi 

Connt 

New 

New. 

Penns 

Ohio  ' 

Indian 

Illinois 

Belaw 

Macyis 

Virgin! 

Kentut 

N.  Car 

S,  Care 

Tennei 

Oeorgi 

Alabam 

Mississi 

Louisia 

Missour 

Arkans. 

Michiga 

N.  Wes 

Columb 

CDist.  0 


» present  nutn 
hich  are  about 
m  into  the  Un- 
■,e<l  tii*8l  in  the 
heir  admission, 
ir  of  Counties, 
mhipi  in  1810, 
ostly  lor  1818, 

9S8. 

P.  O.  B».  Hop. 
« 
IS 

2 


125 

11 

£38 

28 

23 

31 

128 

11 

584 

35 

118     14 
338  I  45 


23 
127 
481 
216 
158 
81 
140 
128 
100 
222 
:    36 
49 
35 
19 
162 
19 
34 
3 


9 
24 
15 
12 
8 
9 
2 
55 
13 
29 
5 
2 
1 
3 
14 
3 
1 
14 


27 
6 

23 
2 
9 
23 
13 
0 
6 
6 
lO 
6 
6 
1 
1 
1 
1 
7 
1 
1 


Maine 

New  If  amp. 
Vermont 

Rhode  Island 


Connecticut 

New  York 
New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 
Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Delaware 

Macyland 

Virginia 

Kentucky 

N.  Carolina 

S.  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Missouri      > 

Arkans.  T.  \ 

Michigan  T. 

N.  West.  T. 

Columbia    i 

(Dist.  of)  $ 


I'NITED  STATES. 


oU 


Leoglh 


225 
lOO 
157 
190 

49 
72 


301 
1U3 
160 
216 
284 
346 
92 
120 
290 
180 
ICO 
126 
102 
270 
317 
312 
240 

1300 

250 

3G0 

10 


TAIJLE. 


nrcadlh 


1% 
!H) 
DO 
90 

•J9 
90 


Square  n.  /  ''"P- 
«q.m, 


Seat  01 
Oovcrnmeiif. 


31C 
62 
307 
216 
155 
210 
23 
196 
370 
300 
340 
200 
420 
250 
174 
150 
210 

1680 

160 
450 

10 


32,628 

9,491 

10,212 

7,500j 

1,508 

4,764 

46,086 

8,320 

44,000 

39,128 

37,000 

52,000 

2,120 

13,950 

64,000 

42,000 

40,000 

20,000 

40,000 

62,000 

46,000 

45,000 

48,220 


7 
22i 
21 
63 


1,500,000 

30,000 
147,000 

100 


2,407,098 


48} 

55 

20J 

20i 

18 

6 


34^ 
27] 


Portland 
Concord 
Montpeliei 
Boston 
Providence 
Newport 
Hartford 
New  Haven 
Albany 
Trenton 
Harrisburg 
Columbus 
Corydon 
Kaskaskia 
Dover 
Annapolis 


15   Richmond 


9* 

15 

6i 
4 
1 
1 

H 


Frankfort 

Raleigh 

Columbia 

Murfreesboro" 

Milledgeville 

Cahawba 

Monticello 

New  Orleans 

St.  Louis 

Detroit 

Washixcto.v 


3,586  394  187  I 


'M 


VNITKD  STA'l'tS*. 
TAHLK. 


Hvpuhtion  according  to  thn*  rnwniruUo.n. 


Total 
ropulntion 


Vt. 

N.  n. 

Mass. 

Me. 

K.  I. 

Ct. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

I'll. 

Ohio 

In. 

Del 

m. 

Va. 

Ken. 

N.  C. 

S.C. 

Ten. 

Geo. 

Mil. 

La. 

II. 

Mo.  T. 

Mic.  T. 

(a. 


l'0\l. 


SIlVM. 


|.ii,HHr) 

50,0'ir) 
2.'n,9i( 

i;u,i!i'.» 


59,094 
J19,T^0 
747,010 

7;i,677 
393,751 
L>  40,000 

35,091 

82,548 


15.3,908 
lUi^B.'iO 
4'.»'2,846 
ir,l,7!9 
(•.9,1'2'2 
2.^)1,002 
580,050 
«11,14U 
002,646 
45,366 
4,875 
Ci,272 
34'J,692 
880,200 
220,959 
478,103 
345,691 
105,602 
162,682 


380 

951 

20,613 

12,422 

1,706 

136 

0,153 

107,706 

346,968 

40,343 

133,196 

146,161 

13,384 

5»,099 

3,489 


215 

551 

1 1,093 


3,244 


217,896 
214,400 
472,040 
288,705 
70,931 
201,942 
059,049 
215,.502 
810,091 
2  30,700 
24,520 
72,674 
380,546 
974,622 
406,51 1 
565,500 
415,116 
261,727 
262,433 
40,362 
76,656 
12,282 
20,845 
4,762 
24,023 


100 

310 

15,017 

10,851 
796 

237 

4,177 

111,502 

392,518 

80,561 

168,824 

196,365 

44,536 

105,218 

17,088 

34,660 

168 

3,011 

24 

5,396 


3,929,320|5,3O5,060    896,049  7,239,903  1,191,364 
TABir  shewing  the  population  of  the  United  States  in 

routinac  m  the  same  ratio  as  .t  waj  from  1790  to  1810, 
1820  9,774,000 

1830  13,195,000 

1840  17,813,000 

1850  24,048,000 

1860  ;W,464,OO0 


SliiM 

an 
I'oi 
T( 


Vt. 

N.  H 

IVIns. 

Me. 

IM. 

Ct. 

N.V. 

Pa. 

O. 

In. 

Dei. 

Md. 

Va. 

Ken. 

N.C 

s.c. 

O'co. 
Ten. 

Mi8. 

Ala. 

La. 

II. 

Mic' 

Ca. 

Tota 


DNirKl)  .VlATKs 


JT 


alioii). 

IBIO. 

jtui 

Sluvfi. 

op. 

. 

— . 

,006 

,100 

,(M0 

,706 

,q:s\ 

100 

,!)  I'i 

310 

),o»a 

15,017 

.,r)G2 

10,851 

),oSi 

796 

3,700 

t,&20 

237 

2,074 

4,177 

0,546 

111,502 

1,622 

392,518 

6,&n 

80,56 1 

5,500 

168,024 

5,116 

196,365 

!,727 

44,536 

2,433 

105,218 

0,352 

17,088 

6,556 

34,660 

2,282 

168 

>O,045 

3,011 

4,762 

24 

M,023 

5,396 

39,903  1,191,364 

United  States  in 
K  increase  should 
1790  to  1810, 


.Slii'vvMi^  tlio  I  aliiuioin  »\'  tlio  Hoii\rs  anil  I.aiult  m  1700, 
and  in  l.'ll  l-t'),  the  Miiiiu/iirlitn.n  lor  11)10,  llie  Hxfrnrta 
lor  llio  y»<:ir  ending  Sf|it.  30tl»  1017,  of  ciich  State  and 
Territory  in  the  Inion. 


• 

1799 

inii-ia 

1810 

Valuiition. 

Vulimlion. 

.MAnufacttirRi 

Kiporli. 

Vt. 

ltl,723,H7:t 

32,161,120 

5, 107,280 

913,201 

N.  H. 

2.^176,040 

30,74r,,974 

5,226,045 

197,424 

Mas.  ( 
Me.    \ 

03,992, 168 

!  1(),26j,560 

21,896,5211 
3,741,110 

11,927,997 

15.  I. 

11,060,357 

20,907,766 

4,106,074 

O.'i0,467 

Ct. 

4lt,313,4'.M 

811,531,971 

7,771,928 

004,139 

N.V. 

100,300,706 

269.370,900 

25,370,289 

18,707,4.33 

N.J. 

30,473,899 

95,099,333 

7,054,591 

5,849 

Pn. 

10'.',  145,900 

310,033,889 

33,691,111 

0,735,.59S 

0. 

01,347,215 

2,094,290 

7,749 

In. 

300,000 

Pel. 

0,234,413 

13,449,330 

1,733,744 

44,854 

Md. 

:ij,372,290 

106,490,638 

11,408,794 

0,933,930 

Va. 

71,225,127 

105,008,199 

15,263,473 

5,621,442 

Ken. 

21,408,090 

06,878,507 

6,181,024 

N.C. 

30,842,372 

51,617.031 

6,653,152 

956,680 

8.C. 

17,465,012 

74,325,262 

3,023,595 

10,.372,013 

O'co. 

12,061,13T 

31,487,658 

3,668,481 

8,790,714 

Ten. 

6,134,108 

24,233,750 

3,611,029 

Mis.  i' 
Ala.', 
La. 

419,073 

43,887 

' 

1,222,357 

9,024,816 

II. 

120,000 

Mic.T. 

50,000 

64,228 

Ca. 

1,100,000 

1,768,668 

Tot«l8;ji6 19,977,247  1,631,657,224172,702,670  87,671,609 


i* 


L  XrniD  STATt!- 


TABLE 
Militia.    I       Tonnage.  __Reven«e. 


Pap. 


13 
12 

38 


1 


Vermont 
N.  Hatnp. 
Mass.   } 
Maine  ^ 
R.  Island 
Connecticut 
New  York 
N.  Jersey 
Pa. 
Ohio 
Indiana 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia 
Kentucky 
TT.Carolina 
S.Carolina 
Tennessee 
Georgia 
Mississippi 
Louisiana 
niinois 
Alabama  T. 
Missouri  T. 
Michigan  T. 
*    N.W.T. 
Columbia 


Totals   446 


5 
16 
96 
12 
84 
24 
9 
2 
17 
23 
20 
11 
10 
11 
13 
4 
10 
2 
5 
2 
1 


20,903 
25,794 

78,836 

8,350 
20,573 

118,496 
35,169 

118,016 
61,938 
15,171 
7,448 
32,189 
85,758 
52,919 
50,387 
32,203 
29,193 
28,401 

9,894 

2,123 

10,309 

6,502 


30,411,39 
314,727,81 
137,545,36 

32,758,77 

53,648,06 
309,290,62 

33,211,36 

102,474,76 

661,81 

9,207,05 

156,062,20 

70,361,51 

36,566,11 
37,614,60 

14,741,02 

13,299,88 

994,05 

498,69 

18,650,95 


2'i8,957,45 
92,316,97 

5,771,667,79 

233,024,66 

233,683,64 

14,491,739,30 

13,612,29 

7,142,333,61 

31,098,79 
4,050,504,96 
1,126,484,88 

345,204,03 
1,429,498,73 

882,453,21 

984,909,22 

12,227,91 

4,341,84 

482,426,90 


1,373,218,63  U3?,656,4S6,tB 


losilyior  l»li'i 
817  and  IClii, 
ir  1815. 

Revenue. 

2'i8,957,4>'J 
02,316,91 

5,711,067,79 

233,024,66 

233,683,64 

14,491,739,30 

13,612,29 

7,142,333,61 


31,098,79 
4,050,504,96 
1,126,484,88 

345,204,03 
1,429,498,73 

882,453,21 

984,909,22 

12,227,91 

4,341,84 

482,426,90 


$3?,656,4S6,tB 


UNITED  STATES,  u 

LxpoiU.     'I'he   tollowing  is  a  statement  of  X\w  cxporlf 
during  the  year  ending  Sept.  ;iU,  1817. 

Froduce  of  agriculture  pil .fl22,Q\)i} 

Do.          of  the  forest  6,484,0(iO 

Do.          of  manufactuio  2,202,000 

Do.          of  the  sea  1,671,000 

Uncertain  734,500 


Foreign  materials 


68,31 3,o00 
19,358,008 


Total  of  exports  $87,67  l,.")Of> 

Principal  articles  of  export  in  1817. 

Amoitut. 

Cotton  ^22,628,00f" 

Wheat,  flour,  and  biscuit  18,432,000 

Tobacco  9,230,000 

Lumber  3,196,000 

Rice  2,379,000 

Pot  and  pearl  ashes  1,967,000 

Indian  corn  and  meal  1,329,000 

Dried  and  pickled  fish  lJ328,000 

Beef,  tallow,  hides,  live  cattle  845,000 

Skins  and  furs  638,000 

Rye  and  meal  627,000 

Pork,  bacon,  &c.  5.n,000 

Horses  and  mules  432,000 

Naval  stores  345,000 

Flax  seed  278,000 

Whale  oil  (confmon)  and  bone  231,000 

Spermaceti  oil  and  candles  1 1 2,000 

Butter  and  cheese  213^000 


In' 1700 
1800 


Tom. 
486,840 
942,413 


Tonnage. 


In  1810 
1816 


Tons. 
1,424,783 
1,372,218 


Banks.     The  first  banking  establishment  in  the  United 
'was  commenced  at  Philadelphia  in  1781.     The  present 


* 

if. 


i 


t 


It 
•I 


»■ 


1^ 


40  UNITED  STATE3. 

„umber  of  banks  and  branches  is  nearly  400.  Tlie  Unitea 
States  bank  was  established,  in  1816,  with  a  capital  o 
^'35  000,000.  The  principal  bank  is  in  Philadelplua,  ana 
there  are  branches  at  Portsmouth,  Boston,  Providence, 
Middletown,  New  York,  Pittsburg,  Baltimore,  Washington, 
Richmond,  Norfolk,  Fayetteviile,  Charleston,  Savannah, 
Augusta,  Chillicothe,  Cincinnati,  Lexington,  Louisville,  and 
New  Orleans. 

Public  Debt.    The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  pub- 
Jk  debt  of  the  United  States. 

In  1791  5<i7.1,105,5!)6,82 

'     ,8,2  45,154,189 

1817,  Jan.  1,  112,107,8(52,35 

1818     Do.  99,004,800,51 

Post  Offices.  The  following  statement  exhibits  the  pro- 
.ness  of  the  post  office  establishment.  N early  one  half  ot 
ihe  transportation  is  by  stages  ;  (he  remainder  in  Bulkies  and 

on  horseback. 

Length  of 

No.Foit  post  roads, 

OiBcei.  milcB. 

209  5,<542 

1,025  21,840 

2,043  36,406 

3,469  51,600 


Year 
1793 
1801 
1811 
1817 


Yearly  Trantp. 

niiles. 

843,808 

3,061,964 

5,590,652 

(1816)7,690,!?24 


J^avv  Tbe  following  is  a  statement  of  the  navy  for  1818. 
.i-74s-  5-44  gun  frigates;  3-36s;  2-329;  1-20;  10-1  Sa; 
besides  several  of  16, 14, 12  and  smaller  ones  ;  four  748  on 
the  stocks,  and  others  smaller. 

Literature.  The  United  States  are  more  distinguished 
for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge,  than  for  eminence 
in  literature  or  science.  The  means  of  common  education 
are  widely  extended,  and  there  are  numerous  seminaries  of 
learning  throughout  the  country  ;  though  there  are  no  lit- 
erary establishments  on  so  large  a  scale  as  many  m  Europe. 
Within  a  few  years  past,  institutions,  librariee,  and  literary 
ineaoa  have  been  greatly  iacreased. 


TLe  If 
are 
dali 
the 

mon 
ilie! 
Ihti 

riac 

Camb 

New 

Princ< 

New 

Provii 

Hanoi 

Carlis 

Willia 

Schen 

Bruns 

Burl  in 

MiddU 

Colum 

Clintoi 

0th 
New  ] 
Philad 
Lancai 
Canoni 
Washii 
Meadv 
Baltim 
Annapi 
Cheste 
Georg( 
WiUiar 
Lexing 
Hampd 
Charlo 

Somi 

«nt  in  ( 


li 


,  The  Uiiiteii 
u  a  capital  of 
ladelpliiii,  and 
1,  Providenqe, 
e,  Washington, 
:on,  Savannah, 
Louisville,  aad 

ent  of  the  pub- 

,,5i)6,82 
1,189 
f,8(52,35 
1,800,51 

xhibits  the  pro- 
[\rly  one  half  of 
er  in  sulkies  and 


Yearly  Transp. 

Diiles. 

843,808 

3,061,964 

5,590,652 

16)7,690,^24 

le  navy  for  1818. 

1-20;  10-1 8a; 

fies  ;  four  748  od 


re  distinguished 
lan  for  eminence 
jmmon  education 
ous  seminaries  of 
there  are  no  lit- 
many  in  Europe. 
iTiee,  and  literary 


UNITED  STATKb. 


COLI.r.GES. 


41 


The  let  column  eonthins  the  nanic*  of  the  phrcs  wlif  re  tlir  colic,  s 
are  instituted  ;  t.'.e  2J  cxprtssrs  llie  (lute  of  i'lcorporalmn  otfnuu- 
aatxon;  the  3d,  tiic  numbtr  of  underpruJua/es  hi  18)U;  fh«  4lli 
the  wliole  numbrr  nf  alumni :  tlie  .illi,  the  num/.,.r  nf  win, sins  a- 
m<iHg  Ike  alumni;  the  6lS,  the  tr.tmbtr  of  alumn,  living  ;  the  7lli, 
Jie  number  of  mmisltn  /x//.^- ;  and  the  Clh,  the  period  lo  nhick 
Ike  slaltinenls  are  brouahl  dvirn. 


Place. 


Incor. 


Cambridge  lt5;53 

New  llavtu  1 700 

Princeton  1718 

New  York  1754 

Providence  1764 

Hanover  1769 

Carlisle  1783 

Williamstown  1 793 

Schenectady  1 794 

Brunswick  1794 

Burlington  1794 

Middlebury  1 800 

Coltunbia,  S.C.  1 802 

Clinton  1012 


Pfkl. 

?79 

Alum. 

Min. 

4112 

1198 

283 

3300 

817 

1.^)0 

1425 

297 

100 

608 

67 

125 

829 

149 

100 

1190 

263 

272 

62 

91 

473 

112 

122 

291 

33 

56 

85 

2 

28 

108 

262 

55 

100 

276 

5 

70 

48 

Alum. 
liv. 

1708 
1658 
1023 

715 
992 
243 
434 
280 
80 

250 
260 


Min 
liv. 

205 
357 
147 

130 
228 

58 
107 

32 
2 

55 
5 


1818 
1817 
1815 
1814 
1817 
1816 
1813 
1817 
1813 
1816 

1817 
1816 
181C 


Other  places  in  which  colleges  have  been  established. 


New  Brunswick,  N.J 

Philadelphia'] 

Lancaster 

Canonsburg 

Washington 

Meadviiie 

Baltimore 

Annapolis 

Chestertown  , 

Georgetown,  Ca. 

Williamsburg 

Lexington 

Hampden  Sidney 


Pa. 


Md. 


Va. 


Chapel-Hill,  N.  C. 
Beaufort,  S,  C. 
Athene,  Geo. 
Athens       i 
Cincinnati  >  Ohio. 
Oxford       ) 
^.e.xington,  Ken. 
Greenville         '\ 
Nashville  f  _, 

Knoxville  (  ^  f"" 

Washington  co.  * 
W'ashington        I  ... 
.'>luol(lsboroiii,'h  S,  '^'" 


Charlottesville 

Some  ofthecollogei  above-mentioned  nre  not  :.*. 
ent  in  operation. 


l'-< 


i>. 


•  42  UNITED  STATES. 

'  .  VaUcal  SclnoU.  Medical  schools  are  e.tal.U^he.l  at  llan- 

Jl,  B^ton,  New  Haven,  New  York,  Ph.ladeli-h.a,  UalU- 
,y  tnore,  and  Lexington. 

Tkeolo(,ical  School.  The  principal  theological  scWU 
are  o.talfli.hed  at  Andover,  Cambridge,  New  York,  JNew 
Brunswick,  and  Princeton. 

Librario.  The  following  sire  some  of  the  principal  li- 
Inuhes  in  the  United  States.  , 


Jo/5 

Cainhridce  Univ.  2.'),000 
Philadelphia  Lihrary  22,000 
l^Dston  Athenasiim  1«,000 
New  York  Library  1 1,650 
Cluirleston  Library  l;},000 
Laltiinore  Library  10,000 
^Vashington,National    8,000 


'  Volt. 

Princeton  College  8,000 
Vale  College  '^,^^ 

(Georgetown  College  6,000 
Salem  Athenaeum  5,000 
\ndover,Theol.Sem.  5,000 
Schenectady,  Un.  Col.  5,000 
Columbia,  S.C.  Col.      5,000 


No  religion  is  established  or  supported  by 
.overumeiit.  "^hr^Ltitution  secures  to  e>.^ 

fhe  free  choice  and  exercise  ol  h.s  o«;»;«^S  J"'  J/JJJ 
of  the  principal  denominations  is  given  m  the  Iouowibs 

statements. 

CongregationalisU. 
C  in  New  England  about  »' 

Congregations  j  j„  t^e  whole  United  States  about      l,5wu 
Ministers  and  Candidates  somewhat  less. 

'^^''^''''      •  Reformed  DuU^h  Church. 

.•«„a..Knnt      IBO         Ministers  about  1"^ 

Congregationsabout      l&u        1  New  .lerney,  and 

These  are  principally  in  INew  loi^, 
Pennsylvania.  . 

.hsociate  Reformed  Prabyterians. 
Conarewations       80  or  90. 
There  .  a  consSwe  number  of  other  Presbytenan., 

no!  iri'luflcil  in  the  above 


Die 

,  Ve 

shi 

Rh 

Co 
No 
Ne 
Pel 
De 


Germ 

Germ 

syl 

181 


Maine 
Verm( 
Sewl 
Massai 
Rhode 
Conne 
Newl 
New  J 
Penns] 
Delaw 
Maryh 
Virgin! 
North 


UNITED  STATES. 


l)li^he(l  atllan- 
adel\>hia,  Balli- 

jlogical  schools 
cw  York,  New 

lie  principal  li- 


Voli. 

8,000 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

5,000 


ollcge 
e 

College 
naeum 
leol.  Sem. 
f,  Un.  Col.  5,000 
I.e.  Col.  5,000 
or  supported  by 
to  every  citieen 
jligion.     A  view 

iu  the  following 


1,000 
tea  about     1,200 

nbly,  in  1819. 
resbyteries  1,224 
ae8  784 

ille  and  Southern 

I  about  100 

New  .lerrtey,  and 

rians. 

90. 

tier  Pi-esbytenans, 


Diocetet.  J^fif^ 

I.Vermont,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  &i 

Rhode  Island  25 

2.  Connecticut  35 

3.  New  York  68 

4.  New  Jersey  12 

5.  Pennsylvania  26 
Delaware  3 


■ProisUant  Epucopal  Chureh. 

Diocfsei. 

6.  Maryland 

7.  Virginia 
North  Carolina 

8.  South  Carolina 

9.  Ohio 


4:', 


Min. 
37 
34 

3 

18 

3 


Total  in  1817         264 


German  Lutherans,  rongrogations  about  650 

German  Calviuists,  found  in  greatest  numbers  in  Penn- 
sylvau.a,  where  the  number  of  congregations,  in 
1816,  was  stated  at  94 


Baptistg,  according  to  the 
Cong, 


Maine  j  1 2 

Vermont  112 

New  Hampshire  53 

Massachuselts  91 

Rhode  Island  57 

Connecticut  49 

New  York  321 

New  Jersey  24 

Pennsylvania  QO 

Delaware  9 

Maryland  33 

Virginia  314 

North  Carolina  215 

^abhath-Day  Baptists,  or 
Members 


Baptist  Report  in  1817. 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Mississippi 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois  and  Missouri 


Con^. 

169 

202 

56 

169 

431 

103 

G7 

9 


Baptists  in  1818. 
Congregations  2,182 

Preachers  i,859 

Members  190,000 

Sabbatarians,  in  1817. 
2,035 


Methodists,  in  1819. 

Membere  JJ^J'*"  ,         201,750 
<  Coloured  39,174 

Total     240,924 
I  ravelluig  Preachers  8 1 1' 


M 


Maine 

Vermont 

New  Ham[)S>liire 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio  and  Indiana 


ijNiTED  STATER. 

(Quakers  or  Friends  in  1812. 
32     Maryland 


10 
IB 
32 
18 

f) 
79 
47 
97 

59 


Delaware 
Colunihia 
Virginia 
Tennesseo 
North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 

Total 


23 
4 
2 

33 
8 

49 
;* 

525 


Rcaan  Catholics.  One  archbishop,  and  4  bishops.  These 
are  most  numerous  in  Maryland. 

Moravians.     About  ^^  Col^s^og^Uox^'^. 

Besides  the  denominations  above  ^^^^J^^^Vrs  MeT- 
.ome  Menonists,  Tunkers,  Un.versahsts  Shakers,  Mem 
bers  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church,  and  Jews. 

Bille  Societies^  The  A;^f  ^l,!!!!;^  .^';;;^;:^\^S 

isla;;;^  power  is  vesfed  in  a  Congres.s,  composed  of  a  .en- 
^^V;:^S?U  coSlp^^'^o -.bers  fVom  each  state, 
chosen  by  their  legislatures  for  6  year^-  ^      ^ 

The  representatives  are  elected  by  the  P^^  '"^.J 
years.     One  representative  is  chosen  lor  every  35,000 

by  electors  from  all  the  states. 

TOWXS. 

The  citv  of  Washington  is  the  seat  of  government. 
It  tblLlngtable'exhibits  the  Popu»f-";//if J-^; 
.St  towns  in  1610,  and  the  tonnage  of  luch  as  are  seaporte 

in  1815. 


\ew 
rhiia 
liiillir 
IJosto 
Char! 
N(;w( 
>^al«ii 
I'rovi 
Hichr 
Alban 
i\orfo 
Wash 
Ncwii 
Newf 

Lah 
Unitec 
Ontar 

Riv 
rivers 
windir 
which 
nd  in  t 


Pen 
Keii 
And 
Sac( 
Mer 
Com 
Hud 
Dei. 
Susi] 
Roai 
Capi 
Ped. 
Sant 
Savf 
Alat 


19 
4 

2 
33 

8 

49 
;* 

386 


bishop?.  These 

irated  there  are 
Shakers,  Mem- 
cws. 

)ciety  was  estab* 
c  in  the  United 
St  of  wliich  have 

lican.  The  leg- 
mposed  of  a  sen- 

!  from  each  state, 

he  people  for  2 
or  every  35,000 

losen  for  4  years 


government, 
ilation  of  the  larg- 
ch  as  are  seaports 


~  <,  ■  >i 

iVowOrlcaus  17.'J12 

•'^aleiii 

Hrovidcncp 

Richmond 

Albany 

Norfolk 

Washington 

Newark 

Newport 


i2,(j|;5 

10,0Tt 

f>,7;i:. 
i»,;55ij 

!),i;>:5 

)l,00li 
7,'I07 


7,1C9  30,417 
0,967  12,429 
6,934  30,411 
6,8o7  17,600 
6,312 
6,003 

5,943  11,080 
5,900  15,555 


i;nited  st,\th.s.  4f) 

A<;w  \ork     06,373  299,617  Ncwbnryport.  7,637  2t,69l 

'hdadilphra  92,247  101,030  Alexandria        7,227  11,811 

lialtimoie       46,555  101,960  Portland 

Hoston  33,250  1  »3,420  New  Haven 

Charleston      24,711     ,36>,173  Portsmouth 

13,299  Nantucket 

31.151  N.Brunswick 

11,465  Hartford 

9,9  1.}  Gloucester 

Marblehead 

3l,6J!J  New  Bedford  5,751  22,752 

Petersburg       5,668-    5,754 

Lancaster         5,4o5 

11,333  Savannah  5,195  12,77G 

I^akes.  The  lakes  belonging,  in  whole  or  in  part,  to  the 

L^nitftd  States,  are  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  Michigan,  Erit, 

Ontario,  and  Champlain.  s     '         ^ 

Rivers^.  The  estimated  length  of  some  of  the  priiH;ij)al 
rivers,  irom  their  source  to  their  mouths,  following  the 
wmdmgs  ot  their  course.s,  together  with  the  distance  to 
which  several  of  them  are  navigable  for  sloops,  is  exhibft- 
m  III  the  following  table. 

Rivers Jloxeing  into  the  Atlantic 


Penobscot 

Kennebeck 

Androscoggin 

Saco 

Merrimack 

Connecticut 

Hudson 

Delav»>-'"e 

Susquehanna 

Roanoke 

Cape  Fear 

Pedee 

San tee 

Savannah 

Alataniaha 


Length. 
250 
200 
170 
160 
200 
410 
324 
300 
450 
350 
350 
450 
450 
700 
500 


JVavigable, 
32      to    JBangor 
45 


6 
18 
60 

166 
90 

35 
35 


It 


Augusta 

Saco 

Haverhill 

Hartford 

Troy 

Trenton 


Wilmihgtoft 


Savannah 


46  UNITED  STATKb. 

Rivers  flowing  into  the  Clnlf  of  Mexico,  the  Msslisipp 
itH  Irihti furies. 
500 


I,  ana 


A|iimliichicolii 

Alahania 

Toinbigbpe 

Mississippi 

lied  Uiver 

\rkan«aw 

WliitP  Hivrr 

Oliio 

Uliiioi:^ 

Moiiips 

Tennessee 

Cumberland 

WabaHh 

TMissouri 

Oxa<^e 

Grand 

Kan.'<a.« 

Platte 

Yelbjwstono 

Bighorn 

Ouacliitta 


00  to  Tort  Claiborne 
120       St.  Stcpluns 

St.  .\ntbony*9  Fall- 
Kapide 


',',200 
135 


11 10       Pittsburg 


250 
200 


Mufcle  Shoals 
Nashville 


3.8G0       Great  rails 


I.-jO 
450 

:^,ooo 

1,500 
2,170 
1,200 

i,;$5o 

500 

mto 

1,100 

750 

.^)00 
4,HtO 

600 

GOO 
1,'.>()0 
J, GOO 
1,100 

tioo 

I  GOO 

Rivers  v;cs(  of  ihc  Rocky  Mountain. 

Columbia  1,5«'>  I'l'"'!^'  '^j^*^*" 

Multnomah  900  Clark's  Uiver 

Most  of  the  above  rivers  may  be  navigated  ."^"^'^^^^f 'jj^ 
by  boats.  The  first  interrupt.on  of  the  "^v.gat.on  oi  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  are  the  falls  above  mentioned. 
Sloops,  however,  have  not  ascended  so  lar. 

Face  of  the  country.    The  northeastern  states  are  gcner- 
allv  uneven,  and  to  a  considerable  extent,  mountainous 
South  of  Lon.r  bland  the  whole  Coast,  in  some  parts  for 
^oro  than  Too  miles  from  the  sea  is  a  rtat  sandy  plam,  bu^ 
mtlc  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.     Beyond  the 
head  of  tide  waters  the  country  becomes  ""^^en,  hilly,  and 
t^crwards  mountainous.      On  the  Mississippi  and  its  tub  - 
aries  are  extensive  tracts  «^''»»»via   land,  and  at  some  d.- 
tance  from  the  rive«.  the  country  is,  lor  the  most  part,  mod 
pv.Ttely  onpvpji. 


900 
900 


A/. 

lOOU 

ln^r    i 

Moiii 
lofly 

counl 

Soi 

asccr 


VVI.iu 
VVa 
liig 
2Hi 
Mil 
4th 
5th 
6th 
iloose 
Alonad 

Mansfii 
Camel' 
Killing 
Ascutm 

Soil  I 
varioui 
try,  an( 
principj 
die  stat( 
the  soul 
sugar,  ill 

CO,  COtt( 

beans,  a 
«x{ensiv 


Hssissippii  <"'<* 


'liiibomc 

thony's  Fall*^ 

le 


mrg 

le  Shoals 
iville 

t  Tails 


I  -ll£D  STATES. 


tains, 

rcr  900 

ver  900 

ted  much  farther 
navigation  oi"  the 
hove  mentioned. 
ir. 

states  are  genei- 
>nt,  mountainous, 
in  some  jiarts  for 
it  sandy  plain,  but 
;an.  Beyond  the 
uneven,  hilly,  and 
sippi  and  its  tribu- 
d,  and  at  some  dis- 
he  most  part,  mod- 


1/  '^ 

■''lountum.i.      Til.,   tn^   i 

lOOU.niles  .„,„,'       .    ifir-o  """•'■''''^  «*'«"*'  "early 
'0%  summits.      K  W    , '  M      '■'"'^^VPresent.u,,  .ome 


White  Mountains, 


Washington.  / 
peak  \ 


hitfhcst  po 

2H  pe„k 

•^d  peak 

•*th  peak 

^th  peak 

6th  peak 
Moosehillock 
^lonadoock 

Vermont. 
Mansfield  Mountain 
Camel's  Kump 
Killington  Peak 
Ascutnoy 


.•>,333 
j,170 
5,11U 
4,630 
4,636 
3,264 

•1,279 
4,188 
3,!>24 
3,306 


-i^Inssachuselts. 

^iddlehack,  about 
Wachuselt 


/•'eel. 
'1,000 
2,990 

A'eru  York. 
Catskill  \  j^<iundTop  3,«04 
\vi  .    p^  ^^'8r'»  Peak  3,708 
White  Face  ajfeoo 

yirginia. 
Otter  Peak 

A'o(«A  Carolina, 
Table  Moun- ) 
tain,  about  \ 


3,955 


4,000 


-Soi/  «hJ  productions.  The  soil  in.l  „r„  i  <• 
vanou..  The  north^n,tern  st'^oi  a  1  P'«'^"e<'°»«  «••«  very 
try,  and  beef,  J.ork,  butuV  nH  rh  "^*'°'' ^'"^'"Scoun- 
Pnncip,,,  produ'ction's.  The'st-,n l  roT^  1'f  'T^^^  the 
'lie  states  is  wheat ;  farther  o  S  .  "r"!"''".^  "'^""^  ""'d- 
the  southern  states  c^  „?  ^  oTn^-'^'^'^^"'  °*' 
i^i'gar,  and  rice;  and  of  the  western  f-f.L     ."»".'*""'  ^«"""» 


4tl 


LNITKI)  yiATKH. 

Tuhle  iliou'ini;  tkt  average  bushfh  p*r  acrf. 

Indian  hitck  pola 
rye  barley  oult    corn  wheal 


wheal 

!  great  crop  'M 
torn,  crop 
igri-ttt  crop 
com.  crop 
!  great  <  rop 
com.  crop 
if rrat  crop 
coin,  crop 
^  great  crop 
}  cum.  croj) 

i  great  crop 
com.  crop 
Si^reftt  crop 
com.  crop 
i  (treat  crop 
"  •  °"   (  cnro.  crop 
ta.  great  crop 


3».  K. 
N.  Y. 
Fa. 
N.  J. 

Pel. 
Va. 

Co. 


11 

3i 
10 
35 

Id 

M 

9 
35 
10 
30 

7 
25 

6 
40 
25 

10 


3i 
15 
35 
Vi 

35 

HO 
II 
35 
12 
35 
8 

to 

10 

45 
25 
40 


40 
20 
40 
14 
4U 
13 
35 
12 
31 
13 
35 

9 
S5 

8 

49 
36 
40 


45 

M 

45 

95 

45 

15 

35 

14 

80 

15 

45 

Sfi 

45 

23 

45 

37 

40 


45 
30 
4J 
25 
45 
15 
,  C5 
14 
30 
15 
45 
25 
45 
23 
46 
37 
40 


30 
15 
35 
IG 
3-. 
16 
30 
15 
30 
IG 
30 
15 
00 
15 
35 
40 
26 


loel 
<!U0 
\M 
■JOO 

00 
300 

05 

2:)0 

«0 

850 

05 

ISO 

60 

60 

50 

350 

200 

200 


lilf 
nipi 
450 
200 
3iO 
100 
350 
75 
850 
C5 
250 
05 
150 
75 
76 
50 
400 
300 
350 


Minerals.  Iron  ami  lead  abound  in  tnnnj  parts.  Fit- 
<oal  is  found  in  Khode  Island,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and 
,n  several  of  the  western  states.  There  are  various  other 
valuable  mineral  vroductions,  found  in  diflereut  parts. 

Mineral  Svrinff*.  Mineral  waters  are  found  in  most  ol 
the  Mute^,  but  the  most  celebrated  are  those  of  baratoga 
and  Ballston,  New  York.  Salt  springs  of  great  ya  ue  are 
found  in  New  York  and  several  of  the  western  slates. 

Occupations.  The  most  important  occupation  ol  the  lo- 
babitants  is  agriculture;  next,  commerce  ""J  "|«»"'"f  "I"*'' 
Commerce.  This  country  ranks  as  one  of  the  first  com- 
mercial states  on  the  globe.  It  is  very  favourably  situated 
for  commerce,  having  a  great  extent  of  sea  coast,  with  ma- 
ay  excellent  harbours,  and  being  intersected  with  nume- 
rous navigable  rivers  and  lakes. 

Climale.  The  United  States  embrace  almost  every  vnr^ 
..tv  of  climate.  In  the  northern  parts  the  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold  are  great;  the  winters  »«•«  ^f X .'^°''''  ""/'  **^f 
summers  warm;  but  the  air  L^  dry  and  elastic,  and  the  c  i- 
mato  heulthv.  1»  the  southeastern  and  southern  parts, 
alono-  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  wmfers 
am  mild  and  jdeasant,  but  ibo  summots  are  very  hot;  and 
,ho  rjHnato  fvom  Jnlv  t<.   Movcinl.fr.  ;^  vaboalthy.       Ltxe 


cliin 

state 

T 

of  til 
peac 
Froi: 
tliU'ei 

Fort 

CIku 

liicli 

Lexii 

linlti 

rhila 

New 

Uostt 

Albai 

Brun* 

Te, 

icnlie 

iTionls 

J 
( 
C 

€ 

G 

an 

G 
G 

Ar 
Gi 
Gi 


r  ttcrf. 


buck 

jwla- 

liif 

heal 

too 

nipi 

30 

.100 

4J0 

16 

150 

SOU 

as 

■JOO 

•J50 

IC 

00 

100 

Di 

uoo 

:i50 

16 

05 

75 

M 

250 

S50 

15 

«U 

C5 

30 

850 

250 

10 

05 

05 

30 

ISO 

150 

15 

60 

75 

00 

60 

IS 

15 

50 

50 

35 

360 

400 

40 

2U0 

300 

S5 

200 

350 

inj  parts.     Fit- 
a,  Virginia,  and 
re  various  other 
ereut  parts, 
bund  in  most  of 
ose  of  Saratogii 
great  value  arc 
istern  slateH. 
pation  of  the  io- 
id  manufactures, 
of  the  first  coin- 
k  ourably  situated 
a  coast,  with  ma- 
ctcd  with  nuine- 

Imost  every  varj- 
extremes  of  heat 
ry  cold,  and  the 
tistic,  and  the  cli- 
I  southern  parts, 
xico,  the  winters 
ire  very  hot;  and 
.|ibo;'.!thv.      TUr 


IMTl'l)  M.Vl'KH  .|n 

chin.UM,,  111.- I.illy  ,„un(rv,  i,i   Ihe  middle  and  southern 
'<tal(-,  iH  (t.inii«Titl<'  Mild  li.'iilihv. 

'V\w  compurativc/or..u,r,lne,3  of  Spring  m  (lin.T.'nt  purH 
01  tlu'  l.  mtnl  .Slat,.-,  a,  in.licaled  l.v  the  llowennK  .,f  th.. 
peacl,.tn.e,  ui  ID  17,  is  exhibited  in  (ho  follow.i.J  tiil.l... 
i-rom  this  It  appoar^  ihat  the  two  extren.ilies  of  ihe  luion 
ujUer  in  lorwunlness  about  '>\  months. 

tori  Claiborne  Alabama 

^'!»ari.'-lcn  s.  (Jiiroliim 

KicliniuiKl  \ir;,'iniu 

Lexiiii^ton  Keiitiicliy 

Hallimore  Maryland 

Ibiladflphia  reiinsylvania 

New  \ork  New   Vork 

V""'""  Massachusetts 

■V^""y  New  Vork 

Brunswick  Maine 


March  4 

6—12 
o;{_Ap,.i!  (! 
April  U— irj 

l.'j 

May  9 
12 
1.') 


Temperature.     The  tempcratuie,  as   indicated  by   FaU- 
rcnheit  s  thermometer,  is  exhibited  in  the  following  state 


4:i,C0 

!J5 

18 


njcnls. 

Drutisrvick,  Maiue. 
Mean  heat  from  7  years'  observations 
Greatest  heat,  July  17,  180O 
Greatest  cold,  Jan.  7,  i807 

MdJUbunj,  Ft. 
Jleaa  heat  for  lOM 
Greatest  heat,  July  31 
Greatest  cold,  Jan.  4 

Cambridge,  Mass. 
xMean  heat  from  23  years'  observations  48,6 
Greatest  heat  from  l79l  to  lCl7,Jul.l8ll,101 
Greatest  cold,  ditto  Feb.  18, 1817  17 

Salem. 
Mean  heat  for  180G 
Greatest  heat  from  1788  to  I8I8 
Greatest  cold  ditto 

fyUliamslowtt. 
Annual  mean 

Greatest  heat 

Greatest  cold 


41,7 

9;ji 

30      below  0 


below  0 


below  0 


45,34 
101 
10    below  0 


46 
96 
23 


below  0 


> 


1^4 


I*' 


'  i 


I 


bO 


4.tJ 
11       below  0 

0 

lot 

n 


UNITLI;  STA'n'.S. 

/'roiui/e/if,  /*•  '• 
Muan  hRHt  for  1U17 

Gj:i';\tCrtl  colli 

rhihtdelith.tt.  i'.i. 

Mean  aiinn;il  Ix^nt 

Mean  iinmial  liciit 

(I'rt'iitcst  heal  ' 

Greiit("^t  cold  " 

r.reiiU'^t  heat  ior  lU  y<MiM 
Greatest  cold 

Cin««u»i(«<i,  0/no. 

Mean  annual  heat  from  lOoG  to  l«l3      M,27 
Greatest  he.t  ^^      ^,.,,,,^,  „ 

Gfeatest  cold  .       ^ 

Frankfort,  Ken. 

Mean  heat  for  1815    ,     ,    ^„  „^"'** 

Greatest  heat  al  0  o'clock  A.M.  80       ^^^^^^  ^ 

Greatest  cold  '' 

Grove  PluntiUion,  5  miles  S.  A'<iic/i«. 
Greatest  heat  from  171)8  to  l8o3  % 

Greatest  cold  * 

Mean  heat  of  sevtrnl  plMf"  or  10«J|^^^ 

Detroit,  Mich.  Tcr.  JJ'.!;' 

woostcr,  Ohio  J5':;"; 

Zanesville,    do.  iji\n 

ChiUicothe,  do.  J-J'JI 

Cincinnati,    do.  ' 

Natchez,  Mis.  .t' V-i  <;n.f.. 

p-Vn  The  annual  quantity  of  rain  in  the  United  Sttites 
.  much  grTa'terTn  i2  Europe.  The  annua,  quantity  ut 
^ever^l  places  is  exhibited  m  the  following  tabU.  ^^^^^^ 

SarTeslown,  Mass.  mean,  from  1792  to  1801  36,43 
Stow,  me»a  from  1795  to  1004  ^^^^^ 

Sakm 


WCilll 

id  nil 
Tl 
«)f  ru 
J  oar 
and  I 


Tl 
1811 


Di 
shire, 
necti( 
Statei 

Fw 
ably 
taiiio 

.V.  , 

tiU.ig 
Pr 
Indiai 
ciiltiv 
ubunt 
C7i 
heat 


»:. 

11       below  0 

r.o,H 

0 
101 

n 

97 

11      below  0 

50,11 

80 

i,;S()    liplowq 
che:. 

L8i8. 

Mean. 

47,12 

I)«,80 

b2,7l 

63,87 

54,81 

64,00 

he  United  States 

jnnal  quantity  tit 

r  tabl«. 

Inchei. 

41 
to  1801   36,43 

39,6 

SB 


W.MTl::!)  ?.'l'ATl'r*. 


;i 


1 


I 'iiliiiniilg»'  •  •  47 

UiliiiiiiHldwn  ill  1!;|(J  2r),90 

riiiiiKlt'lpliiii  i\Q 

\Villi;irii('liuri,',  Vii.  47 

(.'li.iili'.-^lon,  i^.C.  riirun  t'nmi  t7'.lO  to  I(!ui         51,:$ 
<  ■inciiinafi  Mt; 

Kiiiiikloi-f,  Km.  ill  iJllil  6i,;i,i 

Wcailirr.  Thcii'  it  a  miirh  greater  prnporlion  fpf  ("nil 
weather  in  this  country  tliiiii  in  lliu-ii|i(',  and  rain  here  Hills 
iti  much  heaviei'  «li<>wei>. 

'I'lic  rol!()winj(  statenu'iit  exhibits  |he  averaije  nnnilier 
of  ruimj  (lays  u\  a  year  in  Salem  anil  Cainliridifp  tor  JU 
years,  and  in  2o  cities  in  Knrope  ;  uho  the  nuniltor  of  f<ih 
mid  cIomIij  days  in  a  year  tor  ono  or  more  ycari. 

Hainy.  Fair.  C'toudi/. 

Sniem  fir»  173  i)0 

Cendiridjre  8!l  6!) 

20  cities  in  F.nrope   1'22  1)4  113 

The  wenthor  on  an  avcroa^e  of  ;'y{>  days  from  1800  to 
1814  at 

Fair.  fAomli).  I'arinhlfy 

Cincinnati  1*8  lo,"!  s  \ 

NEW  ENGLAND. 

Divinions.  New  England  comprises  Maine,  New  riam|i- 
shire,  Vermont,  Ma-sachuselts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Con- 
necticut. Th'  <  ><■■  often  culled  the  North  Eastem 
States. 

Face  of  («e  Country.  The  face  of  the  country  i«  agree- 
ably (U%«»rs«fied,  ami  a  considerable  part  of  it  is  moun- 
tainou«. 

Sitil.  The  soil  ia  various,  but  a  large  proportion  of  it  is 
govvi,  and  it  is  generally  better  fitted  for  grazing  than 
tlHnfe. 

Productions.  The  most  important  production  is  grass. 
Indian  corn,  rye,  wheat,  oats,  and  barley,  are  extensively 
cultivated.  Beef,  pork,  mutton,  butter  and  cheese  are 
abundant. 

Climate.  The  climate  is  subject  to  gT«  ■  xtfeo)€S  oi 
heat  and  cold,  but  is  very  bealti.y 


M 


It 
I 


H 


'  < 

t 

',  1. 

1 
t 

■i     ■(■ 

NEW  KNGLAND. 

FAlncation.  New  Englaml  is  distinguisheil  for  U*  ullci, 
lio,.  to  c.lu.v,,ti..n,  and  .t  h-is  many  ilu.ai.hing  lileiaiy  m- 
stitutious.  JJistnct  school,  are  supported  by  law  through- 
out all  the  New  England  Stales,  with  the  exception  ol 
Rhode  Island,  and  allord  the  means  ol  common  education 
to  all  classes  of  the  people. 

Xvte  In  the  tojwgraphical  tables  of  the  different  statee 
arc  exhibited  the  counties,  number  o(  towns,  population, 
chief  towns,  and  population  of  the  chiei  towns,  according 
to  the  enumeration  of  1810. 


MAINE. 


Counties. 

Cumbcrlr.rul 

Hancock 

Keunebeck 

Lincoln 

Oxford 

Penobscot 

Somerset 

Washington 

York 

Total 


•iorui.RAPHlCAI.  TABLE 

Towns. 
',53 


2G 
'20 
20 
10 


Pop. 

.i2,8;u 

22.5(50 
32,564 
42,'.)92 
17,630 

7,471 
12,910 

7,870 

41,877 


Shirt  lou-ns.  Pop. 

I'uhtland  7,1  G9 

Ciu*-tine  1,03& 

Augusta  1,805 

Wiscasscl  2,083 

Paris  1,320 

Bangor  850 
Norridgewock     880 

Machias  1,570 

i  York  ;v,046 

\  Alfred  1,106 


217  223,705 


Chief  towns.  Portland  is  much  the  largest  town  m 
Maine.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  peninsula  m  Casco 
bay,  is  well  built,  and  has  a  very  excellent  harbour,  and 
un"  extensive  commerce. 

Bath  on  the  Kennebeck  12  miles  from  the  sea,  a^d  «a<- 
lowell  on  the  same  river,  about  30  miles  above  Bath,  are 
flourishing  towns,  and  have  considerable  trade. 

The  other  most  considerable  towns^  besides  the  shiro 
towns  above  enumerated,  are  Kennebunk,  Saco,Gardmer, 
Waterville,  Belfast,  Brunswick,  Frankfort,  Bucksport, 
Eartport,  South  Berwick,  and  Fryeburg.  ^,.  .     .  . 

Banks.  There  are  14  banks  in  Maine,  established  in 
the  following  towns. 


ior  lU  allci. 
g  lileiiiiy  iti- 
I  law  through- 
!  exception  ol 
aon  education 

different  states 
IS,  population, 
vns,  accoiding 


owns. 

Pop. 

,AKD 

7,1G9 

\e 

1,03& 

sta 

1,805 

isset 

2,083 

1,320 

or 

850 

idgewock     880 

ias 

1,570 

.'),046 

d 

1,106 

argest  town  in 
linsula  in  Casco 
jt  harbr^ur,  an<i 

he  sea,  a^d  Hal- 

ibove  Bath,  are 

rade. 

esides  the  shirt' 

,  Saco,  Gardiner, 

'ort,    Bucksport, 


2,  established  ia 


MAINE. 


53 


Augusta  1 

Ciistinc     1 

Haliowell      i!    Snco              1 

lian^gor    1 

Eastport    1 

Kenuclju;ik    1    Waterville  1 

Bath        2 

Gardiner  1 

Portland        1    Wiscasset     1 

Edticatioii.  Bincdoiu  College  at  Brunswick  i:*  a  ret-'pcct- 
:iliic  and  llourishiiig  institution.  There  is  a  theological 
sciiool  sup|)ortcd  by  the  Congrcgationalists  itt  Bango:*,  and 
uuothor   supported    by    the    Baptists   at   VVatervillo. 

.IcuJi mics  have  been  instituted  at  the  following  place's. 


A'ij,'Uvta 

Belfast 
Bloomficld 
Bluehili 
Bridafeton 


Bri-^tol 

i'hini) 

I-'arminglon 

Fryeburg 

Gorham 

Haliowell 


Hampden 

Hebron 

Limerick 

Machias 

Monmouth 

Newcastle 


North  Yarmouth 

Portl:uul 

Saco 

South  Berwick 

Warren 

Wiscasset 


Religion.  The  Congregationalists  have  115  churches; 
Baptists  112;  Friends  32  meetings.  There  are  some 
Methodists  and  a  few  Episcopalians. 

Rivcr-i.  The  j-'-ncipal  rivers  ore  the  Penobscot,  Kennc- 
beck,  Androscoggin,  Saco,  and  St.  Croix. 

Lakes.  The  most  considerable  lakes  are  Moosehead, 
Umbagog,  Sebago,  Schoodic,  and  several  farther  in  the 
interior. 

Islands.  The  islands  are  Long  Iskuid,  Deer  Island,  Mount 
Desert,  Seguin  Island,  the  Fox  islands,  Sac. 

Face  of  the  country.  A  tract  of  country  commencing  on 
(he  west  »ide  of  the  district  near  the  White  mountains  in 
Xew  Ham[)shire  and  extending  in  a  N.  E.  direction  as  far 
as  the  heads  of  the  Aroostic,  about  IGO  miles  in  length  and 
60  in  its  greatest  breadth,  is  mountainous.  The  Katahdin 
mountain,  in  this  range,  is  very  elevated.  The  remainder 
of  th(!  district  may  be  considered,  for  the  most  part,  a;nod- 
crately  hilly  country. 

Hoil.  The  tract  of  country  along  the  sea  coast  from  10 
to  20  miles  wide,  is  generally  poor.  In  advancing  into  thg 
interior  the  .soil  becomes  bettor,  and  much  of  it  is  good. 

Productions.  Th(^  productions  are  grass,  wheat,  rye, 
Indian  corn,  barley,  tlax,  beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,' 
<  ider,  Lc. 

Cn.'timerce.     ^J■ai^c  enjoys  e;reat  fuv;!!i!jee  for  coauiieicv. 


m 


:P. 


?i- 


&4 


MAL^E. 


The  coast  is  indented  with  bays,  abounding  in  cxcellon-. 

harbour!?.  ,      .        ,-  i    r„w.    «.,• 

Ktpurts.     The  exports  are  himber,  tish,  lim(.  &.'• 
Miicrals.     Limestone   and  bog  ii'on  arc  found  n.  ^  an- 

Mnnc  has  hitherto  formed  an  mtegral  T^'f  «[  *  '^  ^«^*;, 
„rM..s..,chusetts,  but  has  the  present  year.  (1819)  tormec 
a  constitution,  with  a  view  to  admission  into  the  1  nion  .i.  a 
,»cparatc  stale, 

NEW  IIA^lPSIIllU:. 


rovoi;nArnK  Ai.  taki.i: 

CuuiiUu.  UUciia.  Pop. 

Cheshire  35  40,983 

Coos  26  3,991 

Grafton  35  28,461 


Hillsborough      40 
Rockingham       4^ 


49,249 
50,175 


Strafford 
Total 


32 
212 


iihire  liiii  iif. 
i  Charlestown 
\  Kcene 
Lancaster 
Harerhill 
Plymouth 
Amherst 
llopkinton 
Portsmouth 
Exeter 
Concord 
Dover 
Gilmanton 
Rochester 


1,5U1 
1,646 

717 
1,10^ 

937 
1,554 
2,216 
6,934 
1,769 
2,391 
2,228 
4,338 
2,118 


Chief, o:u.s.  ConcorJ  is  the  seat  of  governmeia^U  .» 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merrimack,  45  «"''f «  ^J^];^- j' 
Portsmouth,  and  contains  a  large  and  e  egant  state  house 
of  stone,  and  is  a  place  of  consideraule  trade. 

PortsLuth  is  much  the  largest  tow.  m  the  state  and  the 
only  seaport.     It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  south  side 
of  the  pSaqua,  is  well  built,  contains  7  houses  ot  public 
^voi'hip  has  a' good  harbour,  and  a  «o"-'-g/-7JS 

The  other  most  considerable  t"^^"*^' j^f^'^'^' J^%f ^^ 
towns  above  enumerated  are,  Walpole  Claremont,  Hano- 
ver. Snli,rbMrv,  Londonderry,  and  Durban;. 


iJnn 
the  fol 

Portsn 
Conco 

Ldu 
able  ir 
medic; 
l)est  ei 
in  the 
the  fo! 

Atkinsi 
Cheste 
Dcerfi 
Exetei 
Gilmar 

■sters ; 

disLs  ( 

.ersaU 

Rive 
ticut,  I 
and  Lo 
Margal 

Lakt 
gog,  O 

Mow. 
highcsl 
hie  su 
Sunapt 

Face 
the  ecu 
and  the 

Soil. 
portion 
grazing 

Prod 
rye,  hi 
pork, h 

■Mint 


»o  in  cxcellont 

i'omul  ill  van- 

ivt  of  the.  statf: 
(1810)  formetl 
the  Union  as*  a 


/ini  IIS. 

rleslown 

ne 

master 

erhill 

nouth 

[lerst 

)kinton 

tsmouth 

>ter 

[CORD 

ver 

manton 

ihesler 


I'ufi. 

l,uUl 

1,616 
717 

1,10:. 
937 
1,554 
2,216 
6,931 
1,769 
2,391 
2,228 
4,338 
2,118 


vernmeut.     It  i» 
miles  WNW.  ol 
gant  state  house 
ade. 

the  state  and  the 
u  the  south  side 
7  houses  of  public 
ishing  commerce. 
besides  the  shire 
:iaremont,  Hano. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


&!} 


/Janks.  There  are  1 1  banks  in  this  state,  established  in 
the  following  towns. 

Portsmouth     .->  Dover       1  Haverhill     l 

<  oncord  2  Exeter      1  Keene  i 

Edumllon.  Danmoulh  College  at  Hanover  is  a  respect- 
able institution,  and  h;is  connected  with  it  n  tlourishino- 
medical  school,  rinllips  Academy  in  Exeter  is  one  of  the 
l)est  endowed  and  most  respectable  seminaries  of  the  kind 


Academies  have  been  established  at 


Hampton 

Haverhill 

Lancaster 

Londonderry 

Newmarket 


New  Ipswich 
J'iainlield 
Portsmouth 
Salisbury 


in  the  United  .States 
the  following  places. 

Atkinson 

Chesterfield 

Dcerfield 

Exeter 

Gilmanton 

Religion.  In  1C17  the  Congregafionalists  had  10.5  min- 
■stors;  liaptists  53  churches  ;  Friends  115  meelino-s  ■  Meth- 
disLs  6  ministers  ;  Presbyterians  3 ;  Episcopalians'};  Unv 
ersalists  3  ;  Shakers  2  societies. 

Rivers.  The  most  considerable  rivers  are  the  Connec- 
ticut, Merrimack,  Piscataqua,  Androscoggin,  Saco,  Upper 
and  Lower  Amonoosuc,  Sugar  river,  Ashuelot,  Contoocook. 
Margallaway,  and  Nashua.  ' 

Lakes.  The  largest  lakes  are  Winnipiseogee,  Umba- 
gog,  Ossipee,  Sunapee,  Squam,  and  Newfound  lakes. 

Mountains.  The  White  Mountains  are  accounted  the 
highest  in  the  United  States.  The  other  most  considera- 
ble summits  are  Moosebillock,  Monadnock,  Kcarsarge. 
bunapee,  and  Ossipee.  ''  ' 

Face  of  the  country.  Towards  the  sea  coast  the  face  of 
the  country  is  level,  further  inland  it  is  greatly  diversified  ; 
and  the  northern  part  is  very  hilly  and  mountainous. 

i>oil.  The  soil  is  very  various  ;  but  a  considerable  pro- 
portion  IS  fertile  ;  and  it  is  generally  better  adapted  to 
grazing  than  to  tillage.  ' 

Productiom.    The  principal  productions  are  grass,  wheat, 
rye,   Indian  corn,  oats    barley,  beans,  pease,  tlai,  beef 
pork,  butter,  cheese,  cider,  apples,  pears,  &c. 

.Ifnirmh.     Iron  ore  is  the  most  important.     LHrge  qunn- 


i^ 

.  li's 

TV; 


)0 


VERMONT. 


titles  ot  this  mmcral  of  excellent  ivmhty,  are  loundinlrm. 
coniii,  where  there  are  extensive  iron  works. 

CVm{(,V,,.  The  most  remarkable  natural  cur.osity  >. 
the  Xolch  in  the  White  mountains.  The  whole  mountam, 
whicu  otherwise  forms  a  oontin.ted  range,  ,s  cloven  down 
.,.te  to  the  base,  openmg  a  parage   or  a -;«u^n    iW  Je 


waters  o! 


the  Saco.     The  scenery   is  wonderlully  grand 

"oihSr^Siesare  Bell...  Falls  ,n  the  Connecticut 
at  Walpolc,  a  remarkable  cave  in  Chester,  and  a  rock  n 
Durhaln  weighing  CO  or  70  tons,  .0  exactly  po.sed  as  to 
ho  easily  moved  \>y  the  band. 


VERMONT. 

TOPOGRArmCAL  T,\ 

CoimiUs.         Towns. 

Pop. 

Addison 

23 

19,993 

Bennington 

18 

15,893 

Caledonia 

18 

14,960 

Chittenden 

16 

14,684 

Essex 

19 

2,037 

Franklin 

19 

16,4'27 

Grand  Isle 

5 

3,445 

Orange 

18 

22,085 

Orleans 

23 

5,838 

Rutland 

27 

29,487 

Washington 

15 

10,372 

Windham 

23 

26,760 

Windsor 

23 

34,877 

Shire  lowni. 
Middlebnry 
i  Bennington 
\  Manchester 
Danville 
Burlington 
Guildhi'-Il 
St.  Attans  • 
Nortn  Hero 
Chelsea 
Irasburg 
Rutland 
M0NTPE1.IER 
Newfano 
Woodslock 


Pop. 
2,138 
2,524 
1,502 
2,240 
1,690 
514 
1,609 
552 
1,327 
392 
2,397 
1,871 
1,276 
2,672 


Total 


247 


217,913 


Chief  to-s>iis.  Montpelier  is  the  seat  of  government.  It 
is  situated  on  Onion  river,  within  10  miles  of  the  centre  ot 
the  state,  and  is  flourishing.        ^   ,     ^.         ,  •     c,„  ^;u« 

Burl  ton,  finely  situated  on  Lake  t!hamplam,  38  miles 
WNW.  Montpelier,  is  the  moet  commercial  totwn  in 
the  stater 


pleasan 
former 

Midd 
south  ol 
siderabl 

Benn, 
oldest  t 

The 
above  e 
Royalto 

liaitk 
Burling 

Educ 
Univers 
college 
at  the  f 

.\ddison 
Arlingt( 
Beiminf 
Brandoi 
Burling 

Relig 
Congrcj 
who  ba 
Friends 

Rivei 
eastern 
in  the 
Deerfie 

Mowi 
whole 
south. 
Manslie 
Rump 
Peak, a 
lies  wes 
ersfield 

The 
part  of 


ound  in  Frnn- 

1  curiosity  is 
)le  mouutuin, 
cloven  down 
Hd  and  for  the 
ufully  grand 

Connecticut 

and  a  rock  in 

j)oiscd  as  to 


r.-"'^.''t^r?*j*^^J'-;f— ^JJWJ^w^'^]P^>ryW.»^ 


?^^^.il.,r|■Tjl».l 


(u,7iy. 

Pop. 

ebnry 

2,138 

ngton 

2,521 

icster 

1,502 

illc 

2,240 

ngton 

1,690 

bi--n 

514 

tiins  • 

1,609 

1  Hero 

552 

eu 

1,327 

urg 

392 

ind 

2,391 

-PEI.IER 

1,871 

fane 

1,276 

dslock 

2,672 

jovernment.    it 

of  the  centre  of 

mplain, 

38  miles 

icrcial 

t(Jwn   in 

VERMONT. 


61 


lyhidnof  and  Bruukborongh,  on  Connecticut  river,  are 
pleasant  towns,  and  places  of  considerable  business.  The 
former  contains  the  state  prison. 

Middlebury,  on  the  Otter  Creek  at  the  falls,  31  miles 
<4outh  of  Burlington,  has  extensive  manufactures  and  con- 
siderable trade. 

Bennington.^  situated  in  the  SW.  corner  of  Vermont,  is  the 
oldest  town  in  the  state,  and  a  place  of  some  note. 

The  other  most  important  towns,  besides  the  shire  towns 
above  enumerated,  arc  Vergennes,  Newbury,  Westminster, 
Royalton,  Randolph,  Teacham,  Arlington,  and  Shaftsbury. 

Hanks.  There  are  2  banks  in  VermDiit,  at  Windsor  and 
Burlington. 

Education.  There  is  an  institution,  stylod  the  Vermont 
University  at  Burlington,  and  a  respectable  and  flourishing 
college  at  Mi.ldlebury.  Academies  have  been  cstabii.--hed 
at  the  following  places. 

Castleton  Montpelier  Shaftsbury 

Cavendish  Norwich  Shorehani 

Chester  Peacham  St.  Albans 

Fairfield  Ramtolph  Windsor 

Middlebury  Royalton 


Addison 

Arlington 

Beimington 

Brandon 

Burlington 


Religion.  The  principal  denominations  in  Vermont  arc, 
Congregationalists,  who  in  1818  had  76  ministers  ;  Baptists, 
who  have  112  congregations;  Methodists,  Episcopalians, 
Friends,  Universalists,  &c. 

Rivers.  The  west  bank  of  Connecticut  river  forms  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Vermont.  The  principal  rivers  with- 
in the  state  are  Lamoile,  Onion,  Ottrr  Creek,  Misisque, 
Deerfield,  Pasumsic,  White,  and  Black  rivers. 

Mmmtains.  The  Green  Mountains  extend  through  the 
whole  length  of  this  state,  in  a  direction  nearly  north  and 
south.  The  highest  summits  of  this  range  in  Vermont,  are 
Manslield  mountain  in  Manslield  imd  Sterling,  Camel's 
Rump  near  the  east  part  of  Huntington,  and  Killinglon 
Peak,  about  10  miles  east  of  Rutland.  Ascutncy  mountain 
lies  west  of  Connecticut  river  between  Windsor  and  Weath- 
ersfield. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  unuven,  and  a  great 
part  of  it  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
6 


'   \ 


'j't 


■  V  J 


If 


58  VERMONT. 

<inil      A  lirire  proportion  of  the  soil  is  fertile  and  fitted 

among  the  Green  Moimtiiias  .9  excellent  for  gra/mg. 

Muctious.     The  productions  are  grass,  wheat,  rye, 
Imliun  corn,  barley,  oats,  pease,  tlax,&c. 

Exports.     The  exports  consist  of  pot  and  pe.i.i  «»      , 
beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  tlax,  live  cattle,  &c. 

Trade.     The  trade  of -this  state  is  chiefly  w.thJNew 
York   Boston,  Hartford,  and  Montreal.' 
''l^.rat  'iron  ore  i^  found  .n  -veral  place^,  an^^^^^^^ 
flre  some  lead  and  copperas  mmes.     P«r«'»;"  ^X"  ^t 
?ound  at  Monkton,  and  there  are  q«^"f «  «/^'"pYtt«ford 
Middlebury,  Bennington,  Arlington,  bhaftsbury,  P.ttslord, 

n.5L:r.-     There   are   curious  caves   in  Plymouth, 
Clarendon,  Bennington,  Danby  and  Dorset. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


,  i 

TOPOI 

JRAPHICAL  • 

Counties. 

Towns. 

Pop. 

Barnstable 

14 

22,21 1 

Berkshire 

32 

35,907 

Bristol 

16 

37,168 

Dukes 

3 

3,290 

Essex 

«3 

71,888 

Franklin 

21 

27,301 

Hampden 

18 

24,421 

Hampshire 

22 

24,553 

Middlesex 

44 

62,789 

Nantucket 

1 

6,807 

Norfolk 

22 

31,245 

Plymouth 
Suffolk 

18 
2 

36,169 
34,381 

Worcester 

51 

64,910 

Pop. 
3,646 
1,310 
3,907 
1,365 
12,613 


TABLE. 

Shirt  towns. 

Barnstable 

Lenox 

Taunton 

Edgartown 

f  Salem 

i  Newburyport  7,634 

Upswich  3,66C 

Greenfield        1,165 

Springfield       2,767 

NorthantJpton  2,631 
i  Cambridge  2,323 
^  Concord 

Nantucket 

Dedham 

Plymouth 

Boston 

Worcester 


1,633 
6,007 
2,172 
.,228 
33,250 
2,577 


Toti*l      291) 


472,010 


Chiej 

setts,  b 

Englani 

the  hea 

and  is  si 

contiiini 

ship,  va 

and  bei 

and  opi 

Sale  II 

taius   11 

commei 

Newb 

miles  fr 

of  publi 

gard  to 

Marbl 

ed  in  th( 

States. 

Beverl 

ter,  16  m 

fisheries 

Charli 

bridge,  I 

tains  the 

chusetts 

Plymo 

state  and 

of  New  £ 

J^anttu 

extensive 

Buzzard'i 
largely  C( 

Worcei 
field,  Tai 
Roxbury, 
towns. 

Educate 
are  well 
Cornbridg 


i 


tile  and  fitted 
h  of  the  land 
grazing. 
,  wheat,  rye, 

pea.l  ashes, 
iic. 
rty  with  New 

ices,  and  there 
elain  earth  is 
B  of  marble  at 
t)ury,  Pittsford, 

in  Plymouth, 


1  towru. 

Pop. 

stable 

3,646 

DX 

1,310 

nton 

3,901 

artown 

1,365 

im 

12,613 

wburyport  7,634 

vich 

3,66U 

senfield 

1,165 

ingfield 

2,161 

rthampto 

a  2,631 

nbridge 

2,323 

icord 

1,633 

ntucket 

6,001 

dham 

2,112 

rmouth 

.,228 

STON 

33,250 

)rcester 

2,577 

.  r  w- 


MASSACHUSETTS.  59 

Chief  towns  Boston  is  not  only  the  capital  of  Massachu- 
setts,  but  IS  the  literary  ami  commercial  metropolis  of  New 
hng  and.  It  is  very  pleasantly  situated  on  a  peninsula  at 
the  head  of  Massachusetts  bay,  has  an  excellent  harbour, 
and  IS  surrounded  by  a  populous  and  beautiful  country.  It 
contams  an  elegant  state  house,  27  houses  of  public  wor- 
ship,  various  other  public  buildings,  and  numerous  literary 
and  benevolent  institutions,  and  is  a  place  of  sreat  trade 
and  opulence. 

Sa/e/«,  14  miles  NE.  Boston,  is  a  handsome  town,  con- 
tains 1 1  houses  of  public  worship,  has  much  wealth  and 
commerce,  and  is  largely  concerned  in  the  East  India  trade 

f^ewburyport,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merrimack,  3 
miles  from  the  sea  and  24  N.  Salem,  contains  7  houses  of 
of  public  worship,  and  is  the  third  town  in  the  state  in  re- 
gard to  population  and  commerce. 

Marblehead,  4  miles  SE.  Salem,  is  more  largely  concern- 
ed in  the  Bank  hsheries  than  any  other  town  in  the  United 
States.     Population  5,900. 

Beverly,  connected  with  Salem  by  a  bridge,  and  Glouces- 
ter,  16  miles  NE.  Salem,  are  also  largely  concerned  in  Uie 
nsheries. 

Charlestown,  connected  with  Boston  by  Charles  river 
bridge,  has  considerable  trade  and  manufactures,  and  con- 
tains the  U.  S.  navy  yard,  the  state  prison,  and  the  Massa- 
chusetts  Insane  Hospital.     Population  4,959 

Plyinouth,  36  miles  SSE.  Boston  is  the  oldest  town  in  tlie 
state  and  has  considerable  commerce.  The  first  settlers 
otSSew  England  landed  here  on  the  22d  of  December,  1620 

^antucket,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade  in  the  whale  fishery. 

Mw  Bedford  on  an  arm  of  the  sea  which  makes  up  from 
Buzzard  s  bay,  has  considerable  commerce,  and  is  also 
largely  concerned  in  the  whale  fishery. 

Worcester,  Springfield,  Northampton,  Greenfield,  Pittsi 
held,.Taunton,  Dedham,  Haverhill,  Concord,  Cambridee, 
Koxbury,  Medford,  and  many  others,  are  pleasant  inland 
towns. 

Education.  The  literary  institutions  of  Massachusetts 
are  well  supported  and  flourishing.  The  University  m 
iAirnbridgt  was  founded  in  1638,  and  is  the  most  »ncien^ 


ill 


i 


ill 

■I    . 


, 

■■ 

tv-- 

il^mii" 


•mi 
IS' 


■""  "  nu"or  litcn  arc  "a" /science,  theology,  medicine, 
par  monts  / 1     '^"=^^^^^^^^^  of  the  university  .9  .» 

r;";.>n  to  the  -clergr..uat3yn  C^^^^^^^^^^ 
H/i//ia/tti  College,  a  respectable  semiiury,  wi» 

„,  ,vhich  hn.  4  profe.sor.  ami  .boot    ™  7S  „do«..l 

New  Bedford 


\tnesbiiry 
\mhcrst 
Andover 
Bradford 
Bridge  water 
By  tic  Id 


Dcertield 

Framinghum 

Grotoa 

Hadlcy 

Hingham 

Leicester 


Lenox  -•- 

Marbloheud       ttaudwicli 
Miltoft  Taunton 

MunsoD  Z*'^3   i 

Newburyport  Wettford 
Pitt«field  Wrenthaia 


denominationB  of  Christians  '* '^^ '°'p„.--_paUans  17  ;  Uni- 
the  following  places. 


Boston 

Salem 
Newburyport 

Nantucket 

Beverly 

Dedhi\m 

Commerce. 


1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 


"  Plymouth 
PHtsfield 
Seekonk 
Springfield 
Taunton 
Worcester 


7  Gloucester 

3  Haverhill 

2  Lynn 

2  Marblehead 

4  New  Bedford 

1  Northampton 

to  the  Union,  »nd  7"  ,'^»  P™  in,  oK  UnileJ  Slatt..  , 
"iwlr.       Tht'lu«"E'..*»  -cona  or  thirf 


iiinaci 
apce, 

Can 
ncctin 
at  Ch( 
the  C 
the  i,T 

hia 
Mnrth 

Moi 
from  ] 
mo«t  r 
tain,  ii 
Wachi 
Tom  I 
Toby 

moder 
its  no 
greatl; 

Soil 
the  m 
the  soi 
and  wi 
suited 

Pro: 
rye,  oi 
ter,  ail 

Mill 
iron  m 
of  Bris 
ofBer 

Cur 
long,  ii 
land,  i 
40  rot 
been  f 
ble.  1 
ing  a  I 
pianati 
cave. 


ititution  in  tli< 

»  several  tlc- 

3ry,  medicine, 

iniversity  is  i» 

I  lectiircs  are 

Ige. 

wa»  estiiblish- 

jlogical  jfffii»i«- 
tudents.  Phil- 
•  best  endowed 
1  in  the  Union, 
ig  places. 

New  Bedford 
bandwicb 
Taunton 
Westiielil 
;  We«tford 
Wrentbaia 

s  of  the  several 
Coagrcgational- 
palians  17  ;  Uni- 
e  some  Metbo- 

te  established  ia 

"Plymouth 
Pittstield 
Seekonk 
Springfield 
Taunton 
Worcester 

commercial  state 
t  of  the  fisheries, 
,6  United  States. 
}  aecood  or  third 

38. 

ConnectiQut,  Mer- 


iMASSACHUSETTS. 


CI 


i  imack,  Concord,  Charles,  Mystic,  Nashua,  Tiiiinion,  Chick - 
apte,  Deerlield,  VVestHeUI,  Miller's,  and  Hoiisatonic. 

Canals.  The  principal  canal  is  Middlesex  canal,  con- 
necting Hoston  harbour  with  the  Merrimack,  conunencing 
at  Chelmsford  ;  28  miles  long.  There  are  also  canals  on 
the  Connecticut  at  Montague  and  South  Iladley,  and  on 
the  r.Terrimack  at  Patucket  Falls. 

hiaids.  The  most  considerable  islands  are  Nantucket, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  and  Plumb  Island. 

Mountains.  The  range  of  the  Green  Mountains  extend 
from  N.  to  S.  through  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Thfl 
most  noted  mountains  in  Massachusetts  arc  Siiddle  moun- 
tain, in  VVilliamstown  and  Adams,  Taconic  near  Shelheld, 
Wachusett  in  Princeton,  Wotatic  in  Ashbuniham,  Mount 
Tom  and  Mount  Holyoke  near  Northampton,  and  Mourn 
Toby  in  Sunderland. 

face  of  ihe  country.  The  southeastern  part  is  level  or 
moderately  uneven.  The  eastern  half  of  the  state  exhib- 
its no  considerable  elevations;  but  the  western  half  is 
greatly  diversified  with  valleys,  hills,  and  mountains. 

Soil.  The  country  bordering  on  the  sea  coast  is  not,  for 
the  most  part,  very  fertile.  In  the  SE.  paot  of  the  state 
the  soil  is  generally  light  and  sandy  ;  but  in  the  middle 
and  western  parts  it  is  strong,  excellent  for  grazing,  and 
suited  to  the  various  purposes  of  agriculture. 

Productions.  The  principal  productions  are  Indian  corn, 
rye,  oats,  barley,  wheat,  hops,  flax,  cider,  beef,  pork,  but- 
ter, and  cheese. 

Minerals.  Among  the  mineral  productions  are  valuabler 
iron  mines  found  in  various  places,  mostly  in  the  counties 
of  Brisitol  and  Piynonth  ;  quarries  of  marble  in  the  county 
of  Berkshire,  and  a  lead  mine  in  the  town  of  South  Hadley. 

Curiosities.  Lynn  Ueach.,  which  is  a  mile  and  a  half 
long,  and  connects  the  peninsula  of  Nahant  with  the  main 
land,  is  regarded  as  a  curiosity.  In  .Mams  an  excavation, 
40  rods  in  length,  and  in  some  places  60  feet  deep,  has 
been  formed  by  Hudson's  brook  in  a  quarry  of  white  mar- 
ble. In  DightoH  on  Taunton  river,  there  is  a  rock  contain- 
ing a  hieroglyphic  inscription,  of  which  no  satisfactory  ex- 
planation has  been  given.  Ai  Wreitthain  there  is  a  curious, 
cave. 

6* 


u 

f 


h 


ii. 


f 


RHODE   ISLAND 


TOFOCRAFinCAL  TABLF. 


Counlm- 

ThwM. 

Pop. 

Bristol 

3 

6,072 

Kent 

4 

0,834 

Newport 

7 

16,294 

ProvKiencP 

10 

30,760 

Wtishington 

7 

14,962 

/    .  1  ■ 

31 

76,031 

mUr'  louns.  Pup. 

liristol  2i09^ 

Ea*t  Greenwich  1,530 
Newport  7,90" 

Phovidencf.         10,071 
South  Kingston    3,660 


Chief  towns.  Proru/mcc,  Hitimted  on  Providence  river 
(5  m  it  from  the  ocean  and  40  SVV.  Boston,  i«  t he  largest 
;owrin  the  state.  U  is  a  handsome  and  flonr.shmg  town, 
and  has  a  good  trade  and  extensive  manufactures. 

VZporl  situated  on  the  southwest  ol  the  island  of 
RhoSe  Vand,  is  celebrated  for  the  '^-^XttotTZ'- 
.he  salubrity  of  its  climalo,  and  the  excellence  of  its  har- 
l.oiir  which  is  one  of  the  tiiiost  in  the  world. 

Ko/,  15  miles  S.  Providence  and  15  N.  Newport,  .s  a 
nleasant  town,  and  has  some  commerce. 
^  wZcn.  4  milos  N.  Bristol,  is  noted  for  ship  building. 

pISiTl  the  falls  so  called,  4  miles  NE.  iVovidonce, 
IS  a  consideniblc  manufacturing  village.  .  , ,.  .     ,    , 

BanL.     There  are  31  banks  in  thllr  state,  established  at 

ihe  following  places. 

Providence7  Smithfield         2  E.Greenwichl  Warwick    1 
Newport     5  Burrillville        1    Scituale  WicklorU 

Bri  tol         4  Pawtucket        1  Coventry       1   Warren 
Westerly    2  N.  Providence  1   Chepachet    1   S.K.ngston  1 

Education.  Brmvn  University,  a  respectable  andl  Aour. 
.shina;  seminary,  is  at  Providence.  At  the  same  place  the 
?riendhave\^  large  seminary  or  boauiing  school  under 
thTdirection  of  the  Yearly  Meeting  for  New  England. 

Academies,  or  academical  schools,  are  established  at  the 
following  places. 


Bristol 
Cumb( 
East  C 

lieli 
the  s( 
Frioiu 
ravian 

Rivi 
dencc. 

Bay 
28  mil 

Inlai 
which 
Patien 
in  Nai 
Atlant 

Tht 
Borth\ 

Soil 
most  ] 
try  bo 

Pro 
and  ni 
tion. 

Mir 
and  01 

Ma 
tures, 
and  h 


Counti 
Fairfii 

Hartf 

LitchI 
Middl 
New 


u.  tup. 

cnwich  1,530 

7,907 

icF.         10,071 

ngston    3,660 


vidence  river 
is  tlie  largest 
rishing  town, 
tnres. 

the  island  of 
f  itA  situation, 
CO  of  its  har- 

Ncwport,  is  a 

ship  building. 
K.  I'rovidencc, 

,  established  at 


\\  Warwick  1 
1  Wickford  1 
1  Warren  1 
1   S.Kingston  1 

ible  and  flour- 
same  place  the 
school,  under 
!W  England, 
ablished  at  the 


Bristol 
Cumberland 
Cast  Ureenwich 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

Newport 
I'uwtiixet 
Suiitbfield 


ftS 

South  Kingstob 

Westerly 

Wickford 


Religion.  The  number  of  congregations  belongiii;;  to 
the  sevoral  tlenomuiations  is  tu  follows  ;  Baptists  57 ; 
Friends  18;  Congrugatiunalists  II  |  Kpiscopalians  5;  Mo- 
ravians 1  ;  Jews  1. 

Rivera.  The  principal  rivers  are  Pawtucket,  Provi- 
dence, Pawtuxet,  Pawcaluck,  and  Wood  river. 

Bay.  Narragansel  bay  extf^nds  up  from  S.  to  N.  about 
28  miles,  intersecting  the  state.    It  is  about  10  miles  wide. 

hlaniU.  The  principal  islandu  are  Rhodu  Island,  from 
which  the  state  derives  its  name,  Canonicut,  Prudence, 
Piitience,  Hope,  Dyer's,  and  Hog  ialumls,  all  included  with- 
in Narraganaet  bay  ;  and  l^lock  island  oil'  the  coast  in  the 
Atlantic. 

The  face  of  the  coun  ry  is  mostly  level,  except  in  the 
Borthwcstorn  part,  which  is  hilly  and  rocky. 

Soil.  The  western  and  northwestern  part  has,  for  the 
most  part,  a  thin  and  lean  soil,  but  the  islands  and  the  coun- 
try bordering  on  Narraganset  bay,  are  very  fertile. 

Productions.  In  this  state  are  found  many  tine  cattle 
and  numerous  flocks  of  sheep.  Cider  is  made  for  exporta- 
tion.    Indian  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats,  fruits,  kc.  are  common. 

Minerals.  Iron  ore,  lime  stone,  and  marble  are  found; 
and  on  the  island  of  Rhode  Island  there  is  a  coal  mine. 

Manufactures.  This  state  is  considerable  for  manufac- 
tures, which  consist  chictiy  of  iron,  cotton,  woollen,  paper, 
and  hat!. 

CONNECTICUT. 


Countitt. 
Fairfield 

Hartford 
Litchfield 
Middlesex  7 

New  Haven       17 


TOPOOHAPMICAL  TABLE. 

Toi»n$.  Pep.  Shirt  toumt. 

18  44,733  Hartfokb 

22  41,:H5  Litchfield 


Pop. 

4,126 

3,606 

6,303 

4,639 


20,723  Middletown      5,382 

37,064  Nkw  Havew      6,967 


•'«« 


!(   . 


lii.K, 


w 


04 


CONNECTICUT 


!t 


New  Lomlon      13 

Tolland  »^ 

WiDilluun  1'' 


i:i,77U 


i  New  Lonilon 

1  Norwich 
Tolluiul 
Windham 


l,tilO 


Totui      na       201,042 


Ti.^rp  are  6  in.orpornted  citie»,  Harilord, 

„£t.n ,;:  £r»  vXu .«- .»"»'-» -»- 

"'^rH:':»'"l».e.  on  .bay  ^,^^;e|)„ -t.a  u"  ^T- 
...rEabl,  Ple..».a  .own  .„|^h-  m...  -J  ^^,,^.^.,,,„„,j  „. 
The  sesBionfl  ot   the   legwiwuire 

Hartford  und  New  »■»;'«"■.    „f  ^^e  Thames,  has  the 

JVe.«  London,  near   he  "'""J"^  "'^^^   j^c   Thames,   ut 

best  harhour  in  the  «.'»»'=•    ."^Xn  '  New   I.ou.U.n,  and 

the   head  of  navigation,  V' .""'    ,  'l,:,eg  below  llartford, 

fuctures.  .  i  Urhfield,  Fairfield,  Danbury, 

Bridb'eport,  St°"''.'K'°"^  ^I^'X  '  Wind-or,  Kast  Wind- 
Windham,Wethersheld|armnKo.^^^  ^^^.j^^^j^ 

''"'SlS'^Trrrare  11  bank,  m  this  state  established  at 
the  following  towns.  ^^^^^^^^     ^  ,„^^ 

S:wH;!ven      i         Norwich  1         "erhy  « 

Middletown        2  f  t^p 

i..i„c«Ho«..    I'a;^  ^iS;«iMhe?Ss^te..     There 
mostdistinguisheasemumriesnthctin        ^^^^^    institution. 

is  connected,  ^'^h   't   «  ,"°"X"l  a    Litchfield,  and  an 
porated  academies  m  this  state. 


(lire  u 
have  I 
in  tUI 
propn 

the  "*<! 
Kr»';,'iil 
Mrlhr 

liiv 
patoiiii 

The 
are  nr 

Hoii 
portioi 
ft  rally 

Pro 
dian  c 
beef,  I 

Mat 
of  var 

Mir. 
Qnarr 
ford, 
Staffoi 
Ekiglai 


Div 
states 
aware 

C/./i 
milder 
den  an 

Pro, 
wheat 
extons 
are  ah 


A- 


oniloQ 
:li 
I 
tin 


l,tiiu 


,ie»,  HtirtlorJ, 

Norwich. 
)ii»ccliciil,  50 
iiirUluiig  niau- 

jki!8  up  from 
and  i«   0   Te- 
lle cominerco. 
aUoiiiiitely  ul 

amcs,  liiH  tin; 
c  'rbnmes,  ut 
r  Loiulon,  anil 
e\ow  lliirtford, 
ide  iintl  niiinu- 

'leUl,  Danbury, 
^o^,  Ktist  Wind- 
kl.\m,  Guilford, 
severnl  others, 

e  established  at 

Bridgeport      1 
Derby  I 

1  is  one  of  the 
I  Slates.  There 
(lical  institution, 
itcljfield,  and  an 
af  and  dumb  at 

and  26  unincor- 
;adcmiea  at  Chea- 


(CONNECTICUT. 


66 


l.irr  and  ColchcMer  ore  well  ♦■lulowed  ;  mo«t  of  the  olhert 
have  but  sm.ili  funds.  Tlio  »tat«'  Ims  a  I'lmd  aniountiiiKf 
in  laio,  to  l,ti()!i,(57;i  dolliird,  the  inter*:*!  uf  which  is  up- 
proprinted  to   i  Ik- support  of  schoolc. 

Hili^ion.  The  number  of  Con((rrfn>tion«  l>»'loiiginpf  to 
the  tevernl  denominations,  in  1018,  was  a.i  follows  j  Con- 
prrf«,'nti()nali«tM  'ill)  ;  Kpiscopalians  74  ;  UaptiMs  about  89  ; 
Mrlhndi'ls  6.M  }  IVicnds  7  ;   v. iriou*  others  1(1. 

liivers.  The  principal  rivoiH  are  the  Coiniocticut,  Hou- 
^iifonic,  Thames,  Karmington,  and  rVniii^atuck. 

The/ace  nf  tfu'  ciiitnOy  is  greatly  iliveroilifd.  but  there 
are  no  high  mountains,  and  but  few  level  trnc  ■. 

Soil.  The  soil  \n  generally  fertile,  but  intermix^'d  with 
portions  that  are  comparatively  thin  and  lean.  It  is  gen- 
erally better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage. 

Productions.     The  principal  productions  are   /nisB,  Ih 
dian  corn,  rye,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  buck  wheat,  Hax,  cider, 
beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  &c. 

Maniifacturu.  Connecticut  has  extensive  mnnufncture* 
of  various  descriptions. 

Minerah.  There  are  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  copp  •, , 
Quarries  of  good  marble  are  fonnd  at  Washington  Bnd^'i|. 
ford,  and  a  quarry  of  valuable  stone  at  Chatham.  At 
Stafford  is  a  mineral  spring  the  moat  celebrated  in  New 
Ekigiand. 


MIDDLE  STATES. 

Divisions.  This  division  of  the  Union  compiises  the 
states  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Del- 
aware. 

Climate.  .The  climate  is  healthy.  The  winters  are 
milder  than  in  New  England,  though  subject  to  more  sud- 
den and  fre(|ucnt  changes  in  the  weathc 

Productions.  The  staple  production  f^'  r:  cse  states  is 
wheat :  Indian  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats,  anu  L-.ickwheat,  are 
exionsivcly  cultivated.  Beef,  pork,  butter,  aud  cheese 
are  also  important  productioas. 


ill 


NEW  YORK. 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


s? 


Countiu.    Townshipi. 

Pop. 

Albany 

8 

34,661 

Alleghany 

5 

1,942 

Broome 

6 

8,130 

Cataraugus 

1 

Cayuga 

10 

29,843 

Chatauque 

2 

Chenango 

14 

21,704 

Clinton 

5 

8,002 

Columbia 

11 

32,390 

Courtland 

6 

8,869 

Delaware 

14 

20,303 

Dutchess 

11 

41,174 

Essex 

11 

9,477 

Franklin 

4 

2,617 

Genesee 

10 

12,588 

Greene 

7 

19,636 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

10 

22,046 

Jefferson 

12 

15,140 

Kings 

6 

8,303 

Lewis 

7 

6,433 

Madison 

11 

25,144 

Montgomery  15 

41,214 

New  York 

1 

96,373 

Niagara  , 

4 

8,971 

Oneida 

26 

33,792 

Onondaga 

13 

26,987 

Ontario 

21 

42,032 

\            Orange 

11 

34,374 

|;           Otsego 

21 

33,802 

li           Oswego 

1 

Chief  lowni. 
Albany 
Angelica 
Binghampton 
Olean 
Auburn 
Chatauque 
Norwich 
Flattsburg 
Hudson 

Homer 

Delhi 

Poughkeepsie 

EUzabethtown 

Ezraville 

Batavia 

Catskill 

Herkimer 

Watertown 

Flatbish 

Martinsbni^ 

Cazenovia 

Johnstown 

New  York 

Buffalo 

iUtica 
Whitesborough 
Rome 

Onondaga    v 
Canandaigua 
C  Newburgh 
\  Goshen 
Cooperstown 
Os\vo;»o 


Pop. 
9,356 
439 

458 

1,039 

3,112 

4,048 

2,991 

2,396 

4,670 
1,362 
767 
3,645 
4,245 

2,742 

1,849 

1,159 

889 

3,151 

6,225 

96,373 

1,608 

1,700 

2,003 
3,746 
2,392 
4,620 
3,155 


Putnai 
Queet 
Renss< 
Richm 
Rockli 
Sarato 
Schen 
Schoh 
Seneci 
Steub( 
St.Law 
Suffolk 
Sullivfi 
Tioga 
Tomp) 
Ulster 
VVarre 

Washii 
IVestcl 


Cliirj 
state,  r 

Alba. 
ed  on  t 
and  con 
public  ' 

JVew 
and  Eai 
is  the  f] 
in  the 
ing  at  t 
hour,  ai 
country 
ble,  56 
building 

Troy,, 
for  trad' 
30  miles 
1 5  milei 


mw 


ugh 


rn 


Pop. 
9,356 
439 

468 

1,039 

3,112 
4,048 
2,991 
2,396 
4,670 
1,362 
767 
3,645 
4,245 

'    2,742 

1,849 

'     1,159 

889 

3,151 

6,226 

96,373 

1,608 

1,700 

2,003 
3,746 
2,392 
4,620 
3,155 


NEW  YORK. 


Putnam  5 

Queens  9 

Rensselaer  13 

Richmond  4 

Rockland  4 

Saratoga  14 
Schenectady  4 

Schoharie  8 

Seneca  7 

Steuben  9 
St.Lawrence  12 

Suffolk  •) 

Sulliv.Tti  7 

Tioga  9 
Tompkins 

Ulster  13 

Warren  9 


10,293 

14,336 

36,309 

5,347 

7,758 

33,147 

10,201 

18,945 

16,609 

7,246 

7,885 

21,113 

6,108 

7,899 

26,576 
7,565 

44,289 


Washington  21 
Westchester  21         30,272 


Carmel 

JVorthempstead 

Troy 

Southfield 

Clarkstown 

Ballston 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Ovid 

Bath 

Ogdensburg 

Riverhead 

Thompson 

Spencer 

Ithaca 

Kingston 

Caldwell 
I  Salem 
i  Sandy  Hill 
t  Bedford 

White  Plains 


452 


€7 

2,020 
2,760 
3,995 
1,007 
1,996 
2,155 
5,909 
3,232 
4,535 
1,036 

1,711 

1,290 
3,128 

611 
2,540 

560 
2,833 

2,374 
693 


i 


959,049 

Chuftomis.  There  are  5  incorporated  cities  in  this 
stat^,  New  York,  Albany,  Hudson,  Troy,  and  Schenectady. 

dlbany  IS  the  seat  of  government.    It  is  pleasantly  situat- 
ed on  the  Hudson,  160  miles  above  the  city  of  New  York 
andcontams  a  handsome  state  house  of  stone,  11  houses  of 
public  worshii),  ^ad  other  public  buildings 

Aca;  York  is  situated  on  an  island  formed  by  Hudson 
and  East  rivers,  at  their  entrance  into  New  York  bay.  and 
IS  the  first  commercial  city  in  America,  and  one  of  the  first 
in  the  world.  It  is  admirably  situated  for  trade,  be- 
mg  at  the  mouth  of  a  noble  river,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour, and  having  an  extensive,  populous,  and  fertile  back 
n""i7V  *' «^«nta">8  a  magnificent  city  ball  built  of  mar- 
ble, 56  houses  of  public  worship,  numerous  other  public 
buildings,  and  various  literary  and  humane  institutions. 

Troy,  on  the  Hudson,  6  mUes  N.  Albany,  is  considerable 
for  trade  and  manufactures.     H,uhon  is  on  the  same  river, 

1?  S«  mrAl^""^ '  ""'*  Schenectady  is  on  the  Mokawk 
15  miles  NW.  Albany.  ' 


ff4' 


tig 


NEW  YORK. 


AmonK  the  other  principal  towns  in  the  state  are  i\e« - 
r'^r  '  cterrv  Vailed" UtkaSacket's  Harbour,  Oswego 


cWUe  .eminary,  ana  a  nour  .....  s  ""■"■ , ,   "  „„,j  „„j 

ra  "812 "?  So,.,  9  miles  W.  by  S. UUca,  F»"'»"  ">  ^- 

'The7"'a"Thcolog,cal  Seminar,  -I-'  ."-.fXr,} 
SvlTrf  .he  A«.ci..e  R*'-  .S"^' '.•.'L     ,    tile 


idical  school  at  FuirtieUl.  The 


Synod  -- 

New  York,  and  ;^^^« J^^JJgira  ,,„,  about  80,000  acre, 
state  possesses  a  !"«d  of  #1_,103,J4J,  an^  ^^^^^^^^^  .^^^^^^^^^ 


''I^S:«,:isr»i9^ 

neugiuii.  R„,„rmpd  Presbyterians,  Dutch  Kelorm- 

tenans,  Assc     .'»  '}r"5T  w/thnLts  Friends,  Lutherans, 

vi,.i,B,  Shaker*,  i'"^ /"^'^^^  ,„  ft,  H..*nn,  Mol.awlc, 

Genesee,  Owego,  Niagara,  To""""'''"'  ^^'''  "'"' 
gatchie,  SI.  Regis,  ^/fl^^'^TArt^a^T^,^  Cl.am- 

smaller  ones.  .        „i,„j,  orp  Lone  Island,  extend- 

'*'""fV.?^';"rf'N>i  Yor^bout  UO  miles  long, 
ing  east  of  the  city  of  INew  lore,  ^  ^^^.^^^ 

and  about  10  on  an  average,  broad  ,  Staien  , 


long. 

Island, 

Isfand 

Can 

far  the 

in  Am< 

f'xtent 

on  the 

deep. 

Lake  < 

iiall,  2 

Moii 

laniare. 

Fact 

New 

tracts  ; 

ern  pa 

<S'ot/. 

consid( 

to  the 

excelh 

Prot 

any  ot 

hemp, 

kc.  are 

cheese 

Expt 

any  oth 

Hour, 

pearl  a 

Mini 

ous  pla 

occur  i 

Mint 

are  the 

toga  an 

New  L 

several 

Farmin, 

the  wef 


NEW  YORK. 


le  are  New- 
jburgh,  Wii- 
ooperstowD, 
lur,  Oswego, 
H-hester,  and 
Lake  Chiim- 
ng  Island. 

The  capital 
,000. 

1  lilierally  pa- 
Yca;  York,  in 
!oUege,  a  res- 

institutiou. 
endowed  and 

incorporated 
roiuioes  to  be- 

■  the  General 
in  the  city  «i" 
Fuirtield.  The 
ut  80,000  acrc'i 
mon  schools. 
I  academies    in 

ited. 

ans  are  Tresby- 
Dutch  Keform- 
.nds,  Lutherans, 
s,  German  Cal- 

idson,  Mohawk, 
ioga,  Alleghany, 
I,  lilack,  Oswe- 
iranac. 

ario,  and  Cham- 
s  In  this  state  are 
)3wegatchie,  Ca- 
laga,  and  several 

ig  Island,  cxtend- 
fl40  mile^i  long, 
m  island,  18  miles 


69 


long,  lymg  west  of  New  York  bay;  Manhattan,  or  York 
sland,  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  stands  ;  and  Grand 
Isrand  in  Niagara  river. 

Canals.  The  Grand  Westen^  Canal,  now  making,  is  by 
lar  the  most  magnificent  work  of  the  kind  ever  undertaken 
in  America.  It  is  to  connect  Lake  Eric  with  the  Hudson 
-^^•xtendmg  from  BuHaio  to  Albany,  353  miles.  It  is  40  feet 
on  the  surface,  and  28  at  the  bottom,  having  water  4  feet 
deep.  The  JVorthern  Canal  connects  the  Hudson  with 
Lake  Champlain,  extending  from  Fort  Edward  to  White- 
liall,  23  miles. 

Mountains.  The  Catskill  mountains  are  the  principal 
lange.  ^ 

Face  of  the  country.     The  surface  of  the  eastern  part  of  , 
New  \  ork,  is  greatly  diversified ;  there  are  some  level 
tracts  ;  but  it  is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous.    The  west- 
ern part  IS  mostly  a  level,  or  moderately  uneven  country 

Soil.  A  great  part  of  the  state  has  a  good  soil,  and  a 
considerab:3  proportion  is  very  fertile.  It  is  well  adapted 
to  the  various  purposes  6f  agriculture  ;  and  much  of  it  is 
excellent  for  grazing. 

Productions.  Wheat  is  raised  in  greater  abundance  than 
any  other  kind  of  grain.  Indian  com,  rye,  oats,  flax, 
hemp,  pease,  beans ;  various  kinds  of  grass ;  apples,  pears, 
iic.  are  extensively  cultivated.  Beef,  pork,  butter,  and 
cheese  are  abundant. 

Exports.  The  exports  of  New  York  exceed  those  of 
any  other  state  in  the  Union.  They  consist  of  bief,  pork, 
Hour,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  butter,  cheese,  pot  and' 
pearl  ashes,  lumber,  &c. 

Minerals.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  vari- 
ous places.  Gypsum,  limsstone,  marble,  slate,  lead,  &c. 
occur  in  different  parts. 

Mineral  Waters.  The  mineral  waters  of  New  York 
are  the  most  celebrated  in  America.  The  waters  of  Sara- 
toga and  Ballston  are  visited  from  all  parts  of  the  Union. 
New  Lebanon  springs  are  visited  for  bathing.  There  are 
several  sulphur  springs ;  of  these  the  Clifton  springs  at 
h  arminglon  are  the  most  noted.  Oil  snrings  are  found  in 
the  western  part,  and  there  are  very  valuable  salt  springs 


ip      f 


.^  NEW  YORK. 

in  the  co«nt.es  of  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Outano, 
Genesee,  ami  One.aa  j^^;  ,,  reckoned  one  of 

th '^SnaS  c.;t  4s  .Ihe  world      Theperp^ 
ISr  pitch  of  the  water  is  f  J.^fJ^^;  „';^'^^;te  Sel'rd  "J 

„f  70  miles;  and  the  «f ''>^?  J'"^"u  '   y^.g  rays, beautiful 
.serves  as  a  medium  lor  lorming,  by  the  sun    r...>  , 

'"  BaWs  and  Glen's  falls  on  the  Hudson,  Adgate's  falls  on 

SaKVer:theCohoesonU.eM^^^^^^^^ 

Genesee,  Salmon  river,  lallCreek,  BlacR  river, 

oSities.  ^,, 

NEW  JERSEY. 


Bergen 

Burlington 

Cape  May 
Cumberland 

Essex 

Gloucester 

Hunterdon 

Middlesex 

Monmouth 
Morris 
Salem 
Somerset 

Sussex 


TOPOCRAriUCAL 

Townthipa.      Pop. 


7 

12 

3 
8 

10 

10 
10 

8 

7 

10 

9 

7 

15 


16,603 

24,978 

3,632 
12,670 

25,984 

19,744 

24,553 

2f>,381 

21,160 
21,828 
i2,761 
14,728 
25,549 


TABLE. 

CVite/  towns. 
Hackinsack 
i  Burlington 
\  Mount  Holly 


Pop. 
2,419 


8,008 
2,971 


Bridgetown 

,  Newark 

I  Elizabethtbwn 

\  Gloucester 

( Woodbury 
T'renton  3^003 

(  New  Brunswick  6,312 

jAmboy  ^^^ 

Freehold 
Morristown  •      ■ 
Salem 
Boundbrook 
Newton 


Clili 
a  plcai 
miles 
house. 

markal 
f ures  a 

A'ctt 
mercia 
towns  I 

Ban 

Edu 
o,ollcg< 
There 
semina 
the  Ft 
Collegi 
its  exe 
T'liatec 
the  Dt 

Acai 
«tate. 

Rivi 
divides 
separa 
Passai( 
and  Gr 

Faa 
is  very 
northe 

Soil. 
but  a  j 
excelh 
ture. 

Proi 
Indian 
and  pc 

Mill 
ill  lar«r< 

Reii, 
denomi 


116       245,562 


mmmm 


ca,  Outaiio, 

oned  one  of 
The  perpen- 
GOfeet;  anil 
lie  heard  40 
:  the  distance 
n\  the  water, 
ny%  beautiful 

rate's  falls  on 
'falls  on  the 
rer,  and  West 

e  Highlands, 
hamplain,  the 
Lewiston,  and 
•arded  as  curi- 


w. 

cuj/- 

:k 
'ton 

2,419 

Holly 

k 

8,008 

ethttjwn 

2,971 

ister 

)ury 

3,003 
Brunswick  6,312 
f                  815 

wn 

, 

ook     ", 

NEW  JERSEY. 


n 


Chief  townn.  Trenton  is  the  scat  of  government.  It  is 
a  pleasant  town,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Delaware,  30 
miles  NE.  Philadelphia,  and  contains  a  handsome  state 
house. 

J\'c-fnrk,  on  the  Passaic  9  miles  W.  New  York,  is  a  re- 
markably pleasant  town,  and  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures and  trade. 

Act!)  lirunswick,  on  the  Koi'itan,  is  one  of  the  most  com- 
mercial towns  in  the  state.  The  other  most  considerablf 
towns  are  Klizabcthtown,  burlington,  and  Amboy. 

Batiks.     There  are  14  banks  in  this  state. 

Education.  There  is  a  very  respectable  and  flourishing 
college  at  Princeton,  style<l  the  College  of  JVcw  Jersey. 
There  is  also  at  the  same  pkice  a  flourishing  t'>eological 
seminary,  under  the  direction  of  the  General  Assetnblj  ^,s 
the  Presbyterian  church  in  tlie  United  States.  Queens 
College  was  incorporated  at  New  Brunswick  in  1770;  but 
its  exercises  are  now  suspended  and  the  building  is  appro- 
j'liated  to  the  accommodation  of  a  theological  seminary  of 
the  Dutch  church,  and  also  a  grammar  school. 

Academies.  There  are  about  twenty  academies  in  this 
state. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Delaware,  which 
divides  New  Jersey  from  Pennsylvania,  the  Hudson,  which 
separates  the  NE.  part  from  Now  York;  the  Raritan, 
Passaic,  Hackinsack,  Musconecunk,  Cohanzy,  Maurice, 
and  Great  Egg  Harbour  river. 

Face  of  the  Country.  The  soathem  part  of  the  country 
is  very  level ;  farther  north  it  becomes  diversified,  and  the 
northern  pi  rt  is  mountainous. 

Soil.  Tae  level  country  is  mostly  sandy  and  barren ; 
but  a  great  proportion  of  the  other  part  has  a  good  soil, 
excellent  for  grazing,  and  the  various  purposes  of  agriQul- 
ture. 

Productions.  The  principal  productions  are  whent,  rye, 
Indian  corn,  buck  wheat,  oats,  and  barley  ;  cider,  apples, 
and  peaches  j  hnrses,  cattle,  butter,  and  cheese. 

ilinerals.  I.  o:  ore  is  found  in  great  abundance,  and  iron 
hi  large  quantities  is  manufactured. 

Religion.  The  number  of  congregations  of  the  several 
denominations  in  1817,  was  as  follows;  Presbyterians  74; 


l\i\i 


it 


la 


rFNNSVLV.\Nl;'»- 


I 


Knend.44,  Dutch  R.^:.^^^l;^B^;«^,f!;;,^S^ 
lians  24  ;  Con^regat.o.ah.h  9  ,,  the  Memo 


ens. 


PE^'NSYLVANIA. 


Lot. 


Tow 


Adams 

Allegheny 

Armstrong 

Beaver 

Bedford 

Berks 

Bradford 

Bucks 

Butler 

Cambria 

Centre 

Chester 

Clearfield 

Columbia 

Crawford 

Cumberland 

Dauphin 

Delaware 

£rie 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Greene 

Huntingdou 

Indiana 

.1  efferson 

l,aacaster 

Lebanon 

Lehigh 

Luzerne 

Lycoming 

ai'Keaa 

Merrcr 

Mifflin 


■rot'o< 
'nships- 
\:^ 
15 
7 

i2 
IB 
3i 

29 

13 

3 

11 

10 

1 

11 
18 
ir> 

21 
H 

I'J 

14 

10 

18 

7 

1 


iRAPlUCAL  T 

Pdp. 
15,152 

(i,n3 

l',,746 
41),146 

32,371 

7,346 

2,117 

10,681 

39,596 

875 

6,116 
26,757 
31,888 
14,734 

3,758 
24,714 
23,083 
12.644 
14,778 
6,214 
161 

53,927 


,\I)LK. 

ChiffTownt. 

r;*;'  ysbuijj 

}/;'.tsburg 
Kiti'nning 


Pop. 


29 
13 

1 
16 

9 


Vieuvertonn 

Bedf-jiil 

Reading 

Meansville 

Doylestown 

But'.or 

Ebcnsburg 

Bellefonte 

West  Chester 

Clearfield 

Danville 

Meadville 

Carlisle 

Harrisburo 

Chester 

Erie 

Union 

Chambersburg 


4,768 
l.BOG 
486 


13,109 

11,006 

142 

8,277 

12,132 


3,463 


486 

75 

303 

471 


1,214 
2,491 
2,287 
1,066 
394 
999 
2,304 


Waynesborough    580 


Huntingdon 

Indiana 

Jefferson 

Lancaster 

Lebanon 

TMoi'tl."inpton 

Wilkeabarre 

Wiiiiamsport 

Smethport 

Mercer 

Lcwi^towu 


1,698 
200 
161 

5,504 

2.47S 
710 

1,225 
344 

232 
47'. 


;  Episcoiiii- 
arc  numci- 


tnu 


lUe 
own 

jrg 

nte 

hester 

eld 

le 

ille 

e 

SBURO 

jr 


Pop. 

4,7C8 

1.50G 

486 

3,463 


486 

75 

303 

471 


1,214 

2,491 

2,287 

1,056 

394 

999 

bersburg   2,304 

esborough    580 


ngdon 

la 

reon 

i8ter 

non 

liampton 

esbarre 

lamsport 

Ihport 

cer 

i3tO>¥U 


1,698 
200 
161 

5,504 

2.47:-> 

710 

1,225 
344 

232 
47'. 


PnWSVfVAXIA. 


Cof.             'J 

''iivhs'iips. 

P<.;x. 

Chief  loutis. 

Pop. 

Mmit^oincjy 

M) 

L';»,703 

-Noni-jton 

1 ,3af. 

N()rt!i:niii)tiHi 

:j2 

;::!,!  <-> 

r.iistiin 

l.t'iJT 

JVorllmti)l)!M'i, 

n,l    :.'ti 

;;o.:  17 

.'•uubnry 

3 

7!'u 

l'l)ili;i<;l|.lii;i 

l:; 

lii,'jO;i 

PhilM.Idpluii 

0-,2  IT 

Potior 

1 

£9 

C'owderi^port 
WilibrJ 

Pike 

1 

•^clmylkill 

Oiwin'sLur!' 

Sotnor^iut 

!;> 

11,261 

Sfinier.-ict 

i,54[; 

SusKjuehamiu 

Montrose 

Tiofjii 

2 

1 ,087 

AVolisborough 

Union 

New  lierlin 

Ven;ingo 

n 

3,060 

Franklin 

159 

VViirren 

(> 

027 

Warren 

Washington 

y:i 

3(),28i) 

Washington 

1,301 

AVayne 

12 

4,126 

IJelhanj 

Westmoreland 

It 

26,392 

Greensburg 

686 

York 

i!2 

31,953 

York 

2,817 

Total    651       810,0!)1 

Ckief  tozvns.  //armAi/r^/- is  the  scat  of  government.  It 
is  a  handsome  town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Susquehan- 
na, 98  miles  west  ot'  Philadelphia. 

There  are  three  incorporated  cities  in  this  state,  Phila- 
delphia, Lancaster,  and  Pittsbiu-g. 

Philaddphin  is  pleasantly  situated  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Schuylkill,  6  miles  jibove  their  confluence,  and 
126  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  bj  the  course  of  the  river  and 
bay.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  handsomely  built  of  brick, 
and  is  a  place  of  great  trade  and  opulence,  and  has  very 
extensive  manufactures.  It  contains  59  houses  of  public 
worship,  many  other  public  buildings,  and  numerous  lite- 
rary  and  humane  institutions. 

Lancaster  is  situated  in  a  very  pleasant  and  highly  cul- 
tivated (?ountry,  62  miles  W.  Philadelphia.  It  is  a  hand- 
so.ne  town,  and  contains  9  houses  of  public  worship. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  with  the  Monongahela, 
which  unite  to  form  the  Ohio.  It  is  a  flourishing  town> 
has  a  large  trade,  and  extensive  manufactures. 

The  other  prmcipal  towns  arc  Reading,  Kaston^  Bethlc- 

1^ 


m 


t-    l 


T' 


■i-ff' 


I 


rff^ 


71 


I'F.N.N>N  lA'AMA. 


I; 


hem.  ^  crl.,  Ciirli-'lc  (irrrintilfuvn,  ('haiiili  r.-i.mi'-,  Coluiii 
bill,  Sunbtirv,  llrovvn-villt',  nnd  W  ii^liiiii,'loii. 

limiht.  TliiTO  arr  about  50  b!iiik><  in  Ibis  sdilc. 
Kdiiciiliaii.  The  IJiiivcT  V  I  of  J'cniifylvunia,  in  Pbila- 
(Iclphia,  roriS'i'-ts  of  I  cIcjiiuliiiontH,  of  aits,  tnecbcini',  nat- 
ural scienro,  and  hiw.  'I  I  o  mcilical  <l('|>ailnRMit  of  tbo 
university  if>  tbc  most  di-lii  j,uislii'(l  and  Iluurii*hing  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  the  Union.  It  has  7  professors  nnd 
about  600  students. 

There  are  colleges  at  Cnnonsburg,  \Var'liitifiton,  and 
Meadville  ;  colleges  have  alio  been  established  at  Carlisle 
and  Lancaster,  but  they  ai  c  not  at  present  in  ojieralion. 
The  Moravians  have  flourishing  schools  at  Uetlilehem, 
Nazareth,  and  Litiz. 

Acadeiniet.  Provision  hiis  he'?n  made  by  the  legislature 
for  establishing  an  academy  in  every  county. 

Heligion.  The  number  of  congregatiotis  of  the  several 
; '  "jominations,  was  stated  a  few  years  since  in  the  follow- 
wj  proportions:  Fresbyterians  18(3;  German  Calvinisls 
•J4  ;  German  Lutherans  74  ;  Friends  55  ;  Episcopalians  2G  ; 
Baptists  16 ;  Roman  Catholics  14  ;  Scotch  Presbyterians  8  ; 
Covenanters  2;  L'niversalists  1 ;  Methodists  many. 

Kiver.i.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Delaware,  Schuyl- 
i<jll,  Susquehjinna,  Lehigh,  Juniatta,  Alleghany,  Monon- 
sf.ihola,  Ohio,  and  Youghiogeny. 

Mountains.  Pennsylvatda  is  intersected  by  various 
mountains.  The  principal  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains in  this  state,  are  the  Kittatinny,  or  Blue  mountains. 
face  of  the  country.  The  southeastern  part  of  the  state 
IS  level,  or  moderately  unevei>;  the  middle  is  mountam- 
ous ;  and  the  northerii  and  western  parts  are  elevated,  and 
diversified  with  bills  ^nd  valleys. 

floil.  Much  of  the  soil  of  the  mountainous  part  is  poor  ; 
f  ast  and  west  of  the  mountains  a  large  part  of  it  is  excel- 
lent. It  is  generally  better  adapted  to  tillage  than  grazing. 
Produclions.  Wheat  is  the  most  important  article  of 
produce ;  next  in  value  is  Indinn  com.  Buck  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  flax,  hemp,  beans,  pease,  apples,  peucnts, 
and  oberrics,  are  abundant. 

Manu/(/iiures.  Pennsylvania  exceeds  all  the  other  states 
ill  the  variety  and  extent  of  her  manufactures;  some  of 
which  are  of  distinguished  excellence. 


Chir 
situalci 
Deluv 
some 

min 

liana 

Philad^ 

trade 

iVewca 

Edu<= 

are  7  o 

licli. 

al  deno 

ans  2  J : 

Hive 

£orma 

Christii 

Hiver, 

Face 

of  Deli 

general 


ve 


ig,  ("oliiiit 


riiila- 


uic. 

a,  in 

pdicine,  n»t- 
lllPIlt  of  tl>o 
shing  instit\i- 
ofessors  and 

liinftlon,  !ind 

d  at  CailiHl"' 

In   ojteration. 

Iktlilchcm, 

le  leci»l«l"»'»i 

of  the  several 
in  the  follow- 
nan  Calvinisl'* 
gcopalians  2G  . 
■ciihyteriuns  8  ; 
many. 

xware,  Schuyl- 
jhany,  Monon- 

id  l)y  various 
leghany  nioun- 
llue  mountains. 
»art  of  the  state 
le  is  mountain- 
•e  elevated,  and 

)m  part  is  poor  ; 
rt  of  it  ia  excel- 
ige  than  grazing, 
jrtant  article  of 
3uck  wheat,  rye, 
ipples,  peucnts, 

11  the  other  states 
actures;  some  of 


rCNNS^LVANlA  :i 

Mine  nils.  Iron  ore  is  distriliutcd  in  large  (|iiiuiliti('i  in 
many  |)art'^ ;  .mil  in  some  places  copper,  lead,  and  alum, 
are  found.  Limc-itone  and  inarMe  occur  in gifiit  aliundunce  ; 
and  in  the  middle  and  western  parts  vast  (piintitir- uf  cual. 

Mineral  ualen,  Bedford  springs  near  tlie  town  ol 'Ucd- 
ford,  and  York  ^piings  15  miles  from  Carlisle,  are  foinid  use- 
ful in  various  ooinphiints,  and  are  nincli  visited.  Elevcu 
miles  NK.  Franklin  are  celebrated  Oil  apriniys. 


DEL.WVARF,. 

POPOGIIAPIUCAL  TABLi:. 

Counties, 
Kent 

Newcastle 

Sussex 

Hundreds.        Pop, 
5              20,195 

0             21,429 

1 1              27,750 

Cliifflownt, 

Dovcii 

^  Wilmington 
!•  Newcastle 

Georgetown 

s)Ot; 
4,4  H: 

25 


72,674 


Chief  tozjns.  Dover  is  the  seat  of  government.  It  is 
situated  on  Jones'  Creek,  7  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
Delaware  bay,  and  40  S.  Wilmington,  and  contains  a  hand- 
some state  house. 

Wilmington,  situated  between  the  liraudy  wine  and  Chris,- 
tiana  creeks,  2  miles  west  of  Dela  ;  .e  river,  and  20  SW 
Philadelphia,  is  the  largest  town,  und  has  considerable 
trade  and  manufactures.  The  otiier  principal  (owns  are 
Newcastle,  Georgetown,  Smyrna,  Milford,  and  Lewistown. 

Education.  There  is  no  college  m  this  state,  but  there 
are  7  or  C  academies. 

Religion.  The  number  of  Coujjregations  of  the  sever- 
al denominations,  has  heen  sta^.eu  as  follovs  :  Presbyteri- 
ans 24;  Episcopalians  14  ;  Baptists  8  ;  Frie  ds  4» 

Rivers.  The  lai-gcst  rivers  be.sides  the  Delaware,  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  houndary,  are  Brandywine  Creek, 
Christiana  Creek,  Duck  Creek,  MispPUon  Creek,  Indian 
River,  Choptank,andNanticoke. 

f'ace  of  the  counti-y.  In  the  northern  and  western  part 
of  Delaware  there  is  some  hilly  and  broken  land ;  but  the 
general  aspect  of  the  state  is  that  of  an  extended  plain. 


m    r? 


mj.wvAKt:. 
,,,  .•i...o.in,w,.u.,ru,,.n,,™;;».;.;i;;«,;;;;;;'::::;. 

comity  of  Sui30X. 


SOUTHERN  BTATKS. 

T'.-^  ^vhole  coast  in  tbc  Soulhcni 

/.V,ce  of  the  country.     T  -^  """"^         ,  „,,i«g ,-.  „„  the  sea. 

State.,  in  «omc  part,  for  j; -"^f  ^\*;"^,;,,  „bovc  tho  level  ot 

,s  u  (lat  saiuly  rl-un,  bit  ''  "^^  5 '"'  ■  i^  ^.^crs  -.c  country 

the  ocean.     1^^^"?  ,,f  !,„  l^^e    v  rds  n,ountan.  ... 

,.f.r:?rL,.i», -*■:>.  ™a  .«b.cco ;  i. . I,.  .ou.h. 

«m  purt>,  collon  mi  "'<■■  Soulhern  Slates  are  mM, 

CK,.«...     The  »'*"  "  *",f™"l"e  el™nte,  i»  !''» 

t;rr<?«v4^^^^^^^^  or ... 

*  y  negroes. 


'.a 
Al 

Al! 

I-,n 
Cc 
Cii 
Cii 
Ch 
D( 
Fr 
Hi 
K( 
M< 
Pr 

Q< 

SI. 
So 

w 

w 


Cluej 
is  situai 
the  Chi 
Uandsoi 

Haiti 
the  thii 
the  Pal 
peak, a 
houses 
ings.  I 
populnl 

of  coun 


1 ' 


ii<5  Diliiwui" 
buiul  J  i"  l'"^ 

eat  ai«'  f"''>- 

loiiug  on  Wil- 
ls ill  tlic  L'ni- 
itliiiitlu'.  fliiicf 
lU,  l^  cotloi. 
imiliK'toni.''',  »i 
ul  Hcverni  olh- 

jiiantitiesinthe 


3. 

,  ttic  Soiilhcvn 
les  f.  ^m  UiP  sea, 
vc  tie  \c'vc\  ol 
Lcrs  '  ic  country 
untiui.  US- 
pitch  |>inP9,  nnd 
IH  on  llif  •^t'-eamH 
countiy  is  very 

in  tli<^  northern 
co;  in  ihe  south- 
States  are  miW, 
e  climate,  in  the 
inhealthy. 
ater  put  of  the 
Pvformed  chiefly 


UARVLAND. 


•f<roon\rnii,  w,  tadle. 


'uuntus, 

Allcfjtnny 

Ann  Arundel 

Ivnitimoro 

Cecil 

Cahfrt 

Carolinr 

Chalks 

Dorcheiter 

Frederick 

IlarfonI 

Kent 

Montgomerj' 

Frince  George 

Queen  Ann's 

St.  Mary's 

Somerset 

Washington 

^Vorccst^r 


rop. 

o,no9 
•ji-.,nr)3 

75,810 
1  J,OGG 
.'(,005 
0,J5f 
£0,245 
13,108 
31,437 
21,250 
11,450 
17,980 
20,589 
16,648 
12,704 
17,195 
18,730 
16,971 

:JB0.546 


fihire  louut.:. 

Ciinibfrland 

Aiina)<uli.s 

Ilaltiniiirr 

KIkton 

St.  Leonards 

Denton 

Port  Tohacco 

Cambridge 

Fredericktown 

Bel-Air 

Chestertown 

I'nity 

Marlborough 

Cenlreviile 

Leonardtown 

Princess  .Vnno 

Hogerstown 

Snouhill 


Ckiff  (ou>iif,  Annapolis  ia  {\\e  seat  of  government.  1 1 
is  situated  on  the  JSevern,  2  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  Che«a|)pak,  2ii  miles  SSE.  Baltimore,  and  contains  a 
Uandsome  state  house,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

Baltimore  iw  much  the  largest  (own  in  the  state,  and  is 
the  third  in  size  in  the  Union.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Patapsco,  14  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Chesa- 
peak,  and  is  a  place  of  great  commeice.  It  contains  3'i 
houses  of  public  worship,  and  various  other  public  builiU 
ings.  Several  of  the  public  edifices  are  magniticenl.  The 
population,  in  1810,  including  the  precincts,  was  4G,6&G. 

FredericlUown,  situated  in  the  interior,  in  a  fertile  tract 
of  country,  J  5  miles  west  of  Baltimore,  is  a  ploa-:iiit  atul. 


g  MARYLAND. 

n:!-;:,:;;:si£r:;r'n;;;i;:;a;;.L|o» 

Dutch  Aeform-d,  Monon.i'tH,  fcc.  ^ 

a«u/.«.fc  6«y  extends  up  through  ^^e  vv'^»e   I  '  g 

the  state  dividing  it  into  -f^'^j;^.'^^^^  Stern  1 1. 
the  custom  sido  thon-  are  »  cm.n   os  and  on  the  ^^^_ 

Rivers.     Tho   iuuic||.i»l   nve.s  uic  l^e J^  ^^^^^ 

qnoh.nna,  I'alhpsco,   Fatuxent,    I  lii,    .asH.Uras, 
ihnptunk   Nauticokc,  -    ;«-- J^,,,,,  „,  country  east 
Face  of  ike  country.      1  w  easitin  miv    m  western 

of  the  Chosupeak,  is  low,  level,  ""<>.'';"'ly;  °",  J'*^  Xyoud 
^i^re  below  the  MU  of  the  nvers  .1  .s  Mm.l.n.     Beyu 
the  falls  it  become-,  variegated  and  hilly  ,  unU  me  « 

part  is  mountainous.  „„„c;,i^ridilG  oroportion 

SV„7      Tile  soil   U   various;    a  consideri  Die  yv  v 

-£rrVhe\itrpr^^^ 
issi:Se,:;:KS.:t^Mi«rSssveache. 

n'^'ortfT^A  considerable  article  of  export  is 
flou;rn  vt  tT  thisTbacco.     Other  articles  are  .ron,  lum^ 

Jer,  Indian  corn,  pork,  ^-- ^^j'^^'^^^u,  iron  ere  are 
AUneraU.     Large  quantities  ol  excelleni  irou 

found  in  tliis  state,  and  lOso  some  coal. 


Cm 
Alf'xaii 

WiiJ^liin 


Chi.  I 
I  tiited" 
tomnc,  I 
l»y  the 
natural 
on  a  pi; 
llin  han 
Hut  a  V 
thp  pub 
dent's  h 
the  )»re 
houses  I 

Alcxa 
tains  0 
trade. 

Geor^ 
ton  by  \ 
ant  towi 
7,50(). 

Educe 
(Jeorget 
^Vashing 


Co 
Ac( 
Alb 
Am 
Am 


»■  «i        nil,  "gn 


>»lic  worship, 
ml  imin'iliint 
111,   Siiinvhill, 

III  this  »tt;ilo.. 
)uriRhing  im-tl- 
»>!«,  Olio  slyli'tl 
[t.j(o.  ColloK- 
•siiTtown,  luiil 
.Tulion. 

;il  town'. 

il  by    llie   K"- 
(loiioiniiiali""' 

ve  ,);i  conijrc- 
58,)   Luthernno, 

hole  length  of 
;rn  parts.      On 

the  western  11. 

I'otoniac,  Su«- 
d.ilVas,  Chester, 

,  or  country  enst 

;  on  the  western 

timiliir.     Beyond 

unil  the  western 

ruble  proportion 
I  Is  fertile, 
low  country  are 
potatoes;    of  the 
,  apples,  peaches, 

icle  of  export  is 

les  are  iron,  lum^ 

&c. 

lent  iron  ore  are 


DisTiiirT  Of  cor.rMr.iA. 


Cnunlili. 
Alexandria 

\Vii»<hinglon 


I' op. 
11,171 
'.'J, 023 


Chif/linmt, 
Alcxiunlriii 

t  Georgetown 


('lii,ft'm-ns.  JfWiiji^/on,  flie  !»e;»l  of  pfovernmcnt  of  tho 
I  nited  StrttcH,  ja  sifmited  on  tljo  M.iryliind  nide  of  tin;  |'o. 
fomnc,  at  tho  jiinclioii  of  Ihn  Kiistern  Hianch,  21).-.  miles 
l>y  Ihe  rournt'  of  the  river  and  hay  from  tlie  Atlantic.  Itn 
natural  sitnation  is  pleasant  and  lit  altliy,  and  it  in  laid  out 
on  a  plan,  which  when  completed,  will  render  it  one  of 
the  handsomest  and  most  commodious  cities  in  the  world. 
Hut  a  very  sniall  part  of  the  plan  is  yet  complete<l.  Anion  j 
the  public  edifices  of  the  city  are  the  Capitol,  the  IVesi- 
dent's  house,  the  (ienerai  Post  OtTicc,  and  l  buildings  for 
tiie  great  departments  of  the  national  government,  and  10 
houses  of  public  worship.     Population,  in  1C18,  11,299. 

.Alexandria,  on  the  Potomac,  G  miles  .S.  Washington,  con- 
tains 0  houses  of  public  worsJiip,  and  has  considerable 
trade.     Population,  in  1«  17,  8,159. 

Georgetown,  on  the  Potomac,  separated  from  Washing- 
ton by  Rock  Creek,  .3  miles  west  of  the  Capitol,  is  a  pleas- 
ant town,  and  has  considerable  trade.  Population,  in  1017. 
7,50().  '  '  ' 

^  Education.  There  is  a  respectable  Catholic  College  in 
(leorgetown,  and  there  are  academies  in  Alexandria  and 
^Va8hington. 

'  '    -  '  '  ' 

VIRGINIA. 


Counties. 
Accomack 
Albcrmarle 
Amelia 
Anihert^t 


TOPOORAPHICAL  TABLR. 

Pop. 
15,74.3 
l'8,268 
10,594 
10,648 


Chief  fount. 
Drummondtown 
Charlottesville 

Ne»T  Glasgow 


11. 


ll^-- 


VIRGINIA. 


Augusta 

Bath 

Kedtbrd 

Berkeley 

Botetourt 

Brooke 

Brunswick 

Buckinoliam 

Campbell 

Caroline 

Charles  City 

Charlotte 

Chcsterticld 

Cumberland 

Culpeper 

Cabell 

Dinwiddle 

Elizabeth  City 

I'ssex 

Fauquier 

Fairfax 

Fluvanna 

Frederick 

Franklin 

Gloucester 

Goochland 

Grayson 

Greenbrier 

Greensville 

Giles 

Halifax 

Hampshire 

Hanover 

Hardy 

Harrison 

Henrico 

Henry 

Isle  of  Wight 

James  City 

Jeflerson 

Kenhawa 


14.a08 

4,?37 

16,14C 

11,41!> 
13.301 
5,843 
15,411 
20,059 
11,001 
n,541 
5,136 
13,101 
0,979 
9,992 
10,967 
2,717 
12,524 
3,608 
9,376 
22.089 
13,ill 
4.775 
22,574 
10,724 
10,427 
10,203 
4,941 
•    5,914 
6,858 
3,745 
22,133 
9,784 
15,082 
5,525 
9,958 
9,945 
5,611 
9,185 
9,094 
11,851 
3,866 


Staunton 

Warm  Springs 

Liberty 

Martinsburg 

Fincastle 

Wellshurg 

New  Canton 
Lynchburg 
Fort  Royal 

Marys  ville 
Manchester 
Cartersville 
Fairfax 

Petersburg 

Hampton 

Tappahannock 

Warrentown 

Centreville 

Columbia 

Winchester 

Rocky  Mount 


Greensville 

Lewisburg 

Hicksford 

South  Boston 

Romney 

Hanover 

Moorfields 

Clarksburg 

Richmond 

Martinsville 

Smithfield 

Williamsburg 

Charlestown 

Charlestown 


L 
L 
L 

^\ 
m 

xM 
M 
M 
M 
M 
IN 
f>J 
JS 
IN 
N 
N 
N 
N 
O 
O 
Pi 
P. 
Pi 
P. 
Pi 
Pi 
Pi 
Pi 
Pi 
Ri 
Ri 
R( 

Ri 

R 


lion 

1  Springs 

•ty 

insburg 

wtle 

ishurg 

f  Canton 
chbnrg 
;  Royal 

■ysville 
ichester 
tcrsville 
pfax 

orsburg 

mpton 

ppahannock 

irrentown 

ntreviUe 

lumbia 

inchester 

icky  Mount 


reensville 

swisburg 

icksford 

3uth  Boston 

omney 

lanover 

loortields 

;iarksburg 

llCHMOND 

tfartinsviUe 

imithfield 

(VilUamsburg 

[^harlestown 

Dharlestown 


1 


VIRGINIA. 

Kinp  &.  Queen 

10,988 

Dunkirk 

King  George 

6,434 

King  William 

9,285 

Delaware 

Lancaster 

6,592 

Kilmarnock 

Lee 

4,694 

Jonesville 

Loudoun 

21,338 

Leesburg 

Louisa 

11,900 

Lunenburg 

12,265 

Hungary 

Madison 

8,381 

Madison    < 

IMatthews 

4,227 

Mecklinburg 

18,153 

St  Tammany 

Middlesex 

4,414 

Urbanna 

Monongalia 

12,793 

Morgantown 

Monroe 

5,444 

Uniontown 

Montgomery 

8,409 

Christiansbui^ 

Mason 

1,991 

Point  Pleasant 

Nansemond 

10,324 

Suffolk 

Nelson 

9,684 

New  Kent 

6,478 

Cumberland 

Nicholas 

Norfolk  CO. 

13,679 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

7,474 

Northumberland 

8,308 

Bridgetown 

Nottavvay 

9,278 

Ohio 

8,175 

Wheeling 

Orange 

12,323 

Stannardsville 

Patrick 

4,695 

Pendleton 

4,239 

Franklin 

Pittsylvania 

17,172 

Danville 

Powhatan 

8,073 

Prestor^ 

Prince  Edward 

12,409 

Jamestown 

Princess  Anne 

9,498  . 

Kempsville 

Prince  William 

11,311 

Haymarket 

Prince  George 

8,060 

Randolph 

2,864 

Beverly 

Richmond 

6,214 

Rockbridge 

10,318 

Lexington 

Rockingham 

12,753 

Russell 

6,316 

Franklin 

li 


Scott 


'ii 


i'«i- 


1,1 


Klfi 


;':i'' 


§ 


\i 


t 


iS; 


!M 


13,646 

13,497 

13,296 

9,830 

6,855 

11,362 

3,007 

1,885 
12,136 
8,102 
3,036 
8.356 


Woodstock 
Jervwalem 
Fredericksburg 

Falmouth 
Cobham 


Jeffersonville 


Abingdon 

Leeds 

Newport 

Evansham 

York 


9,735 
9,193 
6,668 

974,622 


Shenandoah 

Southampton 

Spotsylvania 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell 

Tyler 

Wt.wick 

Washington 

Westmoreland 

Wood 

Wythe 

York 

Richmond  City 

Norfolk  Borough 

Petersburg 

Total 

flourishing  town,  and  contams  a  c  P      ,^  tu.ldmgs,  and 
louses  of  public  «o^J^^'Pvtp„Sn,  in  1817,  I'^.^^S 
has  an  extens^^e  trade      P^P;;^  Jes  above  its  entrance 
Mrfolk,  on  El^^^f  ^^"J'^ost  commercial  town  m  the 

'ZrX'^^t^^''''^  «C%1  miles  S.  by  E.  Rich- 

%'etershlg,  -  ^\«  T.rttobacc^^^^^  ^^P^" 

mond,  has  considerable  traae 

inlion,  in  1810,  5,068.  .,     ^  Richmond,  is  a 

'^'l  ;c/.6ur,,  on  James  rjver   120-^^^^     ^^^,,.     Popula- 

vcrv  thriving?  town,  and  has  a  noui 
£irS-^^-.-^Sref'Sve  bee.,  e^taH*-  ^ 


Wasli 
Colle 
was  1 
and  c 

Jlc, 
state 
the  ii 
schoo 

lie 
Meth 
ans,  1 

Ri- 
doah, 
Appo 
Keuli 

Mc 
moun 
Jacks 
land  : 
The 
count 

Fa 
the  n 

So 
coun1 
the  r 
the  r 

Pr 
tobac 
fruits 

Mi 
danci 

Jlfi 
coun 
Spnr 
batih 

C», 
Rocli 
whio 
extei 
thel 


tock 

lem 

ricksbuig 


m 


sonville 


;doa 

port 
sham 


vn  and  the  seat 
ion  at  the  falU 
noulh.      It  19  a 
■  state  house,  8 
buildings,  and 
n,  U,338. 
,ve  its  entrance 
cial  town  in  the 

.s  S.  by  E.  Rich- 
,d  flour.     Pop^- 

f.  Richmond,  is  a 
trade.     Popula- 


5  a  place  of  con- 
255.  The  other 
'orlsmouth, 


Wil- 


en  established  in 
at  Willi  amslJ^fg  ; 


VIRGINIA. 


8o 


Washington  College,  at  Lexington  ;  and  IIainp<len  Sidney 
College,  in  Prince  Edward  county.  In  I8li),  an  institution 
was  incorporated,  styled  the  "  University  of  Virginia," 
and  established  at  Charlottesville. 

Jlcadeniies  have  been  established  in  various  places.  Tho 
state  has  a  fund  amounting,  in  I8l8,  to  ^51,114,159  3G  ; 
the  interest  of  which  is  appropriated  to  the  support  ot 
schools,  and  other  literary  purposes. 

Religion.  The  denominations  in  Virginia  are  Baptists, 
Methodists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Friends,  Luther- 
ans, Roman  Catholics,  and  Jews. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Potomac,  Shennn- 
doah,  Rappahannock,  Mattapony,  York,  James,  Uivanna, 
Appomatox,  Elizabeth,  Nottaway^  Meherrin,  Staunton, 
Kenhawa,  Ohio,  Sandy,  Monongahehi,  and  Cheat. 

Mountains.  There  are  several  ranges  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  in  Virginia,  as  the  Blue  Ridge,  Laurel  mountain, 
Jackson's  mountain,  and  North  mountain.  The  Cumber- 
land mouHtains  are  in  the  south  western  part  of  the  state. 
The  Peaks  «f  Otter,  summits  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  arc  ac- 
counted the  most  elevated  mountains  in  the  state. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  eastern  part  is  low  and  level, 
the  middle  and  western  part,  hilly  and  mountainous. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  various.  Much  of  the  low  and  flat 
country  is  sandy  and  barren,  but  there  are  fertile  tracts  on 
the  rivers  and  streams  of  water.  A  large  proportion  oC 
the  middle  and  western  parts  is  fertile. 

Productions.  The  staple  productions  are  wheat  and 
tobacco.  Indian  corn,  rye,  buck  wheat,  hemp,  flax,  and 
fruits  are  extensively  cultivated. 

Minerals.  Coal  and  iron  mines  occui  great  abun- 
dance ;  limestone,  lead,  and  chalk,  are  found. 

Mineral  Springs.  The  Hot  and  Warm  Springs  in  Bath 
county,  the  Sweet  Springs  in  Monioe  county,  thp  Sulphur 
Springs  in  Greenbrier  and  Montgomery  counties,  aiid  the 
hatha  in  Berkeley  county,  are  mm"   frequejited. 

Cnricsitics.  The  Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek  in 
Rockbridge  county,  is  a  remarkable  ciriiHity.  The  rock, 
which  forms  the  bridge,  is  60  feet  wiJ*"  .n  the  middle,  and 
extends  over  a  chasm,  which  is  250  feet  deep,  45  wide  at 
the  bottom  and  90  at  the  top.      , 


H: 


i  i 


■.,t 


Jlijj ! 


84 


VIRGINIA. 


m 


The  celebratea  passage  in  ^he  ;«;^--,„ty;"oth! 
IJm^  Madison's  cave,  Blowmg  cave,  &a:. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

TOPOOEAPHICAL  TABLE. 

Slaves. 

1,467 
147 
2,B68 
6,059 
1,985 
2,254 
695 
1,433 
1,-234 
1,411 
1,172 
4,299 
3,6i  5 
2,789 

5,050 
2,296 
1,631 
2,4  IG 
5,107 
.  5,330 
2,790 
7,746 
1,842 
1,467 
6,624 
171 
2,305 
1,852 
2,432 
2,330 


Counties, 

Anson 

Ashe 

Beaufort 

Bf    ie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarras 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Chatham 

Chowan 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

(;;!urriluck 

Duplin 

Lldgecomb 

Franklin 

Gates 

Granvillo 

Greene 

(luilford 

Halifax 

Haywood 

Hertford 

llyde 

li-t;dell 

.1  ohnaon 


Pop. 

8,831 
3,694 
7,203 
11,218 
5,671 
4,778 
9,277 
11,007 
6,158 
5,347 
4,823 
11,757 
12,977 
5,297 
3,022 
12,676 
9,382 
6,985 
7,863 
12,423 
10,166 
5,965 
15,576 
4,867 
11,420 
15,620 
2.7C0 
6,052 
6,029 
10,972 
6,8i|7 


Chitf  touim. 
Wadesborougli 

Washington 

Windsor 

Elizabethtown 

Brunswick 

Ashville 

Morgantown 

Concord 

Jonesburg 

Beaufort 

Leasburg 

Pittsborough 

Edenton 

Whitesville 

Newbern 

Fayettevilte 

Indiantown 

Sarecto 

Tarborough 

Louisburg 

C.  K. 
Williamsborougb 

C.  H. 

Martinville 

Halifax 

C.  H. 

Winton 

Germantowu 

Statesville 

Smithfield 


Jones 

Lenu 

Liner 

Marti 

Meek 

Mont; 

Moor 

IV  ash 

New 

NortI 

Onslo 

Oranj 

Pas(ji 

i'itt 

Ferqi 

i'erso 

Kand< 

Richn 

Robe* 

Rocki 

Rowa 

Ruthe 

Sampi 

Stoke 

Surry 

Tyrrt 

Wake 

Warrf 

Washi 

Waym 

Wilkc 


Chli 
pleasa 
tains  a 
inhabi 

JVexs 
the  sts 
.oontaii 


AOlirH  CA!;0L1NA. 


«•> 


at  Harpers 
snery.  0th- 
ig,  and 


pev- 


lesborougli 

hiogton 

dsor 

abethtown 

nswick 

ville 

rgantown 

icord 

esburg 

ml'ort 

isburg 

tsborougb 

enton 

litesville 

swbern 

yettevilte 

liantown 

recto 

irborough 

)uiaburg 

K. 
illiamsboroutcl' 

H. 

artinville 
alifax 
.  H. 
i^inton 

rermantowu 
trttesville 
mithlielJ 


Trenton 

Kingston 

Lincolntuii 

Williamston 

Charlotte 

Henderson 

Alfordstown 

C.  H. 

Wihnington 

C.  H. 

Swansborough 

Hillsborough 

Nixon ton 

Greenvil'o 

Hartford 

Roxborougli 

C.  H. 

Rockingham 

Lumberton 

Danbury 

Salisbury 

Rutherfordion 

C.  H. 

Salem 

Elizabethtown 

Raixigh 

Warrenton 

Plymouth 

Waynesboroiigh 

C.  H. 


553,500     168,824 

Chlff  towns.  Raleigh  is  the  seat  of  government.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  and  con- 
tains a  handsome  brick  state  house,  and  upwards  of  1,000 
inhabitants. 

JVewbern,  situated  on  Iho  Neuse,  is  the  largest  i-y,n  in 
the  state.     It  is  ivell  built,  has  considerable  commerce,  and 
.Gontained,  in  1818,  about  6,000  inhabitants. 
8* 


Jonei 

4,968 

2,375 

Lenoir 

5,572 

2,440 

Lincoln 

16,359 

2,489 

Martin 

5,r87 

2,357 

Meckliut>iirg 

14,2ri: 

3,194 

Montgomery 

8,130 

1,696 

Moore 

6,367 

944 

IVash 

7,2t;3 

2,897 

New  Hanover 

11,465 

6,442 

Northampton 

13,082 

7,258 

Onslow 

6,669 

2,299 

Orange 

20,135 

4,701 

Pasquotank 

7,674 

2,295 

Pitt 

9,169 

3,589 

Perquiniiins 

0,052 

2,017 

i'erson 

6,642 

2,573 

Randolph 

10,112 

789 

Richmond 

6,695 

1.301 

Robeson 

7,528 

1,340 

Rockingham 

10,316 

2,114 

Rowan 

21,543 

3,757 

Rutherford 

13,202 

979 

Sampson 

6,620 

2,049 

Stokes 

11,645 

1,746 

Surry 

10,366 

1,469 

Tyrrel 

3,364 

910 

Wake 

17,086 

5,378 

Warren 

11,004 

6,282 

Washington 

3,464 

1,287 

Wayne 

8,687 

2,756 

Wilkes 

9,054 

1,194 

ii- 


iNOra'll  f-AllOU-NA. 

Faycunillc,  on  c.,e  ^Z^:'''^^^^^^^'^^^ 
next  to  Ncwbi'm  m  size,  and  is  ..    lou.i.       ^ 

;v  brii^Ii  tnu»<N  v„„pr-  ■  s  from  its  luoiitli. 

}VU»wiston,onCayoV(inrT  „t  oqoO  inhabitants. 

eugh,  S«;i*^"^y;rj;/,e'rs  an"in.titut.on,  styled  the  Universi- 
Educutwn.      I  i\ere  la  *  ,  „.,,      j  ^^h  has  about  100 

ty  of  North  r  n-ohna,  at  Ch.  P-   W'^''  Tvarious  place., 
students.     Ac.dem.es  ^r«. "  f  ™rchriltians  are  Mctho- 

air&t:f^r2:??::sir^--  ^—  -^ 

Episcopalians.  .     ^  ^      Roanoke,  Chow- 

S«,amps.    Great  Dismal  ^^'^'Jl'    jig/,on„  and  10  broad. 

"""?  'rSrSe'r'Sote  Sr2  .he  surface  becon,e»  va„. 
Lularly  m  «'e"«'!„b°  propluo-  i.  very  fertile.     , 


IS 


OWl),  i'lUl  lii>' 

om  its  mouth. 
I  inhabitants, 
hau  those  of 
incijtal  towns 
.i(\ix,  Tarbor- 

Ihe  Universi- 
has  about  100 
ous  place?. 
IS  arc  Mctho- 
[oraviana,   and 

anokc,  Chow- 
,  Yadkin,  and 

ico,  and  Core 
then  The  in- 
Ocracoke;    the 

igcrous  cape  on 
jnsive,  and  the 
ookout  and  Cape 

harboui-s.     The 
nd  F-denton. 
•tly  in  this  state, 
ng,  and  10  broad, 
rfe  and  Pamlico 

nt,  for  about  60 
1  level;  in  pro- 
ice  becomes  vari- 
nous. 

nerally  sandy  and 
fertile  tracts,  par- 
juntry  the  soil  is 
ve0  fertile, 
its,  tobacco,  flax, 


NORTH  CAKOLLXA. 


31 


and  hetnp  arc  cultivated  in  the  hilly  parts,  cotton  in  tiic 
niidille  of  tlio  .state  ;  and  Indian  corn  and  imiie,  in  all  jtart>. 

In  the  level  coiuitry  the  natural  growth  i.>  ahiiost  uni- 
versally pitch  pine,  which  allbrds  pilch,  tar,  and  tur- 
pentine. Some  of  the  swamps  in  the  low  country  pro- 
duce rice. 

Minerah,  These  consist  of  iron,  iime-jtone,  cobalt, 
and  gold. 

.Mineral  Spring.i.  There  are  mineral  sprinj-s  of  medic- 
inal virtue  in  the  counties  of  Warren,  Ilownan,  Hocking- 
ham,  Montgomery,  Lincoln,  and  Buncomb. 

Curiosities.  Ararat  or  Pilot  mountain,  is  regarded  aa  a 
great  curiosity.  It  rises  in  (he  form  of  a  pyramid,  near  a 
mile  high.  On  the  area,  at  the  top,  w  hich  contains  only 
about  an  acre,  a  stupendous  rock  rises  to  the  heiglit  of  300 
feet,  and  terminates  with  a  flat  surface  at  the  top,  which 
affords  an  extensive  and  variegated  prospect. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Salisbury,  there  is  a  remarkable  stone 
wall,  the  top  of  which  approaches  within  one  foot  of  the 
surface  of  the  grouud.  It  is  laid  in  cement,  pbiistercd  on 
both  sides,  22  inches  thick,  12  or  13  high,  and  300  feet, 
as  far  as  discovered,  long.  There  is  another  similar  cne 
about  6  miles  from  this. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


jOPOGRAPHICAL  tablf.. 


Counties. 

Pup. 

Stares. 

Chief  tnuns. 

Abbeville 

21,lo0 

C,G72 

Abbeville 

Barnwell 

12,280 

4,153 

Beaufort 

25,807 

20,914 

Beaufott 

Charleston  c 

ty 

24,711 

11,671 

Charleston  district 

33,468 

33,714 

Chester 

11,479 

2,743 

Chester 

Chesterfield 

5,664 

1,639 

Colleton 

26,369 

21,828 

Darlington 

9,047 

2,731 

Edgefield, 

^3,160 

8,676 

Fairfield 

tl,857 

4,034 

Winnsborough 

1 1 


f 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


i 


Gpoi'iretown 

Gicc'iivilU! 

Hoiry 

KochIuuv 

Lancaster 

Liiuicus 

Lexington 

Million 

Marlborough 

Newbury 

Orangebnrgli 

Pendleton 

Hichlanil 

Sparlanbnr!,'!! 

Stiinpter 

t'nioa 

Williamsburgh 

York 


15,G7'.) 

i:si3;i 

4,'J19 
0,067 
6,318 
11,902 
G,GH 
8,884 

4,966 
13,964 
13,229 
22,897 

9,026 
14,259 
19,054 
10,995 

6,871 

1 0,052 


13,867 
2,353 
1393 
4,8  17 
1,646 
3,308 
1,911 
2,771 
1,709 
4,006 
6,564 
3,48r 
5,238 
2,391 
11,638 
2,846 
4,518 
3,164 


GeoTgct.JW!> 
GreenvilU' 

CatnUou 


Newbury 
Orangeburgh 

CoU'MBIA 

Spartanburgb 

Williamsburgh 
York 


415,115     196,365 

olruuchw^-aHbandcommeicc.  Georgetown, 

The  other  most  considerable  towns  are  ueo  g 

1819,  as  follows 


M 
I; 
Hi 
K\ 

a 

C( 

Rive 
dee.  Hi 
Stono, 
Savanri 

Cam 
with  tl 

Is  Ian 
.)  ames' 

Mow 
extend 
cipal  SI 
Oconee 

Face 
miles  ii 
about  e 
bling  t\ 
the  Ru 
'iiversit 
tainou.s 

Soil. 
on  the 
!'nvouru 
•^oil  ol'l 

Prod 
'Otton  i 

Aline 
\ow  ocl 

Ciiri( 
cipice  ( 
are  aisc 


'  \ 


'-OLTH  CAR0L1^'A. 


CO 


jriviltt' 
idou 


wbary 
mgeburgh 

L,VMBIA 

irtanburgb 


lliamsburgk 
rk 


eminent.  It  i« 
the  Salutla  and 
o-areo.  It  is  a 
,  auil  contained. 


I  the  state.  It 
the  confluence 
the  ocean.  It 
\  houses  of  pub" 
;,  and  is  a  place 

re  Georgetown, 

Columbia,  is  a 
d  by  the  legiala- 
uted  at  Beaufort, 
not  taken  a  high- 
go  academies  at 

were  stated,  io 


MinisUn. 

C/(U)vAci 

100 

:ioo 

109 

no 

40 

98 

22 

18 

6 

13 

7 

0 

Methodist' 

liaptists 

Hresltytefians 

Kpiscopaiians 

('crman  Lulherans 

Con!,'ro£;ationali.stn 
Rivers.     The  principal  rivers  are  the  Wnrcamau',  Pc- 
dee,  Black,  Sanfco,  Watcrce,  ("i„,),'i   . .-,  Cooper,   Ashlov. 
Stono,  Edisto,   Asheppo,  Cambahee,  Coosaw,  Broad,  and 
Savannah. 

CanuL  A  canal  22  miles  long  connects  Cooper  river 
with  the  Santce. 

Islands.  Amonp  the  islands  on  the  coast  are  SullivanV, 
•James',  John's,  Edisto,  St.  Helenr.,  Port  Royal. 

Mountains.  The  Appalachian  or  Alleghany  mountains 
extend  through  the  weBtern  part  of  the  state.  The  prin- 
cipal summits  in  S.  Carolina,  are  Table  mountain,  Oolenoy, 
Oconee,  Paris's,  Glassey,  Hog  back,  and  King's. 

Face  ef  the  country.  The  country  from  the  ocean,  100 
miles  inland,  is  a  level  sandy  jdain  ;  then  succeeds  a  tract 
about  60  miles  wide,  abounding  in  little  sand  hills,  resem- 
bling thp  wavos  of  an  agitated  sea.  After  vhis  commi  nccji 
the  Riilge  ;  where  the  country  becomes  more  elevate  J  and 
diyersitie.l,  aiul  the  soil  fertile.  Fart'ier  west  it  is  moun- 
tainous, and  abounds  in  romantic  sc^^'uery. 

Soil.  The  soil  in  tiie  low  country  i,<  mostly  snndy  ;  but 
«>n  the  rivers  and  streams  of  water,  it  is  vn-y  fertile,  and 
fayout^ablc  to  the  growth  of  rice  and  hemp.  "^  Much  of  the 
•^oil  of  the  upland  country  is  good. 

Pi-odiutium.  T\iO.  .siiijjlo  conimoJi;ies  of  the  state  ari> 
'Otton  and  vki' ;  of  which,  great  qu.iiiiljfs  are  exported. 

Minerah.  Iron  and  copper  ore  'imestone,  red  and  ye.V 
low  ochre;^,  mill  stones,  suap  stone,  &c.  are  found. 

Curiosities.  Table  mountain  exhibits  a  tremendous  pre- 
cipice of  solid  rock,  about  900  feet  perpendicular.  There 
are  also  some  curious  caves. 


iM 


).' 


GEORGIA. 


■  ^S 


Jh« 


balihvin 

Bryan 

Bullock 

BurK'; 

Canulcn 

Clmiliii'ii 

riark<" 

Colunil)iii 

tllintcliiim 

Elbert 

Emanuel 

Franklin 

Glynn 

Grefric 

Hancock 

Jackson 

Jaspcf 

Jefferson 

Jones 

Lrturtuf 

Liberty 

Lincoln 

Madison 

M'lntosh 

Montgomery 

lMor</tin 

(»g'iethori)C 

I'ulaski 

Putnam 

Richmond 

Scriven 

Tattnal 

Telfair 

Twiggs 

Warren 

\ya?hington 


TOPOOIUI'JIICAL  TABtK 
Pop. 


2,827 
1U,8&8 
1  ,\b\0 

7,ft2n 

11,242 

2,38G 

12,156 

10,815 

3,417 

11,679 

13.3.W 

10^509 
7.57;) 
(3,111 
f!,.W7 
2.210 
0,228 
.l,jr>;) 

;i.7;)9 
2,f).'j  I 

1 2,2i<7 
2,09;i 

10,029 
(5,189 
4,477 
2,206 
744 
3,405 
8,725 
9,910 


Cliir/totnis. 
Mii.u:m.i.viLLK 

c.n. 

S(ate:>I)«rc;l« 
Wavnes'beroiigh 

?t.  MaryN 

Savannah 

Watkinsville 

Api'lington 

Sjiringticld 

I'lbertou 

(;.  H. 

Carneaville 
l^runswick 
Greensborough 

Sparta 

Jeflerson 

Monticello 

Lonisville 

Clinton 

Dublin 

Uiceborougb 

IJncolnton 

DanieUville 

Darien 

\  liriion 

iMadison 

l,(!xi.i2;ton 

Harliord 

Eatonton 

Augusta 

Jacksonborough 

C.  H. 

Telfairton 
Marion 
Warrenton 
SandersviUe 


Way 

\\ill. 

Will* 

yvf. 

Chie 
It  i*  |)i 

.257 

river, 

liandHO 

224 

Savf 

5!K') 

MiouUi 

-),21'^ 

sive  cc 

contair 

,'hljr, 

Savani 

a  very 

TIk 

16 

Darieii 

K'lu 

411 

I  in  Col 

317 

county 

70 

under 

220 

Hell 

524 

I'rcsbj 

85 

kers,  J 

liiv 

Alatan 

,  103 

CJiatal 

Iflui 

20G 

sabnw, 

Cumb( 

229 

The 

222 

(Jaroli 

Soil 

IBO 

duce  s 

2,476 

and  ba 

20 

rivers 

••.'-■-''■', 

Pro 

cotton 

• 

gkins, 

„.     123 

Min 

GKORGIA. 


tfl 


?»' 


224 


uugh 


78 

•ni 

317 

70 

220 

u24 

85 


103 
20G 

QUO 

180 

2,476 

20 


123 


\Vilk<'s 
Wilkinson 


(370 

I4,0R7 

2,154 


(  .  II. 

Washington 

Irwititoii 


60C 


2fj.'S,407 

Chief  towns.  Millcd}revUlr  is  the  sot  of  govornmcnt. 
It  i«  piciisantly  Hituati-d  on  tluf  O.  one.  JOO  miles  by  the 
river,  lYom  llie  sea,  MO  WNVV.  ^  vsiniiah,  nnd  contains  a 
hundsoine.  hrick  state,  house. 

Saraiinoh,  on   the   river   '^a-  "   miles  from  its 

mouth,  i!!tlu' emporium  of  the  "lare  of  exten- 

sive commerre.     It  has  7  h<iu^  vorship,  nniJ 

contained,  in  1817,  7,024  inhab,       '• 

AurrnstOt  on  the  Savannah,  34U  c  the   city  of 

Savannah,  and  123  by  land,  is  a  llounslunji  lowii,   and  has 
a  very  brisk  trade.     Population,  in  1818,  t«  'out  4,000. 

The  other  principal  towns  are  Washington,  Louisville, 
Darien,St.  Mary's,  Grcensborough,  Petersburg,  and  Spartn, 

Education.  There  is  a  college  at  Athens,  styled  Frank- 
lin Collc.:?e,  and  provision  is  made  for  an  academy  in  each 
county  ;  the  <  ollege  and  academics  are  all  to  be  united 
under  (lie  name  of  the  University  of  Georgia. 

Relii^ion.  Tlie  denominations  are  Baptists,  Methodists, 
I'resbyterians,  Kpiscopaliaus,  Catholics,  Lutherans,  (t^ua- 
kers,  and  Jews. 

Rivers.  The  largest  rivers  are  the  Savannah,  Ogechee, 
Alatamaha,  Sattilla,  Oakmulgcc,  Oconee,  St.  Mary's,  Flint, 
CJiatahoochec,  Tallapoosa,  and  Coosa. 

Isianda.  The  principal  islands  are  Tybce,  Wassaw,  Os- 
sabaw,  St.  Catherine's,  Sapello,  St.  Simon's,  Jekyl,  and 
Cumberland. 

The  face  vf  the  country  in  Georgia  resembles  that  of  the 
Carolinas. 

Soil.  The  islands  have  generally  a  rich  soil,  and  pro- 
duce sea-island  cotton.  The  low  country  is  mostly  sandy 
and  barren,  except  near  the  sea,  and  on  the  margin  of  the 
rivers,     ftluch  of  the  upland  country  is  fertile. 

Productions.  The  most  imi)ortant  article  of  produce  is 
cotton  ;  next  to  that  is  rice.  Lumber,  tobacco,  caues,  deer 
skins,  and  Indian  corn  are  among  the  exports. 

Mineral waten.    There   are  several  valuable  mineral 


it    I] 


■  « 


'f 


m 


■f   ! 


02 


HKOUGIA 


-nrintr.  intln.strtte,  one  noar  Waslniiglon,  one  m  Jcfferton 
rrrmUc.  from  Louisville  -,  un.l  o„c  in  M-ulison  co.,  b  m.le« 

•""^:ilI';:r'''S'cr.ck  m-Uan,  inhabit  the   wrstorn  nn.l 
part  is  included  in  the  Chcrokrc  country. 
ALABAMA. 
iHvino,,,.     In   the   following  lahlc  .are    oxhihitcd   th.> 
.ounlil"  of  Alabama,  to^other  with  their  (roc  population, 
according  to  the  enumeration  ol  IBIU. 


I.'ountiet. 
Autauga 
Baldwin 
Blount 
('ahawba 
(Mark 
(Conecuh 
Cotaco 

Dallas 
■  Franklin 

Lauderdale 

Lawrence 

Lime»tone 

Madison 

Marengo 

Marion 

Mobile 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

St.  Clair 
Shelby 
Tuskaloosa 
\Vashington 


TOPOliRAVIllCAL  TABLE. 

Fop. 

B04 

1,031 
a,t)74 
1,692 
2,1UI 
i,320 
2,263 
1,098 
2,000 
3,473 
8,780 
1,164 
1,000 
982 
4,307 
3,464 

3,287 
3,204 
2,147 


Free  white  inhabitanU  40,871 

Free  people  ef  colour  339 

Total  number  of  slaves  21,384 

Total  population  70,644 


CMrflownt. 
Fort  Stoddarf 


Florence 

Athens 
Huntsville 


Mobile 

Fort  Claiborne 


St.  Stephens 


II  in  Jcfferttin 
m  CO.,  5  miles 

wp«torn  nnd 
iiortliwcstcin 


^xhibitcil   th(! 
0  population. 


^hie/lowni. 
rt  Stoddarf 


lorencc 

thcns 
untBville 


[obile 

ort  Claiborne 


t.  Stephens 


^'«U     '^\nV. 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)  872-450: 


~z^ymv^~'f^^'^^P''"'f^^-:mw!^sii'i-^rf^^^j,. 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


vV 


^^m^m 


rJ^SKttSKCS'K'^^^JSEg^ 


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Chii 
lunrtio 
NNE. 
coiitini 

Ilun 
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St.  i 
liver, 
of  Hiii 

Mob 
tiame 
flourisl 

Blai 
Mobile 
town. 
Tuska 

Edu 
ing  of 
«iippoi 
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Riv< 
bigbee 
Chatal 

Faci 
the  mi 
brokei 
minatc 

Soil 
of  it  is 

Pro, 
produc 

Min 


I 


ALABAiMA. 


aa 


Ckicj  towns.  Cahawba,  a  ;iew  town,  situated  at  tlic 
lunrtion  ot'  the  Cahawba  with  the  Alabama,  180  miles 
NNE.  Mobile,  is  established  the  seat  of  government,  to 
continue  so  till  1825. 

Uuntsville,  situated  10  miles  N.Tenncssce  river,  and  110 
S.Nashville,  in  a  fertile  country,  is  a  flourishing  town,  and 
'ontains  about  100  houses. 

St.  Stephens,  on  the  Tombigbee,  about  120  miles  by  the 
river,  above  Mobile,  is  a  thriving  town,  about  the  size 
of  Huntsville. 

Mobile,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name  into  Mobile  bay,  33  miles  N.  Mobile  Point,  is  a 
flourishing  town,  and  has  a  considerable  trade. 

Blakelcy,  situated  on  the  Tensaw,  or  east  channel  of  the 
Mobile,  10  miles  ENE.  Mobile,  is  a  new,  commercial 
town.  Otl.er  towns  are  Fort  Claiborne,  Fort  Stoddart,  and 
Tuskaloosa  Falls. 

Education.  A  tract  of  land  on  Tennessee  river,  consist- 
ing of  20,000  acres,  has  been  granted  by  Congress  for  the 
support  of  a  college  in  this  territory.  Its  value  is  estimat- 
ed at  $500,000. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Alabama,  Tom- 
bigbee, Black  Warrior,  Coosa,  Tallapoosa,  Tennessee, 
Chatahoochee,  Perdido,  Cahawba,  and  Conecuh. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  southern  part  is  low  and  level ; 
the  middle  is  hilly;  and  towards  the  north,  it  is  somewhat 
broken  and  mountainous.  The  Alleghany  mountains  ter- 
minate in  the  NE.  part. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  various,  but  a  considerable  proportion 
of  it  is  very  fertile. 

Productions.  Cotton  is  the  staple  production.  Other 
productions  are  Indian  corn,  rice,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  &c. 

Minerals.     Iron  ore  and  coal  have  been  discovered. 

9 


MISSISSIPPI 

TOPOORAPHICAL   T/ 

Counties. 

Pop.  in  1B16. 

Adams 

9,998 

Amite 

5,059 

Claiborne 

3,506 

Franklin 

2,708 

Greene 

1,721 

Hancock 

1,000 

.Tefferson 

4,906 

Lawrence 

1,784 

Marion 

1,701 

Pike 

2,618 

Warren 

1,569 

Wayne 
Wilkinson 

2,084 
7,275 

TABLE. 

Chief  towns. 
Natchez 
Liberty 
Port  Gibson 


Greenville 
Monticello 

Jacksonville 
Warren 
Winchester 
Woodville 


Total    45,929;    of  this  population  2 1  ,«76 
were  slave?. 

'  Chief  tortus  Natchez  is  much  the  largest  town  m  the 
«ta^e  ItTs  «  tuated  on  the  Mississippi,  .SIO  m.les  above 
few  olwn:;  by  the  course  of  the  rive.  iyf^r^^Ue  coun- 
try, is  a  flourishing  town,  and  has  considerable  trade.       f 

Edxication.     A  coUege  was  mcorporated,  m  181-,   a 
wSgioT,  and  another  has  lately  been  incorporated  at 

''Sh  "^  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi,  P^arl^ 
PaVcagoula,  Yazoo,  Black,  Tennessee,  and  the  western 

:  it\"l:amps  "farther  north  the  country  b-omes  mo  e. 
ately  elevated  and  agreeably  diversified.  There  aresomr 
extensive  and  beautiful  prairies. 


coi 
has 

coi 
fig 

lai 

no 


MISSISSIPPI. 


96 


Soil.  A  considerable  proportion  of  the  low  and  level 
country  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  upland  country 
has  generally  a  very  fertile  soil. 

Froductions.  Cotton  is  the  staple  production.  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  some  sugar, 
figs,  and  peaches  are  cultivated. 

Indians.  The  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  Indians  possess  a 
large  portion  of  the  territory  of  this  state,  embracing  the 
northern  and  eastern  parts. 


lie 


jr 


lation21,«'76 

town  in  the 
miles  above 
L  fertile  coun- 
e  trade.  Pop- 

cond  town  in 
I,  Monticello, 
ms,  are  small. 
,  in  1812,  at 
corporated  at 

sissippi,  Pearl, 
I  the  western 

of  the  country, 
Mexico,  is  lev- 
j,  interspersed 
ecomes  moiler- 
rhere  are  some 


WESTERN  STATES. 

Face  of  the  country.  On  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributa- 
ries there  are  extensive  alluvial  tracts  ;  and  at  a  distance 
from  the  rivers,  the  country  for  the  most  part  is  moderate- 
ly uneven,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  Prairies,  or 
natural  meadows,  are  common.  These  are  extensive,  level 
tracts,  bare  of  trees  and  covered  with  coarse  grass. 

Soil.  A  large  proportion  of  the  soil  in  the  Western 
States  is  very  fertile.  ,   ,    .. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
hemp,  cotton,  tobacco,  rye,  oats,  barley,  &c. 

Climate.  The  climate  in  the  Western  States  is  account- 
ed warmer  than  in  similar  parallels  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

TENNESSEE. 


TOPOOaAPHICAL  TABLE. 

East  Tennessee. 


Counties. 

Anderson 

liledsoe 

Blount 

Campbell 

Carter 

Claiborne 

Cocke 

Granger 

Greene 


Pop. 

3,959 

8,839 

3,259 

2,663 

4,t90 

4,798 

5,154 

6,397 

9,713 


Chief  towns. 

Clinton 

Pikeville 

Maryville 

Jacksonburg 

ElizabethtowD 

Tazewell 

Newport 

Rutledge 

Greenville 


M 


.t.ti' 


s 


TENNESSEE. 

Hawkins 

7,643             1 

.feffcrson 

7,309             ] 

Knox 

10,171             1 

Uhca 

2,501             ^ 

Roane 

5,581             1 

Sevier 

4,595 

Sullivan 

6,847             ] 

Washington 

7,740 

101,367 

IVest  Tennessee 

Counliti. 

Pop. 

Bedford 

8,242 

Davidson 

16,608 

Dickson 

4,516 

Franklin 

6,730 

Giles 

4,536 

Hickman 

2,583 

Humphries 

1,511 

Jackson 

5,401 

Lincoln 

6,104 

Montgomery 

8,021 

Maury 

10,359 

Overton 

5,643 

Roheitson 

7,270 

Rutherford 

10,265 

Sumner 

13,792 

Smith 

11,649 

Stuart 

•1,262 

Wilson 

11,952 

Williamson 

13,153 

White 

4,028 

Warren 

5,725 

Rogcreville 

Dandridge 

Knoxville 

Washington 

Kmgston 

Seviervillc 

Blountsville 

Tonesborough 


Chief  101071.1 . 

Shelbyvillc 

Nashville 

Charlotte 

Winchestec 

Pulaski 

Vernon 

WwKinsburg 

Fayetteville    •* 

Clarkesville*: 

Columbia 

Munroe 

Springfield 

MuRFREESBOnOlCH 

Gallatin 

Carthage 

Dover 

Lebanon 

Franklin 

Sparta 

M'Minville 


160,360 
Ch lef  to-^ns.  Murfreesborough  is  the  seat  of  government. 
It  is  pleasantly  situated,  32  miles  SE.  Nashville,  and  .s  a 
lovriSSg  town.  It  was  established  about  1811,  was  made 
"he  seat  of  |rovernment  in  1817.  and  conlamcd,  m  18J8, 
About  1,100  inhabitant?. 


on  t 
tlou 
iidii 
Tei 
bia. 

h 
pic 
abo 
Eas 
ers 

J 
Te 
Wt 
spc 
am 
ha' 

Mt 

be 
w;i 
W 

T< 

St^ 
Pc 

so 
ca 
th 

60 

in 

VJ 

ot 
ti 

C( 

si 


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lurg 
He    * 
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ld 

SBOROl'OH 


Ic 


r  government, 
iviile,  and  is  a 
311,  was  made 
iacd,  i»  181C, 


TENNESSEK.  'J' 

Nashville  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state.  It  is  situated 
on  llie  {'uniberland,  in  a  tortile  and  i)(.i)uli)ns  country,  is  a 
tlouri-liius?  town,  and  contained,  in  181ti,  uj.wards  ot  .^UU(> 
iphabitanis— The  other  nuwt  con-iderahh^  towns  ni  West 
Tennesisce.  are  iVankhn,  Faycttevdle,  !-lielbyville,C'olum 
bia,  CUirkesviUc,  Carthage,  and  Gallatin. 

Kno.viille  is  the  largest  town  in  East  Tennessee.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Holston,  and  contained,  m  1818, 
about  l,U>0  inhabitants.— The  other  principal  towns  in 
East  Tennessee,  are  J onesborough,  Greenville,  and  Rog- 

crsville. 

Education.  Four  colleges  have  been  incorporated  m 
Tennessee,  at  Knoxville,  Nashville,  Greenville,  and  m 
Washington  county.  That  at  Greenville  is  the  most  re- 
gpcctabie,  and  has  about  GO  students.  Those  at  Knoxville 
and  Nashville  have  never  gone  into  operation.  Academies 
have  been  established  at  several  places. 

Religion.  The  principal  denominations  are  Baptists, 
Methodists,  and  Prcsltyterians. 

Rivers.  The  largest  rivers  are  the  Tennessee,  Cum- 
berland, Holston,  Clinch,  French-Broad,  Notahacky,  Hi- 
wassec.  Tellico,  Duck,  Ueelfoot,  Obian,  Forked  Deer,  and 

Wolf.  -  .r,.,  ■      T^      . 

Mountains.  Cumberland  or  Great  Laurel  Ridge,  m  Last 
Tennessee,  is  the  principal  range.  Other  mountains  are 
Stone,  Yellow,  Iron,  Bald,  Smoky,  Unaka,  Bay's,  Clinch, 
Powell's,  Copper  Ridge,  and  Welling's  Ridge. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  western  part  is  undulating; 
some  of  it  level ;  the  middle  hilly ;  and  the  eastern  part, 
called  East  Tennessee,  abounds  in  mountains,  many  of 
them  lofty,  and  presenting  a  grand  and  picturesque  scenery. 

Soil.  The  western  part  has  generally  a  black,  rich 
soil ;  in  the  middle  is  much  excellen*  land ;  the  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  are  lean,  but  t.  ere  are  many  fertile 
vallevs. 

Productions.  Cotton  is  the  staple  production.  Wheat, 
other  grains,  tobacco,  grass,  and  fruits  are  extensively  cul- 
tivated. 

Minerals.  The  mineral  productions  are  iron,  copperas, 
coal,  limestone,  gypsum,  nitre,  salt,  alum,  lead,  and  some 

silver. 

9* 


Miacnd Sfmngs.  There  are  several  vulual.lc  suit  f<ininj;?. 
ami  Hoiue  (hat  possess  medicinal  qualities. 

Curiosities.  Tennessee  is  marked  by  bold  features,  ami 
its  mountains,  valleyp,  and  cascaded  render  the  views  sub- 
time.     Curious  caves  are  numerous. 


KENTUCKY 


TOPOORAPHICAL 


m 


m  . 


Counties. 

Adair 

Barren 

Bath 

Boone 

Bracken 

BreckcnbrJdgc 

Bourbon 

Butler 

Bullet 

Clarke 

Casey 

J^Jampbell 

Christian 

Cumberland 

Clay 

Caldwell 

Estle 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Gallatin 

Greenup 

Green 

Grayson 

Garrard 

Henry 

Harrison 

Henderson 

Harden 

HopkiM 


Pop. 

6,011 

11,286 

3,608 
3,451 
3,430 
18,009 
2,131 
4,311 
11,519 
3,285 
3,060 
11,920 
6,191 
2,390 
4,268 
2,081 
21,370 
8,013 
8,947 
3,485 
3,307 
2,369 
6,735 
2,301 
9,186 
6,777 
7,752 
4,703 
7,531 
?j964 


TADLf. 

Chief  towni.  Pop- 

Columbia  n^i 

Glasgow  244 


Augusta  255 

Paris  838 


Winchester 

Liberty 

Newport 

Hopkinsville 

Burkesville 


Lexington 
Frankfort 

Frestonville 
Fort  William 

Greensburgh 


Lancaster 

Newcastle 

Cynthiana 

Henderson 

Elizabeth  Town 

Mad^onvtlle 


533 
33 
413 
131 
106 


4,326 
1,099 


Ic suit  t<iiiing-- 

1  feat  ure»,  and 
he  views  sub- 


nt. 

Pop. 

a 

n.j 

r 

214 

255 


838 


ster 

533 

33 

rt 

413 

sville 

131 

rilte 

106 

on 

4,326 

ORT 

1,099 

ville 

32 

illiam 

120 

burgh 

132 

er 

260 

stie 

126 

ana 

369 

•son 

159 

ith  Town    181 

nvilJe 

37 

.lessuinme 

.leircrsion 

Knox 

Livingston 

Lewis 

Lexington 

Lincohi 

Logan 

Mason 

Mercer 

Madison 

Muhlenburgh 

Montgomery 

Nicholas 

Nelson 

Ohio 

Pulaski 

rcndleton 

Rockcastle 

Scott 

Shelby 

Union 

Wayne 

Washington 

Warren 

Woodford 


Kl^lNTUCKV 

8,377 
13,3UH 
5,876 
3,674 
2,357 

8,670 
12,123 
12,469 
12,630 
15,540 

4,181 
12,975 

4,898 
14,078 

3,632 
•     6,897 

3,061 

1,731 
12,419 
14,837 

5,430 
13,243 
11,937 

9,659 


Nichol.isville 
liouisville 
Barboursville 
Snuthland 


0'^ 

151; 

1.357 

5:. 


Stanlbrd 

iliis'ielvine 

Washington 

Danville 

Uichmond 

Greei>ville 

Mount  SlerliDg 

Bairdstown 
Hartford 
Summerset 
Falmouth 

Georgetown 
Shelbyvillc 

Monticcllo 
Springfield 
Bowling  Green 
Versailles 


532 
815 
432 
366 
7a 
325 


821 
110 

121 

520 
•12! 


210 
154 


406,511 
Chief  io'jins.     Frankfort  is  the  scat  of  government.     It 
l8  situated  on  Kentucky  river  60  -"il^f  ^^^^^  "* ';°7"""','; 
with  the  Ohio,  and  contains  n  stnte  house,  budt  of  rough 
marble,  and  several  other  public  buildmgs. 

Lexington  is  the  largest  town.  It  is  l'!*;»«''f  ,{ .^'^""*^;; 
in  a  very  fertile  country,  on  a  branch  of  the  Elkhorn,  2^ 
miles  ESE.  Frankfort,  is  handsomely  built,  contams  7 
houses  of  public  worship,  and  various  other  public  build- 
ings, and  has  considerable  trade,  and  extensive  manufac- 
tures.    Population,  in  1818,  about  7,000. 

Louisville  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  52  miles  W. 
Frankfort,  is  a  very  flourishing  town,  and  has  a  brisk  trade. 
Population,  in  1 8 1 8,  about  5,000.    The  other  most  ippor- 


100 


KKiN  rUCKV 


w 


tant  towiH  nro  Mnysvillo,  \VnHliii»}(lon,  UninUto'.vii,  I'^ii  i», 
Diinvilli',  KtisHflvillo,  (icorgiMown,  Wiii.lictli  r,  ;mil-Nt\v- 
porl. 

liiiiihi.  TlnTP  hiivo  I  ocri  no  loss  than  ^>')  l>anlc<  iiicor- 
poPHted  ill  IhiH  slate;  liny  arc  not  .ill,  howfver,  in  <>ih)vi\' 
tion. 

Kdiiciiliini.  TIhto  ix  nii  iiislitutioii  i.t  Lexiiiifttin,  stvli'd 
Transylvania  I'nivcrMity,  »vl»irli  lia-  ( inisiilrralilti  InniU. 
Acaili  inics  liavc  hocn  t'slaMi-lnd  at  a  nninluT  of  jilan's. 

lieliifion.  l{a|itisl«,  Methodists,  und  iSt  sl.yterians  an-  the 
most  nnmorons  dcnoininHtiniis  of  cliiisliaiis  in  Kenlucky. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  tin;  Ohio,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  CninbcTland,  Kentucky,  (ireen,  Harren,  l.ick- 
ing,  Miff  Sandy,  Salt,  and  Koliiiijf. 

The  face  of  //to  country  is  agreeably  diversilied.  The 
rastern  pari  i-.  mountainous  and  broken.  The  Cumberland 
mountains  form  the  southeafltern  boundary. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  various,  but  a  considerable  proportion 
of  it  is  very  excellent. 

Productions.  Wheat,  tobacco,  and  hemp  are  the  staple 
productions.  Indian  corn  is  raised  in  great  abundance. 
Rye,  oats,  barley,  buck  wheat,  flax,  apples,  pears,  peach- 
es, and  cherries  are  cultivated. 

Minerab.  Iron,  coal,  marble,  limestone,  lead,  copperas, 
and  alum  are  among  the  minerals. 

Mineral  Springs.  There  is  a  mineral  spring  impregnat- 
ed with  Epsom  salt  near  Harrodsburg.  Olympian  Springs 
are  near  the  sources  of  Licking  river.  There  are  in  the 
state  several  valuable  salt  springs,  from  which  great  quan- 
tities of  salt  are  obtained. 

Curiosities.  The  caves  in  the  SW.  part  of  the  state  are 
frrcat  curiosities.  One,  styled  Mammouth  cave,  130  miles 
tJW.  Lexington,  is  said  to  be  8  or  10  miles  long,  with  u 
great  number  of  avenues  and  windings. 

Cumberland,  Kentucky,  and  Dick's  rivers  have  exca- 
vated the  earth  so  as  to'form  abrupt  precipices  and  deep 
gulfs.  The  precipices  formed  by  Kentucky  river  are  in 
many  places  awfully  sublime,  presenting  perpendicular 
banks  of  3U0  feet  of  ,solid  limestone,  surmounted  with  a 
steep  and  difficult  ascent,  four  times  as  high. 


\di 

\si 

Ml 
Be 
br 
Bu 
Ch 
Oil 
Cl( 
CI 
Co 
Co 
Cu 
Di 
D( 
Fu 
Vn 
Fr 

Gi 
G( 
Gi 
Gi 
H 
H 
I] 
H 
Ji 
J( 
K 
L 
L 
W 
M 
W 


Ulo'vii,  I'liim, 
U  r,  and  Mtw- 

■)  haiilc  iiicor- 
ver,  Ml  o[ii'ri\- 

;iiilf|(in,  stvli'd 
It'iiil)!)!   I'liiuU. 

T  ol"    [lllll  I'S. 

leriaiiH  an*  the 
ill  Kenliicky. 

io,  MiswinHippi, 
Hiirrcn,  Lick- 

srsirteil.  The 
le  Cumberland 

hie  proportion 

are  the  staple 

at   abnnilance. 

pears,  peach- 

ead,  copperas, 

ing  impregnat- 
mpian  Springs 
lere  are  in  the 
ich  great  quan- 

if  the  state  are 
ave,  130  miles 
8  long,  with  ti 

;rs  have  exca- 
jices  and  deep 
J  river  are  in 
perpeniiicular 
lounted  with  a 
1. 


OHIO 


rOFOCHAPIIICAL   TABLi;. 


Ceunliu. 

\(hims 

Vslitabula 

\theiis 

Hclmoiit 

brown 

Butler 

Champaign 

Clark 

Clermont 

Clinton 

Columbiana 

Coshocton 

Cuyahoga 

Dark 

Delaware 

Fairfield 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Gallia 

Geauga 

Guernsey 

Green 

Hamilton 

Harrison 

Highland 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Licking 

Logan 

Madison 

Medina 

Miami 


'J'oHm. 


Pop. 

inio. 


Pop. 

1015. 


II 

9 
9 

G 

3 

17 


7 

\b 
4 
8 

12 
8 
9 
G 

11 


15 
5 

7 

6 
6 


i»,43» 

10,410 

3,200 

'.',791 

3,960 

11,097 

12,200 

11,150 

11,090 

6,303 

10,460 

9,966 

12,240 

2,674 

4,600 

10,878 

13,600 

3,000 

1,469 

2,500 

1,500 

2,000 

5,000 

4,301 

13,660 

1,054 

3,700 

3,486 

6,800 

4,181 

6,000 

2,917 

3,000 

3,051 

4,800 

5,870 

8,000 

16,258 

18,700 

7,300 

5,760 

7,300 

1,500 

17,^60 

15,000 

-%;49 

3,000 

3,852 

6,400 

1,603 

3,100 

3,941 

5,91Q 

C7u</  tOUHI. 

West  Union 

Jellerson 

Athens 

St.  Clairsvilh' 

Kipley 

Hamilton 

Urbana 

Springfield 

Williamsburgh 

Wilmington 

New  Lisbon 

Coshocton 

Cleveland 

Greenville 

Delaware 

New  Lancaster 

Washington 

Franklinton 

Columbus 

Gallipolis 

Chardon 

Camliridgo 

Xtiiia 

Cincinnati 

Cadiz 

Hillsborough 

Huron 

Jackson 

Steubcnville 

IMouut  Vernon 

Newark 

Bclville 

New  London 

Mecca 

Troy 


OHIO. 


11 

10 

!> 
7 

IG 
9 
7 

I'J 

6 
12 


7,7S2 
10,030 


1,200 
i:},7(K) 

11,200 


7,121         9,'iGO 


H,304 

15,514 
3,309 
2,734 
0,r,71 
3,045 
9,926 
6,991 


0,000 

5,f)09 

3,!l()0 

113,(HK) 

;;,«70 

0,r.26 
10,000 

3,tt80 
12,000 

3,000 

7,100 


Woods  field 
Duyton 

ZnnP!*villt' 

Somerxpt 

rirclt'villc 

I'ikoton 

Rnvonna 

K.nton 

Mnntlicid 

Chillicothr 

Portsmouth 

Canton 

VVarroii 

N.l'hiladclpkiu 

Lebiinon 

Mnrictta 

Wooster 


10  J 

Monro*" 

MoiitffonifTy 

Murifirn 

MiHkini^uin 

IV'  rry 

Pickawfiy 

Pike 

PorJ.ijff 

PicliU- 

Kichland 

KoM 

Scioto 

t>tikrk 

Trumbull 

Tu<tcarawas 

Warrori 

Washington 

Wayne 

5S 

Chief  towus.  Columbus  is  the  seat  of  government.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Scioto,  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  46 
miles  N.  Ciiillicothe,  and  contains  a  handsome  state  house. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1812,  and  contained,  in  1817,  about  1,400 
inhnbitaiits. 

Cincinaali  is  the  hirgost  town,  it  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Ohio,  405  miles  below  Pittsburg  by  water,  300  by 
land.  It  is  a  very  flourishing  town,  regularly  laid  out, 
IiandHoiriely  built  of  brick,  ami  has  an  extcMisive  trade  and 
considerable  manufactures.  Population,  in  1810,  2,540, 
and  ill  1819,  about  H),000. 

CldlUankc,  on  the  .^cioto,  93  miles  K.  by  N.  Cincinnati, 
is  the  second  town  in  the  state  in  size,  and  has  a  douribhing 
trade  and  various  mauulactures.  Population,  in  1817,  about 
3,000. 

Uteubenville  and  Zancsville  are  considerable  for  trade 
and  manufactures.  The  other  principal  towns  are  Mariet- 
ta, Dayton,  New  Lancaster,  New  Lisbon,  St.  Clairsville, 
Urbana,  Lebanon,  Circlevillc,  Gallipolis,  &c. 

A'i/(icrt/io».     Three  institutions  styled  universities  hoTe 


320        230,760     322,790 


bfi-n 
cinna 
Athe 
Itt 
iionii 
hytei 
the 

('OI)I 

III  lb 
H 

Hoc 

St.  P 

(  illll 

/• 

stiitt 

I'll. 

el; 

S 
side 
the 
the 

i 
sort 
arc 

abu 


Woods  field 
Duyton 

Zaru!!*villc 

Sonier^tpt 

Circlt'villr 

i'ikiiton 

Uiivi'tinii 

F.aton 

MnnHlii'ld 

Chillicothr 

l'ort«niouth 

Canton 

Warron 

N.l'hiladclphiu 

Lob.inon 

Marietta 

WooHter 


vernmcnt.     It  is 

of  the  state,  46 

onic  state  house. 

817,  about  1,400 

easantly  situated 
y  water,  :500  by 
;ulurly  laid  out, 
LMisive  trade  and 
in  1810,   2,540, 

l)y  N.  Cincinnati, 

has  u  iiouribbing 

jn,  in  1S17,  about 

erable  for  trade 
owns  are  Mariet- 
1,  St.  Clairsville, 

universities  boTC 


OHIO. 


U).i 


bi'i-n  mcorj»oral«'d  m  thin  stittf,  at  Athen*,  Oxiord  .iml  Cin- 
rinnali.  The  nuHl  iniporliinl  is  llw  Ohio  Lniveriity  at 
Athens.  Ariuleniiot  iiave  been  OHtal)bihfd  it)  I)  or  10  places. 
Itfliffion.  The  nuniber  i>r  ministers  of  the  several  de- 
noniinalions  in  Ohio  was  staled,  in  11(17,  as  follows  ;  Pre«- 
bylniaiisin}  Methodists  ;»» ;  Haptists  IM  New  LiKhta  of 
the  ehrixtian  fhuirh  !) ;  Sece<hTS  «  ;  Kpiscopulions  ;»; 
Coi)f?re((iitionalists  .1 ,  the  niunber  of  meetings  of  Friend* 
III  Ibis  state  and  in  Indiana,  b\). 

Hirrn.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ohio,  Muskingunv, 
Mockhorking,  Scioto,  Groat  and  Little  Mmmi,  Aa-Olaize, 
St,  Mai\'s,  Sandusky,  Iluron,Vermillion,  Illiick, Cuyahoga, 
(Iraiid,  iind  Ashtnhula. 

Face  of  the  amilrn.  The  surface  of  a  great  pnrt  of  the 
■date  in  much  divfiHitiod,  but  theie  are  no  high  mounlnins. 
The  iiorllicrn  p;irtr,  lowiinls  l.ak.  Krie,  are  generally  lev- 
el ;  the  eastern  ind  loiitbeasterii  hilly  and  broken. 

6oi/.  A  large  proiiortio.i  of  the  >ioil  is  fertile,  and  a  con- 
siderable part  is  voi>  excellent.  The  country  watero'l  by 
the  Scii  to  ,ind  the  Great  and  Little  Miamies,  is  nccounled 
the  most  tVrtiie  part. 

Produclionn.  Wheat  is  the  staple  proiluction.  Other 
sorts  of  grain,  various  kimls  of  fruit,  grass,  hemp,  and  flax 
are  extensively  cultivated. 

Minerali.  Iron  ore,  coal,  limestone,  and  freestone  are 
abundant.     There  are  also  valuable  salt  springs. 


INDIANA. 

roPooRArmcAi.  table. 

Counliet. 

Pop.  in  1015. 

Chief  lawis. 

Clark 

7,000 

Charlestowu 

Crawford 
Dearborn 

4,426 

Lawrenccburg 

Davis 

Dubois 

Franklin 

Gibson 

7,970 

5,;);J0 

Brookvillc 
Princeton 

Harrison 
Jackson 

6,7G9 

CoRVDON 

Brownstown 

u 


»0I 


INDIANA, 

Jefferson 

4,093 

Madison 

Jennings 

Vernon 

Knox 

6,800 

Vincenncs 

Lawipnce 

Monroe 

Orange 

Paoli 

F'erry 

3,000 

Troy 

Posey 
Sullivan 

:^,ooo 

Harmony 

Fort  Harrison 

Switzerland 

3,500 

Vevay 

Warwick 

tl,(30G 

Darlington 

Washington 

3,000 

Salem 

Wayne 

6,200 

Salisbury 

Total 


07,784 


Chief  tor»ns.  Corydon  is  the  present  seat  of  government. 
It  is  a  small  town  25  miles  SW.  Louisville,  and  was  com- 
menced in  1809.  . 

Vmcennes,  on  the  Wabash,  100  mdes  from  the  Ohio,  is 
the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  contains  about  150  hous- 
es. The  other  iirincipal  towns  are  Vevay,  Brookville, 
.leffersonvillc,  Madison,  and  Princeton. 

Education.  There  is  an  academy  at  Vincennes  ;  but  no 
rollege  has  yet  been  established  in  this  gtate. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ohio,  Wabash, 
White  River,  Whitewater,  Tippecanoe,  Illinois,  Plein, 
Theakiki,  St.  Joseph's,  and  St.  Mary's. 

Face  of  the  country.  There  are  no  mountains  in  this 
state  Towards  the  Ohio  the  country  is  hilly ;  farther 
north  it  is  mostly  level,  or  moderately  uneven.  There  arc 
many  prairies,  or  natural  meadows,  some  of  them  ex- 
fending  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 

Soil.  A  large  proportion  of  the  soil  both  of  the  timber- 
ed land  and  the  prairies,  is  fertile. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
rye,  oats,  barley,  buck  wheat,  pulse,  beef,  pork,  butter, 
whiskey,  peach  brandy,  and  in  the  southern  part   some 

cotton.  . 

Minerals.    The  mineral  productions  are  coal,  limestone. 

freestone,  silver,  and  salt. 


lisoit 
non 
ccnncs 


ili 

'y 

rmony 

•t  Harrison 

I'iiy 

rlington 

em 

isbury 


t  of  governmenl. 
Ic,  and  was  com- 

irom  the  Ohio,  is 

1  about  150  hous- 
vay,  Brookville, 

incennes ;  but  no 
ate. 

2  Ohio,  Wabash, 
!,   Illinois,   Plein, 

Mountains  in  this 
is  hilly;  farther 
;ven.  There  arc 
ne    of  them  ex- 

oth  of  the  tiraber- 

leat,  Inilian  corn, 
eef,  pork,  butter, 
ithern  part   some 

re  coal,  limestone. 


ILLINOIS. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 

'.ountui. 

Pop.  in  1810. 

Chief  towm. 

Bond 

1,382 

Perrysville 

Crawfonl 

2,07  1 

ICdvvards 

1,940 

Palmyra 

Friuikliii 

GOO 

Gallatin 

3,236 

Shawneetowu 

.lackson 

1 ,294 

Brownsville 

Johnson 

ti7IJ 

Madison 

5,45G 

Edwardsville 

Monroe 

1,350 

Ilarrisonvillo 

PltjIO 

1,975 

Riuidolph 

2,939 

Kaskaskia 

St.  (;iair 

4,519 

Belleville 

Union 

2,482 

Washington 

1,707 

While 

3,539 

Carmi 

'^li 


Total  35,220 

Chief  towns.  Kaskaskia  is  the  seat  of  government.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Kaskaskia,  G  miles  E.  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  contains  about  IGO  houses. — The  other  most  consider- 
able towns  arc  Shawneetown,  Cahokia,  Edwardsville, 
Brownsville,  Belleville,  Carmi,  and  Alton. 

Rivers.  The  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  Wabash  form  about 
two  thirds  of  the  whole  boundary  of  this  state.  The  other 
most  considerable  rivers  are  the  Illinois,  Kaskaskia,  Muddy, 
Saline,  Little  Wabash,  Michilimackinack,  Crow  Meadow, 
Rainy,  Vermillion,  Mine,  Spoon.  Rocky,  and  Sangamoin. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  southern  and  middle  parts  of 
Illinois  are  mostly  level  or  moderately  uneven.  The 
northwestern  part  is  hilly  and  broken,  but  there  are  no 
hirrh  mountains.  It  has  been  cstim.ated  that  as  much  as 
two  thirds  of  the  whole  state  consist  of  open  prairie. 

Soil     A  large  proportion  of  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 

Productions.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  flax,  hemp, 
oats,  and  in  the  southern  parts  some  cotton. 

Alinerals.     Iron,  copper,  lead,  coal,  and  salt. 
10 


;  *  » 


MKIIIGAN  TEKKIT0R\. 


roi'OCRAl'IIICAI. 

TADl.K. 

Pop. 

1)  or>7 

rtnn 

1,311) 

f)0o  ■ 

t!15 

Dislncls,  Pop.  Pop. 

Potroit  <>.'}Q1  Dk.troit  770 

Krie 

Huron 

I\licl»ilimackinack 

•1,762 

Chief  town.  Detroit,  the  cliief  town,  is  r-itualed  on  De- 
troit river,  between  Lakes  St.  Clair  and  Erie,  18  miles  N. 
ot'tlie  W.  end  of  the  latter,  and  9  S.  of  the  former,  and  has 
>oine  trade,  particularly  in  furs  and  peltry. 

Michiliinackinack^  ii  village  on  an  island  of  the  same  name, 
'200  miles  NNW.  Detroit,  contains  upwards  of  100  houses. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  St.  .Joseph's,  Black, 
•ilarame,  Barbice,  Raisin,  (irand,  Mastigon,  White,  Rocky, 
lleauvais,  St.  Nicholas,  Marguerite,  Monistic,  Aux  Sables, 
Grand  Traverse,  and  Saganaum. 

Face  of  the  country.  There  arc  no  mountains.  The  land 
in  the  middle  is  elevated,  descending  in  all  directions. 

Soil.     A  large  proportion  at  the  soil  is  fertile. 

Production.':.  The  productions  are  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
lye,  fruits,  &c. 

NORTH  WEST  TERRITORY. 

But  very  few  settlements  have  yet  been  made  in  this 
country. 

Rivers.  The  chief  rivers  arc  the  Mississippi,  Ouiscon- 
sin,  Fox,  Menomonie,  Chippevvay,  Coppermine,  Rocky, 
Montreal,  St.  Louis,  and  St.  Croix. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  country  is  moderately  uneven, 
and  in  some  parts  hilly. 

Soil.  There  are  excellent  alluvial  tracts  on  many  ol 
the  rivers,  and  much  of  the  upland  has  a  good  soil. 

Mines.     Mines  of  lead  and  copper  are  found. 

Indimis.  Menomonies,  Winnebagoes,  and  some  other 
Tribes  inhabit  this  country. 


Tl 

byFi 
as  clii 
Facif' 
'•issip 
isyel 
Di 
corpc 
t>ianii 

of  tll( 

govei 

'   Mo 

range 

Rii 

tains, 
I'lattf 
River 

iind  d 
Colun 
and  C 

Cm 
clescei 
cascai 

Th 

'he  nr 
110  n 

iiosit} 

jiondi( 

iivcr 

iiiiii,'* 

:uecii 

'Doiinl 


Pof. 

770 


situated  on  De- 
arie, 18  miles  N. 

former,  and  has 
r. 

f  the  same  name, 
Is  of  100  houses. 
Joseph's,  Black, 
1,  White,  Rocky, 
Stic,  Aux  Sables, 

itains.     The  land 
II  directions, 
fertile, 
eat,  oat3,  harley. 


DRY. 

?en  made  in  this 

sissippi,  Ouiscon- 
pennine.  Rocky, 

adersitely  uneven. 

racts  on  many  of 

.  good  soil. 

found. 

and  some  other 


LOUISIANA. 

The  country  of  Louisiana  was  ceded  to  the  United  States 
by  France  in  1G05,  for  15  millions  of  dollars.  It  extends, 
as  claimed  by  the  United  States,  from  the  Mississippi  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  A  small  poition  of  it  lies  east  of  the  Mis- 
'•issippi.  Rut  a  very  small  part  of  this  immense  territory 
is  yet  purchased  of  the  Indians, 

Divisions.  A  small  portion  of  this  country  has  been  in- 
corporated with  the  state  of  Mississippi ;  the  stale  of  Lciu- 
tsiana  has  been  set  off  from  the  SE.  part,  and  that  portion 
I'f  the  remainder  which  is  settled,  has  been  formed  into  two 
governments,  Missouri  Territory,  and  Arkunsaw  Territory. 

Mountains.  The  Rocky  mountains,  a  long  and  broad 
range,  are  the  principal. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers,  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, are  the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Osage,  Bighorn,  La 
I'latte,  Kansas,  Yellowstone,  Arkansaw,  Red  River,  White 
River,  St.  Francis,  Ouachitta,  Moines,  St.  Peter's,  Sabine, 
imd  del  Norte.  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  the 
Columbia  and  its  branches,  the  Multnomah,  Lewis's  river, 
imd  Clark's  river. 

Curiosities.  At  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Missouri  the  river 
descends,  in  the  space  of  18  miles,  357  feet.  The  greatest 
cascade  is  87  feet  perpendicular. 

The  place  where  the  Missouri  makes  its  escape  from 
'he  mountains,  called  (he  Gates  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
110  miles  above  the  falls,  presents  an  object  of  great  cu- 
iiosity-.  For  the  distance  of  5i  miles  the  rocks  rise  per- 
jiondicularly  from  the  wateis  edge  nearly  1,200  fort.  The 
iivcr  is  compressed  to  the  width  of  150  yards,  and  for  ;> 
:iiil.'-i  there  is  but  one  sjiot  on  which  a  man  can  .-tan  !  be- 
iveoii  the  water  and  tho  perpoiidicular  <i-cont  of  Uie 
'DOiiiifairi 


>m 


[  < 


Paruhei. 
Ascension 
Assumption 
Avoyelles 

Baton  Rouge  (West) 
( 'oncordia 
Iberville 

Interior  of  La  Fourcbe 
Natchitoches 
Ouachitta 
Ocatahoola 
Orleans 
Plaquemines 
Point  Coupee 
Rapides 
St.  Bernard 
St.  Charles 
St.  James 
St.  .lohn  Baptiste 
St.  Landre,  Opelousas 
St.  Mary's  &.  St.  Mar-  . 

tin's,  Attacapas 
Baton  Koufife  (East) 
Now  rcliciana 
St.  Helena 
St.  Tammany 

Total 


LOUISIANA. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 

Sq.  miles. 


350 
500 
TOO 
850 
2,100 
;550 
2,500 
10,600 
4,000 
2,000 
1,300 
1,500 
600 
0,300 
400 
300 
170 
150 
7,600 

.^lOO 


415,220 


Pop. 
2,219 
2,472 
1,109 
1,463 
2,875 
2,679 
1,995 
2,870 
1,077 
1,164 
24,552 
1,549 
4,539 
2,300 
1,020 
3,291 
3,955 
2,990 
5,048 

7,369 


10,000 


8G,5uG 


53  Srzir^^:;;«i-^ 


to 

MI 

at 

N 
ri 
D 

O 

th 

o 

V( 
vi 

B( 
ne 

o» 

N 
of 
li» 

so 

«a 


.Ul 

th 

Cf 

Hi 

Lf 
N 


Pop. 

2,219 

2,472 

1,109 

1,463 

2,875 

2,679 

1,995 

2,870 

1,077 

1,164 

24,552 

1,549 

4,539 

2,300 

1,020 

3,291 

3,955 

2,990 

) 

5,048 

) 

7,369 

0 


10,000 


8G,55G 


nly  large  town.  It  is 
■,\\)\)'\,  100  miles  by  the 

is  ailmirably  siluat- 
one  of  the  largest  riv- 
3  branches,  extemhng 
liroctions,  waft  to  thi- 

It  is  a  very  flourishing 


LOnsiWA. 


lO'J 


t.nvn,  and  has  ah'oaily  Iiccomo  nnr  of  the  gi'eato>l  (.inpori- 
'ims  of  roninicrii^  in  America,  I'ojinhitiori,  in  1810, 17,242, 
ami  in  1!!1!J,  estimated  al  :il!,0()0. 

.Valriiilnckrs,  on  Hcd  river,  200  mih-  in  a  ri^hl  line  NW. 
New  Orleans,  contains  jiliout  I.'jO  houses.  The  other  prie.- 
ripal  towns  are  Alexandria,  St.  Martinsville,  Baton  Rouge, 
Donaldsonville,  Opeloiisiis,  and  Madisonville. 

Education.  There  is  a  Roman  Catholic  college  in  New 
Orleans  ;  and  academies  have  been  established  at  two  or 
three  places. 

liivrrs.  The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Mississippi,  Red, 
Ouachitta,  iJlack,  Tensaw,  Saiiine,  Calcnsin,  Mermenlau, 
Vermillion,  Atchatalaya,  Teche,  Pearl,  Amite,  and  Iber- 
ville. 

Lakes.  The  largest  lakes  are  Ponchartrain,  Maurcpas, 
Borgne,  Chetimaches,  Mermentau,  Calcasiu,  Sabine,  Bisli- 
neau,  Bodcan,  and  Ocatahoola. 

The  face  of  tlic  country  is  mostly  level ;  towards  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  it  abounds  with  marshes  and  prairies  ;  and  the 
NW.  part  is  undulating.  Upwards  of  10,000  square  miles 
of  this  state,  that  is,  more  than  one  fifth  of  the  whole,  is 
liable  to  be  inundated  by  the  overflowing  of  the  rivers. 

Soil.  A  large  j)roportion  of  the  state  has  a  very  fertile 
soil. 

Productions.  The  staple  productions  are  cotton  and  su- 
gar. Rice  is  cultivated  in  considerable  qtiantilie*.  Vari- 
'us  kinds  of  grain  and  fruit  are  common. 


MISSOURI. 

This  territory,  in  1810,  was  divided  into 
and  contained  20,095  inhabitants.  In  1818 
the  following  counties. 

Counties.  Chief  towns 

Cape  Girardeau  Jackson 


Howard 
Lawrence 
Madison 
New  Madrid 

Chief  to~Jcns. 


Franklin 
Lawrence 


Counties, 
St.  Charles 
St.  Genevieve 
St.  Louis 


Frederickfn    Washington 
Winchester 

St.  Louis  is  the  chi<;f  tov?n. 
10* 


live  districts, 
it  comprised 

Chief  towns. 
St.  Charles 
St.  GenevVo 
St.  Locis 
Potosi 

It  H  situated 


I  i 


i  I 


"  I 


The  olhor  most  importiint  towns  arc  t>t.  Charles,  M.  ut 
nevoive,  FraiiUlin,  and  Jiickson.  .»•    ••     •   t\.t;. 

livcrl      Tho  ,.rinci,.al  rivors  are  the  M.^siSMpi..,  Mi^- 
.ouri,Os;,o.e,  Gran.l,  Charlatan,  Ma rameck,  St.  I- ranc,  and 

^^  !w  '"' A  larc^e  proportion  of  the  soil  i«  very  fertile.  On 
the  verf  (here  are  extensive  tract,  of  alluv .al  land,  u  uch. 
when  not  subject  to  inundation,  are  ot  exce   er.t  .,  al.^  . 

Productions.     The  productions  are  ^vhtn.t,  Ind  ,  n  c  n 
rye,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  white  clover,  tnnothv,  and  blu. 

^'"'Sah  springs  nre  abundant,  and  afford  a  great  supply  of 

'''^Lead  mine.,.  The  famous  lead  mines  lie  about  40  miles 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  ore  is  very  abundant,  and  so 
Jxciedingly  rich,  that  one  hundred  pounds  of  ore  w.ll  pro- 
ihice  8U  or  90  of  lead.  ,    „      ^^„ 

An  act  to  erect  this  territory  into  a  state  w.is  before  Con- 

gress  in  February,  1819  ;  and  it  is  expected  th.s  will  pass 

at  the  next  session. 


ARKANSAW  TERRITORY. 


This  tract  of  country  was  erected  into  a  territorial  gov- 

^■^pT;L;L\'1«"i310,'  1,0G2,  and  in  1817,  estnnated  at 

^'T«n      The  post  or  small  town  of  Arkansaw  is  situated 
mi  the  river  Arkansaw,  65  miles  from  its  mouth. 

/ft.rr  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Miss.ss.pp.,  Ar- 
kansaw.  White,  and  Ouachitta.  n      *.. 

Soi  Lc.  A  great  part  of  the  land  bordermg  on  the  Ar- 
k.n'  w  is  illuvial,  and  where  not  subject  to  u,undat.on,  is 
oxrellent.     The  country  watered  by  White  river  is  de- 

ocribod  as  very  fertile.  ,  i„k„.,4o,i  fnr 

AWuml  Springs.  The  Hot  Sprwgs  arc  celebrated  for 
th.ir  .dkac?  in  curing  or  relieving  chrome  P^"''  P;\ 
ralvt.c  affections.  The  temperature  m  th^'I^Xf  \;^;^;"t 
IS  at  the  boiling  point ;  hut  is  subject  to  considerable  >  ana 
tioiJ. 


Tl 
Flori 

CI 
and  I 
the  ( 
mils 

1\ 
safe 

Nev 

East 

J{ 

icoli 

.S' 
half 
milt 

7 
hilh 

.S 
leaf 
ferl 

1 
indJ 

1 
tim 

/ 
dial 


ro) 
Shi 


lis;  town,  anil 
about  4,000. 
arloi*,  St.  Ot- 

ssissippi,  Mis- 
t.  Francis,  anil 

\f  fertile.     On 
,il  land,  which. 

ont  (lualil)' 
[,  Imliiin  corn, 
otliy,iinil  l>lui' 

real  supply  o* 

about  40  miles 
luntlant,  and  so 
of  ore  will  pro- 

vas  before  Con- 
id  this  will  pass 


territorial  gov- 

7,  estimated  at 

nsaw,  is  situated 
mouth. 
Mississippi,  Ar- 

loring  on  the  Ar- 
to  inundation,  is 
hite  river  is  de- 

rc  celebrated  for 
aic  pains  and  pa- 
he  dryest  seasons 
jnsiderable  varia- 


FLOlllUA. 

'i'iii^  country  was,  in  UG:^,  divided  uilo  two  parts,  KL(^; 
Florida  and  West  Florida. 

CliieftdXL'Hs.  St.  Augustine  is  the  capital  of  East  Florulii. 
and  contains  aitout  5t)0  houses,  built  of  stone,  forni.il  b\ 
the  concretion  of  shells.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  which  ai'.- 
mits  vessels  drawiii'jr  15  feet  of  water. 

Pensucuta  is  the  chief  town  in  West  Florida.  It  has  a 
safe  and  excellent  harbour,  which  admits  vessels  tlrawiii- 
22  feet  of  water.  Fojiulation  about  2,000.  St.  M;irk-. 
New  Smyrna,  and  Apalachia,  are  in  the  western  i)ait  oi' 
East  Florida. 

Rivers.  The  largest  rivers  are  the  St.  Johns,  Appalacli- 
icola,  Suwanny,  St.  Marks,  Conecuh,  and  Perdido. 

Simmp.  The  great  swamp  ()ua(|uaphenogaw  is  about 
half  in  Fast  Florida,  and  half  in  Georgia,  and  is  nearly  300 
miles  in  circumference. 

The  face  of  the  couiitnj  is  mostly  level.  A  range  ol  low 
hills  extends  through  the  peninsula  of  East  Florida. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  generally  barren,  covered  \m1Ii  long 
leaf  pine  ;  but  on  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  swamps,  it  is  very 
fertile. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  rice,  collon,  sugar, 
indigo,  Indian  corn,  oranges,  lemons,  tigs,  &:c. 

Population.     The  population,  exclusive  of  Indians,  is  es- 
timated at  12.000.    The  inhabitants  mostly  reside  in  towns. 
Indians.     The  Scinincles  are  the  principal  tribe  of  In- 
dians in  Florida, 


SPANISH  POSSESSIONS. 

The  Spanish  possessions  in  North  America  are  the  vice 
royalty  of  IMexico,  or  New  Spain,  and  the  captain-general- 
ship of  Guatimala. 


m 


W 

fUi 


14 


^H"' 


MIAILO,  OR  NF.W  Sl'AlN. 


Divmo„!>.     This  coumry  i^  diNiJcd  into  15  int.Midcncic. 
or  jiiovinco^. 

Pop.  in  inO?..     Chiifcitin. 
i:),GUU     Lnrt'tu 
H,UOO     Moiitenv 
40,'iUO     Saiitii  I'f 

N.t!i^cay,or  Durango  150,700  j  (•["''iSua 

»2i,Joo|;^;;X 

^Jl,900  ^  M,j,.te,.ey 
1:j3,300     Ziicatecas 
G.iO.'iOO     (iiiadalaxara 
517,300     Guanaxuato 


I'll}}  incM. 
Dill  t'aliroiiii:i 
New  Caliloniia 
New  Mexico 


Sonora 

St.  Luis  Poto-i* 


Zncatecas 
(iuailalaxara 
Guanaxuato 
Mcclioacan  orVal- 
ladotid 

'Mexico 


370,400     Mechoacan 

1  r  1 1  onn  ^  Mexico 
'''^^''"O^'inneretaro 


Pop. 

700 

3,f.0O 

12,000 

11,600 

7,000 

9,600 

12,000 

1 1 ,000 

33,000 

10,500 

Gl»,000 

18,000 

137,000 
35,000 


Cruz 


r,       .  ,        o  ,  o  .,nr^  <  ''"^ ''•'»  <'«  loS  AngelosCO,000 

Tlascala,  or  Pucbla    813,300  ?  ^.,^^^,,j|.^  i6,000 

20,000 
13,000 
21,000 
10,000 
0,000 


Vera  C  ruz  luG,000  |  x.,i,,p.^ 

Oaxaca,  or  Guaxaca  , 53 1,800     Cuaxaca 
Yucatan,  or  Menda     100,800  ^  (^<. 


ampeacliy 

5,840,000 

Chief  cities.  Mexico,  the  capital,  is  the  most  populou3 
.itv  in  North  America.  It  is  -ituated  in  a  beauti  ul  valley, 
..le'vated  7,470  feet  above  tlie  ocean,  near  the  lake  iez- 
.■uco,  and  the  houses  are  mostly  founded  on  piles.  1-ew 
.ities  in  the  world  will  bear  a  comparison  with  this  for  the 
svidth  and  re!?ularitv  of  its  street-,  and  the  splendour  ot  its 
editices.  It  contains  ui)wards  of  100  churches,  and  vari- 
ous other  public  buildings,  which  are  richly  decorated. 

Puebla  dc  los  Angelas,  05  miles  ESE.  Mexico,  is  a  poim^ 

*  This  intendency  comprehends  the  province  of  Coaguilla,  New 
Leon,  Texas,  and  New  Santander. 


U 

M 


0  15  inlfndoncici' 


Pnp. 
700 

3,r-o(» 

12,0U() 

n,i;uo 

7,CI00 
9,600 
12,000 
11,000 
33,000 
19,500 
G0,000 

18,000 


la 


'otosi 


aril 
\{n 

an 


137,000 

•o  35,000 

'.  losAngelosCO,000 

16,000 

IZ  20,000 

13,000 

21,000 

10,000 

:hy  6,000 

he  most  popnlou3 
ii  beautiful  valley, 
L>ar  the  lake  Tez- 
ed  on  pile?.  Few 
in  witli  this  for  the 
he  splendour  of  its 
lurches,  and  vari- 
richly  decorated, 
^lexico,  is  a  popu-- 

ce  of  Coaguilla,  New 


MI-.XICO. 


113 


lou^  and  wealthy  city.     The  Hlreelt  arc  «ide  and  .Ira.^ht, 
:md  the  houses  moMlv  of  stone,  eleajant  and  lolty. 

limnaximto,   1  Hi  mih-  N\V.  Mexico,  is  a  wealthy  city, 
famous  for  its  mines  of  t,'old  and  silver. 

Zacatccus,  'Jill  miles  NIMW.  Mexico,  is  situated  u»  a  very 
mountaino.is  c.-untry,  and  hiis  very  rich  silver  nnues. 

I'tm  Cm:,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  Jhyjinko,  on  tlip 
Tacific  Ocean,  are  the  prinripal  seiiports  ot  Mexico. 

Po,ndonon.  The  population  of  Mexico  wa.  ^^^"^■^''^^ 
miaoC.at  upwards  of  6,500,000,  ot  which  neiirly  3,000,0t>0 
are  compuled  t- he  Indians,  and  l,'JOl),(H)()  white-. 

R(li:Li.  The  religion  is  Uoman  Catholic.  There  are 
I  arcld.ishop,  8  l.ishops,  and  ahout  1  1,000  clergy. 

E,luc,aion.  There  is  a  university  in  the  city  of  Mexico, 
composed  of  150  doctors  in  all  the  faculties.  1  here  i.re 
also  collei?e«  in  several  places  ;  hut  literary  institutions  are 
badlv  cdiulucled,  and  education  generally  much  ne?rlected. 
Rivers  The  largest  rivers  of  Mexico,  which  How  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  are  the  del  Norte,  Colorado  de  Texas, 
Brasses,  Trinity,  Nueces,  and  Gumhiloupe.  Ihe  Colorado, 
Gila,  and  lliatiui  How  into  the  Gulf  of  Cahtornia. 

Mounmins.  The  Cordilleras  of  Mexico  arc  the  highest 
mountains  in  North  America.  I'opocatepet  ,  the  most  ele- 
vated summit,  is  17,710  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea 

Face  or  the  country.  The  lands  on  both  coasts  are  low. 
Thence  Uiere  is  a  gradual  ascent  till  the  country  attains 
tlie  elevation  of  6,000  or  8,000  feet  above  the  level  ol  the 
ocean,  when  it  spreads  out  into  extensive  plmns,  called  ta- 
ble land.  On  these  plains  mountains  occasionally  rise, 
who?e  tops  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

ClimaU:  The  climate  on  the  sea  coasts  is  hot,  and  in 
c^eneral  unhealthy.  On  the  table  land  at  the  elevation  ot 
4  or  5.000  feet,  tlicair  is  very  mild  and  salubrious ;  at  the 
elevation  of  upwards  of  7.000  feet,  it  becomes  cold. 
Soil.  The  soil  of  the  table  land  is  very  tertile. 
Mines.  Mexico  is  one  of  the  richest  countries  in  the 
world  in  mineral  productions,  and  r  great  part  ot  the  in- 
habitants are  e  .ployed  in  the  mines.     1  he  mining  stations 

exceed  450  ■  ^     r  i    i;    .  ,„vn 

Productions.  The  productions  consist  of  Indian  coin, 
wheat,  fruits  of  dilTerent  kinds,  bananas,  manioc,  vamlla, 
cocoa,  cochineal,  logwood,  and  mahogany 


.'•  I 


GUATl.MAI.A. 

I'hciaiiliuii-£!;»'n«Miil''lui»orGtiiitinmlai9  divitlcd  into  the 
<iix  rollowini,'  iu'DviiicJ"'. 


Provinces, 
Chiiipii 
V(M';(  V:\7. 
(iiiiitirnala 


Chief  loicm, 
Chiapii 
\'tra  Paz 

tiLAllMALA 


Protinfts.  Chief  townt. 

Iltinitina-t  Valladolid 

.Niraraf,'iia  Leon 

Coslii  Uicii  Curlhiiue 

V„puUithui.  Tliis  country  i-*  "aid  to  he.  the  most  j.opii- 
loiis  jiart  of  Spani-^h  Amirica  ;  and  Ww  population  lian  been 
-tatod  hy  the  Spainsli  I'atiiols  at  l,!iU(»,Otlt)- 

Lhhf  loKHs.  (imuhiuihi,  the  capital  of  tlic  country,  is 
situated  near  the  I'acilic.  Ocean,  on  the  Kio  Vaccas,  and 
has  a  good  hailiour.  It  is  a  niagnilicent  phico,  adorned 
with  ciitiicluis  and  niona«feries,  and  contains  a  university, 
and  ahout  i.'0,UU()  inhalutants. 

Tlie  other  most  cunsiderahle  towns,  hesidcs  the  capital 
towns  of  the  provinces  iil)ove  enumerated,  are  C'hiapa  de 
los  ludios,  (-irenada,  Truxillo,  Onioa,  and  Sansonate.  Chi- 
apa  (If  los  Indios  is  said  to  he  the  largest  town  m  the  coun- 
try, and  to  contain  "20,1)00  Indian-. 

IVivcn  and  Lakes.  The  largest  rivers  are  the  Ciuapa 
and  [\iu  St.  Juan.  The  iukes  arc  those  of  Nicaragua  and 
I.ecii. 

Muiaiiaiiis.  Tlie  country  is  mountainous,  but  the  partic- 
ular  ridges  are  but  httle  kilown.  As  many  as  20  volcanoes 
have  been  diHcnveied,  some  of  which  are  terrific  and  in 
constant  action. 

S:,it.  'I'lie  general  appearance  of  the  soil,  except  in  the 
neighourhood  of  the  volcanoes,  is  exceedingly  fertile. 

Product iunt;.  The  country  in-oduces  an  abundance  of 
grain,  cochineal,  honev,  wax,  cotton^  sugar  cane,  indigo, 
(linienlo,  and  chocolate,  in  some  parts  three  crops  of 
mai/e  are  produced  in  one  year.  The  bay  ol  Honduras  is 
celehr.-led  for  its  trade  in  logwood  and  in.diogany,  which 
form  the  most  important  articles  of  producq  in  the  province 

of  that  name.  ', 

Climate.  The  climate  is  considerably  various,  iii  some 
parts  sultry,  hot,  and  unhealthy;  in  others  agreeable  and 
h.ilul'rious.'  It  is  better  in  the  western  parts  than  in  the 
C'tstern, 


Th 

Ull^ 


CO 

'■J 


iviilctl  into  the 

Chit/iottnt. 

Vnlladohd 
;t        Loon 
ii       Carlhiii^c 

h^^  iiio^t  |)0|)u- 
liilioii  liiiH  been 

tlie  country,  is 
io  Viiccas,  and 
|daco,  adorned 
IS  a.  university, 

dcs  the  capital 
are  C'liiapa  de 
intonate.  Clii- 
vn  in  the  couii- 

ire  the  Chiapa 
Nicaragua  and 

I  but  the  partic- 

as  20  volcanoes 

terrific  and  in 

1,  except  in  the 
i^ly  fertile. 
I  abundance  of 
ar  cane,  indigo, 
three  crops  of 
of  Honduras  is 
iliogany,  »vhich 
in  the  province 

avious,  in  some 
,  agreeable  and 
rts  than  in  tlie 


The  West  Indii 
'I'lie  most  consiile 
iiig  table. 

laland), 

Itahama 
Providence 
Aliaco,  &.r. 

f'ulia 

St.  Domingo 

.lairiaira 
I'orto  Hico 


.St.  Thomas 

Santa  Cm/ 

Tortola 

Angiiilla 

St.  i'.ustatiii 

St.Christophei 

Nevis 

.\ntigua 

Montserral 

Mariegaiante 

Guadaloujie 

Dominica 


WEST  INDIES. 

I  Islands  arc  divided  into  several  pronpn 
rable  islands  arc  exhibited  in  the  follow 


I.gth.Iirdih.  Pop. 
liuhitma*. 


( hi{f  toum- 


l.'),UU()  Nassau 


lircat  AntiUes. 
7G0     90  .t;V,',()(M) 

110   137  70(),()()() 


Ilavannali 

i  (ape    llenrv , 

(  SI.  Domingo 


Kingston 


\2i    .|;i  ;iou,(to(i 

110     'M  irj<»,(XJO  Sl.luandePortoRici 

Le.fjiurd  l.yhtiul:. 


ca 
-■J 


II 
H) 
10 
30 


t; 
.} 

10 


.'),050 

2!i,8l'> 

i(),rj2o 


Martinico 
Harbadoes 
St.  T.ucia 
St.  Vincent 
(Irenada 
Tobago 
L  Trinidad 

Margarita 
Cura5oa 
Btien  Ayre 


20.000 
19       f.     'J7,l);)0 

7       li       !t,l()0 
1(1      11      35,7.39 

9  5  10,7rjO 
1'..',  HlO 
'10  ,57  140,000 
'21  I'J  2G,199 
IVindward  IsUuidn 
30     22     95,20() 


Port  Franco 
Santa  ('in/. 
Road  Harbour 

The  I!a\ 
liasseteire 
Charleston 
St.  John'-i 


18 
25 
13 
17 

24 

77 


12 
10 
10 
10 
0 
55 


<U!,0()0 
1  I.199 
18,550 
21,1(00 
1(3,103 
2,5,215 


Lesser  Antilles. 
11,000 
30     10 


Rasselerre 
lUjseau 

St.  Pierre 
nridgelowTi 

Kingston 
St.  George 
.Scarborough 
Port  of  Spair 

Asuncion 
Curaijoa 


\]'\ 


%'V'^' 


1,^  WKST  INDIKS. 

„«.  .n.l  Santa  ^'''''/^  '^T,       .,;.         U'o.    lo  Hollan.l ; 
1  Mais;.»nlii  t.Min-  a  iMft  o1  M'm/n«i    , 

,,;:'::;;.,,:iili;";;:uu.:^.'.-" '■-■ «"""- 

luridMs  hiiri-K  aii<-«t.  wland*  i"  very  fertile 

;,j  i,t;ilucco,..ee.wax,andhu,K.y. 

>     '■  CUBA. 

tl.e  nliole  UnRll'  "»  }'";  'r'''""^  ,„.;,«  plains  and  moa.lows. 
'     '  ''tr  S'S.'n^iVr^tor^i  produce,  the.... Uo- 

'"ni,:;^'"' '£•  temperature  is  warm  and  dry  ;  nulder 
than  that  of  St.  l~>°"';"g"; „,j^„j  ^,„c3  of  copper  and  load- 

„,  ,|,c  .,t»,.l,  ™,!  .-•;.-;  ;:     "'"iS ,.     Amons  11.0 

irmlo,  ami  conta.       '      •'  "l  ,       "    ,...i„ciT>0,  &  Tr  "i<W 


: 


1 

flV< 

."1 

Ilia 

r 

ffT 
( 

the 

5UII 

tain 
not 
( 
Tro 
situ 

I 

con 


.1 

'j 

vati 

ens 

pan 
( 

on  I 
buu 
Spa 
rab 


I 
bca 

( 
to< 


.(.in;  St.Tl.o- 
,|.«>  ami  Marli 
a  lo  llolliiii'l 

I's  it  ij;rn»Tiin> 

,/,•(/  mxl  >■•'"!/ ' 

,tVf.,|  I-  >l«'i»Hl<- 
liitli  ■  .ajtuiniil" 

very  fprtilc. 
•K.  o'f  i)r<Hl"CC  U 

i.(inil;>U'«'''-     '^'''^' 
.-.  chtvcv,  ciiuin- 


iH  extendi  tlu'ongli 
I'o.il  of  tht!  inoiiu- 
liuH  iiiul  moa.lows. 
j,lucc»  the  iMMl  to- 

»  and  dry  ;  nulilcr 

)f  copper  antl  loiul- 
jck  crystal  arc  a\«o 

i^  sitnatcd  on  the 
'hours  in  the  world, 
e  of  great  trade  and 

is  the  second  town 
'it  1  It  ha-  a  .ira;f 
bi.a.us.  Among  the 
tincipe,  &i  Tnnulad 


8T.  DOMINfiO,  on  [(fSPANloLA. 

Thit  i»tlnnd  wti*  fornitrly  divid«'il  liPhvrm  France  tin<l 
■^piiin,  lint  It  now  in  po^mci^KJii  oC  tlir  Idiu  kn,  and  ih  filled 
l\V  thrill  lliiijti. 

The  face  iif  ihr  iitumry  \n  flfrratly  diveri'*icJ  with  «x(pn- 
MVC  pfiiini  Hiiil  ch'va(e()  inountuinN. 

.Soil.  Thit  i"  one  of  (lif  motf  fertile  of  the  West  India 
I  daiult,  iind  produces  .sii^iir,rotTre,  and  cotton  in  alMuidancc. 

Climntr.  Tlir  climate  i«  inoitt  and  hot;  the  thermome- 
rer  in  pliunn  rising  to  0!)". 

C'ltiff  louna.  St.  Dominion,  the  capital  of  that  part  ol 
the  itlnnd  which  liolon;;('d  to  Spain,  it  titiiated  near  tho 
!<uulhrrii  coii-t.  It  it  ncll  hiiill  of  ttone,  and  Ibnnerly  con- 
tained a  popuhitiori  of  upwards  of  Ii0,000;  but  at  prewnt 
not  more  than  12,000. 

Citpr  Henry,  formerly  Cojte  Fraiit;ois,  wat  formerly  the 
French  capital,  and  it  now  the  capital  of  Chri^tophe.  It  i" 
situated  on  the  north  nide  of  the  idlaiid,  and  it  well  hiiilf 
I'opulation,  in  179;^  about  20,000. 

Port  an  I'riiice  iuid  Aux  Cayca  arc  places  of  considcrahle 
commerce. 

JAMAICA. 

.Jamaica  is  the  chief  of  the  British  Wi-nt  India  islnndn. 

The  siirfttce  of  the  island  is  much  diviTtificd.  An  ele- 
vated ridgf,  called  Blue  mountains,  extends  through  it  from 
east  to  »vest. 

Soil.  The  soil  is  less  fertile  than  that  of  Cub.i  and  Ilis- 
paniola,  hut  is  well  cultivated. 

Cliief  towns.  Kingston  is  the  chief  town.  It  is  situated 
on  the  south  side  of  the  island,  and  hus  an  excellent  har- 
bour. It  is  well  built,  and  is  a  place  of  great  commerce. 
Spanish  Town  and  Port  Royal  are  the  other  mo«t  conside- 
rable towns. 

PORTO  RICO. 

Porv.i  Rico  is  the  fourth  island  in  size.  It  is  very  fertile, 
bcautitiilly  diversified,  and  enjoys  a  temperate  climate. 

Chitftown.     St.  Juan  Je  Porto  Rico,  the  capital,  is  said 
to  contain  J0,000  inhabitants. 
11 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


.1 

l 

1 

'1 

i 

i 

1 
1i' 

\ 


Spanish 

Dutch,  British,  anJ  Frenclt 

Portuguese 

Aborigines 

For  several  years  past  the  Spanish 

■        _     »l.i»:/\napv    atntp. 


Divisions- 
New  Grenada 
Venezuela 
Peru 
Chili 

Huenos  Ay  res 
•.111  inn  a 

Brazil 

\mazonia 

Patagonia 

'-t^lhlSun  B,LL  Ayres,  and  Peru  has  been  the  least  al- 

^^tJJS  ^  G::;:r  i^^SStVenezuela  and  ^a^jd, 

,1.0  r"^^  ainlr  belongs  to  the  Dutch,  Brt.sh,  '^nd  Fr^»Pf ' 

/Jm    iis  a  kingdom,  having  become  the  residence  of  the 

.1  r-mMv  of  Portugal.     Amazonia  is  claimed  as  a  part 

between  10  and  1 4  millions. 


New  Grenada 

Venezuela 

Guiana 

Peru 

Brazil 

Chili 

Buonos  Ayres 


t 


Pop. 

2,000,000 

723,000 

250,000 

1,600.000 

2,500,000 

1,200,000 

2,000,000 

10,178,000 


Capilali. 
Santa  Fe  de  Bogota 
Caraccaa 
Paramaribo 
Lima 

Rio  Janeiro 
St.  J  ago 
Buenos  Ayres 


Pop. 
40.000 
30^000 
20,000 
52,022 
150,000 
46,000 
60,000 


of 
m 

CJ 

01 

at 
th 
th 


c: 

D 
C 
A 
C 
A 
S; 
1 
P 
C 
C 


tl 

ai 
is 
5 

c; 
1 
F 
b 

t< 
e 


SOUTH  AIMERICA. 


nu 


rencli 


past  the  Spanish 
volutionary  state. 
)e  the  most  firmly 
;  been  the  least  al- 

zuelaand  Brazil', 
tish,  and  French, 
le  residence  of  the 
claimed  as  a  part 
I  of  the  Aborigines. 
Aborigines. 
Anjerica  has  never 
ariously  estimated. 
>,  the  independent 
pulation  is  probably 


It. 

de  Bogota 

I 

•ibo 

jiro 

Ayres 


Pop, 
40.000 
30^000 
20,000 
62,022 
150,000 
46,000 
60,00f» 


Religion.  The  religion  of  all  South  America,  with  the 
«»xception  of  tht  independent  Indian  nations  and  that  pan 
of  Guiana  which  belongs  to  the  British  and  Dutch,  is  Ro 
man  Catholic. 

Mountains.  The  Andes  are  the  principal  range.  They 
extend  through  the  continent  of  .\merica,  towards  the  west- 
ern side,  from  north  to  south.  They  have  been  heretofore 
accounted  the  most  elevated  mountains  on  the  globe ;  hot 
the  Himmaleh  mountains  in  Asia  are  now  said  to  exceed 
them  in  height. 

Height  of  some  of  the  most  remarkable  Summits. 

New  Grenada.  Peru. 

Feel.  Feel. 

21,440  Santa  Barbara             14,50C 

19,570  Mines  ofGuancaVelica  13,805 

19,392  Chili. 

19,150  Manflos  about 

18,864  Blanquillo  do 


17,472 
17,152 
10,579 
15,839 
9,514 


Chilian       do. 
Longave  do. 

Venezuela. 
Silla  de  Caraccas 


20,000 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 


8.G94     Volcano 


Guiana. 
Duidu 


8,432 


8,IG7 


Chimborazo 
Disca  Casada 
Cayamba  Ourcou 
Antesana 
Cotopaxi 
Altair 
Sangai 
Tunguragua 
Picliinca 
City  of  Q,uito 
City  of  Santa  Fe  i 
de  Bogota      ^ 

Rivers.  The  Amazon^  or  Maranon,  is  the  largest  river  in 
the  known  world.  It  is  150  miles  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  the  tide  flows  up  500  miles.  The  length  of  its  course 
is  more  than  4,000  inilc<*,  and  it  is  si.id  that  u  vessel  of  4  or 
600  tons  might  navigate  it  throuifhout  this  whole  extent. 

The  La  Plata  is  the  second  great  river  of  South  Amert* 
ca.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Assumption,  nearly 
1,000  miles,  and  the  lengUi  of  its  course  is  about  2,000. 
For  the  distance  of  120  miles  from  its  mouth,  its  average 
breadth  is  about  70  miles. 

The  Oronoko  conveys  to  the  ocean  the  waters  of  an  ex- 
tenrive  valley,  extending  about  1,000  miles  from  west  to 
east,  and  500  or  600  from  north  to  south. 

The  other  principal  rivers  are  the  Parana,  Paraguay, 
Mafh.'ira.  !St.  Francisco,  and  Tocantins. 


:•  I 


1 
If 


^.^  NEW   GRRNABA. 

/.«A-«.  There  are  no  very  large  hikes.  Th«  ■o«t  eou; 
siderable  are  Titicaca,  I'arima,  and  Maracaybo. 

iZSs.  The  principal  is.and.  are  the  f«»klaml  .slan  J, 
Terra  del  Kuego,  Chiloe,  Juan  Fernanclr.,  and  the  Oall^ 

^TrVdnctions.  South  America  abound,  i«.""',7'' "Jf^f; 
We  and  mineral  nro.hict.onn.  Uh  mmes  of  crold  and  Mirer 
te  ,mme^..ly  valuable,  and  funush  other  part,  of  the  glob, 
with  vast  quantities  ot' those  melals. 

NEW  GKKNADA. 
JVamc.    This  country,  togolhcr  with  Vc"c:'."ela  wasfor-, 
toerlv  known  by  the  name  of  Terra  I  irma.      l>e  "«"»«« 
Terra  Firma  Proper  is  now  ai>plied  to  the  audience  of  Pa. 

"'Di;.nons.  New  Grenada  is  divided  into  three  audien. 
ces  Panama,  Santa  F^,  and  Quito  ;  which  are  subdivided 
into  24  provinces. 


Chief  towni.  Pop- 

Santa  Fe  de  Bogota    40,000 

ttuito  70,000 

Popayan  2&,000 

Carthagena  20,000 

Cucn^a  20,000 

Riobamba  20,000 

Otobalo  15,*^>00 


Cfnef  loans.  Pop- 

Guayaquil  12,000 

Merida  11,000 

Panama  10,000 
St.  Miguel  d'lbarra     10,000 

Latacunga  10,000 

Loxa  10,000 


Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  the  capital  of  the  kmgdom,  .s  s.taa  - 
ed  on  a  small  river  which  tlows  into  the  Magdalena.  It  i« 
built  on  a  spacious  plain,  elevated  8,694  feet  above  the 
level  0°  tbe*^  sea.     It  enjoys  a  mild  climate,  and  has  some 

™^^:-ra^eIeSd  city,  buiU  on  thc.eastem  djdinty 
of  the  volcanic  mountain  Pichinca,  and  ,s  elevated  9,514 
;.et  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  cl.ma  e  ,3  dehght- 
f  ,1,  a^d  mild  throughout  the  year,  though  extreuiely  sub- 

ectt^  earthquakes  and  tempests  of  thunder  and  l.ghtnmg. 
The  houses  are  built  of  unburnt  bricks,  of  only  one  story  ; 

lint  manv  of  them  are  large. 

sZZts      The  princiH  ports  are  Panama,  Carthagena. 

Guavaouil.  Porto  Bello,  and  St,  Martha. 


Uof 

J 

ca, 

J 

are 

< 

An< 

an( 

enj 

is  1 
of 

m^ 
sill 
s'te 
pe 

mt 
mc 

tul 

ab 
ph 
ru 
toi 


de 
of 

let 


The  laost  eou7 
ivbo. 

alkland  islanil&, 
,  and  the  Galli- 

nnimal,  re^etu. 
irold  and  silrer, 
arts  of  the  glob* 


uc/.iiela,  wasfor- 
The  uame  of 
!  audience  of  Pat- 
to  three  audieo- 
h  are  subdivided 


Pop. 
12,000 
11,000 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 


d'lbarra 


tingdom,  is  sitaat- 
Magtlalena.  It  is 
4  feet  above  the 
ite,  and  has  some 

I  eastern  declivity 
is  elevated  9,514 
climate  is  delight- 
gh  cxtrcijiely  sub- 
ider  and  lightning, 
of  only  one  story  ; 

noma,  Cartbapcna. 


JSEW  GKKNADA. 


li: 


Univevihics.     Tlio  uiiiversitios  are  those  ot  .Sai.tu  lY-  dt 
Uogotii,  Ciuito,  and  I'opayan. 

Riven.     The  princiiial  rivers  are  the  Magilalena,  C'ati 
ca,  Ajiure,  Meta,  I'tilumuyo,  and  Caiiuetu. 

Mountains.  'VUv.  nio^t  rciiiarlvalile  siinunils  of  the  Andfc* 
are  in  New  Grenada.     S(>e  vwtintains  ol  South  America. 

Ciimale.  Tlte  climate  is  \arioui-.  The  summits  of  tli»- 
Andes  are  covered  with  eternal  snow,  while  in  the  valleys 
and  low  plains  the  heat  is  very  great.  The  elevated  plains 
enjoy  a  temperate,  unvaried,  and  delightful  climate. 

Soil  and  productions.  The  soil  in  the  plains  and  valleys 
is  fertile,  producing  cotton,  tobacco,  corn,  a  great  variety 
of  vegetables  and  tropical  fruits. 

Minerals.  The  mountains  of  New  Grenada  are  exceed- 
mgly  rich  in  metalic  pfoductions.  The  value  of  gold  and 
silver  produced  in  the  mines  annually  amounts  to  £t)bO,tJOO 
sterling.  There  are  also  mines  of  platina,  emeralds,  cop- 
per, and  lead. 

Curiosities.  New  Grenada  abounds  in  the  most  sublime 
mountain  scenery.  Cotopaxi  is  the  mbal  elevated  volcanic 
mountain  in  the  known  world.  This  and  many  others  are 
subicct  to  the  most  tremendous  eruptions. 

The  cataract  of  Tequendama,on  the  Funza,  is  a  remark- 
able curiosity.  The  river  td"ter  flowing  through  a  great 
plain,  is  compressed  from  150  to  35  feet  in  width,  and 
rushes  down  a  perpendicular  rock  at  two  bounds  to  the  as- 
tonishing depth  of  COO  feet,  into  a  dark,  unfathomable  gulf. 

VENEZUELA. 

J\'ame.  This  country,  since  1786,  has  been  called  by  the 
Spaniards  the  Captain-generalship  of  Caraccas  ;  but  at  the 
declaration  of  independence,  in  1810,  it  assumed  the  name 
of  the  Republic  of  Venezuela.  It  was  formerly  styled  JEos- 
lern  Terra  Firma. 

Chief  cilits.  Pop. 

Cahaccas  30,000 

Asuncion 

Cumana  24,000 

Barcoloua  14,000 

Truxillo  7,600 

11* 


Divisiom. 

Caraccas 

Margarita  island 

Cumana 

Barcelona 

Truxillo 


i»' 


VtNEZUELA 


Vininas 
Mvvrucaybo 
Guiiinii  (Spanish) 

Other  towns.  Pop- 

Giiauura  1  ^v''^^ 

Baruuisimeio  11,300 

Tocuio  10,200 


Mer'ula 
Varinas 
Maincaybo 
St.  Tl.Jiiias 


11,MIU 

(i,OUO 

*"J,000 

10,000 


Toxmi.  Poi'- 

\  alenria  3,000 

roitoCavello  7,500 

LaGuayra  G,000 

Z^u.,  the  capUai  of  the  ^^^^f^y^^^S^^ 
iVom  LaGuayra,  .ts  port ;  «»  Vl'''Vo,«  1  0  000  The 
nWP  the  sea  The  pomihition,  in  1812,  was  50,000.  1  he 
ie  V  arlVo  of  thrinhabitants  were  destroyed  by  an 
I'lTfhnnake  and  the  city  has  since  been  much  reduced. 
,H  Situated  on  the  Oronoko,  about  90  eaguesjrom.t 
mouth.     This  town  is  now  the  seat  of  the  Venezueiean 

^"IwS     There  is  a  university  at  Caraccas 

nl^r    The  principal  rivers  are  the  Oronoko  and  .t. 

3^r3es?r^rr^^i=^ 

•^Sb.*X:JLrS1Se^Eis very  hot;  .a some 

iz\r^s'::i:ti^  ^!^^  the  ^^^.t^t. 

of  Venezuela. 

GUIANA. 

t-  •  h  cimui  forma  a  part  of  Venezuela ;  PorlMgucw 
G.*rr  V^  oM;  tferest  cf  the  country  belongs 
!j;  Si  Britain,  Nethertoda,  and  Frauce. 


th 
all 

ra 


ar 


ai 

o 
c 

n 


'^ 


GUIANA. 


11,. 


11,MIU 

ti,OUO 
2'J,000 

10,000 

Pop. 
3,000 
jllo  7,500 

I  G,000 

I  situated  7  miles 
vated  2,903  feet 
was  50,000.  The 
destroyed  by  an 
auch  reduced, 
f  Spanish  Guiana, 
leagues  from  it? 
the  Venezuelean 


^tttleincnls. 

C/ncjtovu.:.             [■'op. 

Demarura  ^ 
Berbice      > 
E'^'-eciuibo  J 

Knglish 

i  Stabrock             «,500 
?  New  Amsterdam 

Surinam 

Dutch 

Paramaril)o       20,000 

Cayenne 

French 

Cayenne            6,000 

Paramariho,  the  capital  of  Surinam,  is  finely  situated  ou 
the  river  Surinam,  18  miles  from  the  sea,  and  is  a  remark- 
ably pleasant  town. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Sur'-uam,  Dema- 
rara,  Essequibo,  Berbice,  and  Maroni. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  very  level. 

■Soi7.     The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile. 

Productions.  The  most  important  productions  arc  sugar, 
and  coffee  ;  next  cotton,  cocoa,  maize,  and  indigo. 

Climate.     The  climate  is  hot  and  unhealthy. 


'araccas. 

>  Oronoko  and  its 

i. 

1  Valencia. 

rt  is  mountainous ; 

ole  country  in  the 

:eeding  8,000  feet 

e  Oi*onoko  and  its 

very  hot ;  in  some 

I  is  rich,  producing 
0.  The  plains  of 
res,  on  which  are 
gricuUure  and  the 
I  oC  the  iababitaDt* 


ezuela;  Porlnguese 
he  country  heloDgs 
ice. 


Chief  town*. 

Pop. 

Truxillo 

6,000 

Tarma 

6,G00 

Guanca  Velica 

8,000 

Lima 

52,622 

Guamanga 

20.000 

Arequipa 

30.000 

Cusco 

32,0.'a 

PERU. 

Jnttndenciea. 

Truxillo 

Tarma 

Guanca  Velica 

Lima 

Guamanga 

Arequipa 

Cusco 

Chief  cititt.  Liiaa  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  a  spacious 
and  delightful  valley,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  brick  waif. 
The  houses,  though  mostly  of  but  one  story,  are  commodi- 
ous ;  the  churches  are  large,  and  arc  ornamented  with  very 
costly  decorations.  Callao,  the  p'.it  of  Lima,  is  about  7 
miles  distant. 

Cusco  is  an  ancient  and  magnificent  city,  and  was  onC€ 
the  seat  of  the  Incas. 

Universities.  There  are  universities  at  Lima,  Cusco, 
aud  Guamanga. 

Commerce.    The  commerce  of  l\n  ia  important,  aad  it 


i?i^    if 


i     I 
■""Hi    '' 


% 


\'2i 


PEllL 


has  a  i.um'.or  of  lu.o   ,.orts.       Its  exi-oits  lo  ^i-aiu  con».M 
rhiellv  of  ilie  iiri'cious  mttaW.  ■     i      , 

mL.  The  number  of  1,^.1.1  mines  an.l  waslnnys  .sabo 
70,  of  silver  mines  15BU,  of  me.rury  1,  u\  copi.er  ■»,  and  o 
lead  12.     The  coinage  of  gold  and  silver  at    he  mmt  ol 
I /.ma,  from  171)1  to  1801,  amounted  annually  to.tl,!  1.5,wu. 
The  working  o'"  the  mines  furnishes  the  most  important  oc 
cupation  of  the  inhabitants.  ,     .  , 

iLaU.     The  summits  of  the  Andes  are  covered  u.t 
eternal  snow;    in  the  low  plams  the  heat  is  great,  but o 
the  table  land  or  elevated  plains,  the  chmate  is  m.ld,  with 
illtle  variation  of  temperature,  the  tber.nometer  stundmg 
at  about  05  or  ti6  degrees  throughout  tl"\ye'Ji- 

'Ihe  face  of  the  country  is  greatly  d.versiUed,  and  tht  An 
des  hcie  iircseiit  some  lofty  summits. 

Sr,,.*    The  Ucayale,'  Apurimac,  Tunguragua     and 
Gallagua,  head  branches  of  the  Amazon,  rise  m  1  eiu. 
Soil      The  soil  in  the  plains  and  table  land  is  rich. 
The  production  are  cotton,  pimento,  sugar,  grain,  lrmt>-, 
And  Peruvian  bark. 

AMAZONIA. 

Amaronia  is  a  name  applied  to  a  large  ^^J^"*  of  country, 
m  the  central  part  of  South  America,  south  of  the  river 

^  T'he'porlu-uese  have  a  few  small  settlements  in  Amazo- 
nia, and  claim  it  as  a  part  of  Brazil ;  but  the  natives  have 
almost  the  entire  possession  of  the  country. 

The  climate  is  represented  as  very  temperate  foi  the 
latitude,  and  the  soil  fertile  ;  but  the  country  .s  little 
known. 


BRAZIL. 


Caplaniai. 

Para 

Maranham 

Seara 

Pernambuco 

Bahia 


Chief  louiHi. 

Para 

St.  Felipe 

Seara 

Pernambuco 

St.  Salvador 


Minas  Geraes  Villa  Rica 


Captanias.  Chief  towns. 

Rio  Janeiro     Rio  Janeiro 
St.  Paul  St.  Paul 

Rio  Grande    Rio  Grande 
Goyas 
MattoGrosso  Jesus  de  Cuyaba 


Tl 


CO 


w 


BRAZIL. 


129 


10  j[iaiu  consist 

titi'hing!'  is* about 

:o[>\)vv  l,  and  of 

at  till'  mint  t>t' 

lyto.i:  1,1 1:5,000 

ost  important  or  • 

re  covered  with 
it  is  great,  but  on 
uite  is  luilcl,  witb 
nometer  standing 
year, 
ilied,  and  the  An- 

runguragaa,   aud 
1,  rise  in  Peru, 
hind  is  rich, 
jgar,  grain,  fruit?, 


extent  of  country, 
south  of  the  river 

letnents  in  Amazo- 
it  the  natives  have 

unlry. 

temperate  for  the 

;   country  is   little 


Chief  lowns. 
0     Rio  Janeiro 

St.  Paul 
le    Rio  Grande 


iso  Jesus  deCuy aba 


i'0,>. 

Cliitf  lowm. 

Pop, 

\  -lOiUOl.) 

Villa  Rica 

20,000 

K'O.UDO 

St.  I'anl 

« 0,000 

:;2,ouo 

Pi.ra 

15,000 

30,000 

Olinda 

13,000 

i::).ooo 

Hi 'I  Ji(;u'ir<> 
St.  Salvador 
PiTiiaiiiLuco 
.)cm6  dc  C'uyabu 
St.  Fclij'o 

Rio  Janeiro,  ttir  capital,  has  a  vrry  excellent  harbour, 
is  tavuiirahly  situatfd,  and  liaK  a  great  rommrrcc.  The 
bonnet  acp  gencially  .«m,ill,  but  the  cburcbrs  are  splendid, 
and  ti'.c  siirmun'ling  country  is  beautil'ul. 

St.  Salvivlor,  or  Ba/;la.  formerly  the  «t=at  of  the  colonial 
;?overnnKnt,  is  situated  on  the  bay  of  All  Saint?.  The 
housfs  arc  mostly  of  stone,  and  the  commerce  of  the  town 
is  extcn-ive. 

Piruaiiibuco  has  a  lar^e  trade  in  cotton. 

Government.  The  government  is  an  nbsolute  monarchy. 
The  royal  family  of  Portugal  have  resided  here  since  1807. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Amazon,  Madeira, 
Topayut,  Xingu,  Tocanfins,  St.Fransisco,  Parana,  and  Ura- 
guay. 

Climutt.  In  the  noi-theru  parts  the  climate  is  hot,  but 
in  the  southern  it  is  mild,  and  generally  healthy. 

T/iefare  of  the  country  is  agreeably  diversilied,  and  is 
highly  pictures(iue.  It  U  clothed  with  the  most  luxuriant 
vegetation,  and  covered,  in  m.iiy  part?,  with  an  almost  im- 
pctnetrabie  forest. 

Soil.    A  great  part  of  the  country  has  a  very  fertile  soil. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  grain,  fruits,  sugar, 
coffee,  cotton  and  various  other  kinds  of  tropical  produce. 

Mines.  The  gold  and  diamond  mines  are  very  valuable. 
Tejuco,  the  capital  of  the  diamond  district,  is  situatod  in  a 
barren  rogion,  400  miles  N.  Rio  Janeiro. 

BUENOS    AY  RES. 

.Xitmes.  This  coiintrv,  heretofore  styled  the  viceroyalty^ 
.,f  Buenos  Ayres  or  La  Plata,  has,  since  the  declaration  of 
independence,  a'^umrd  Iho  n.une  i^f  the  United  Provinces  of 
South  .hnerica. 


I'iri 


UUENOS  AYRES. 


Pnvtneet. 
Buenos  Avres  1 

B.mda  Oriental  or  > 
Montevideo       S,, 
KntreHi()H,orSiiiitari' 

Cordova 
Piinta  St.  LuH 
Mendozii 
St.  Juan 

Ilioja 

Catnmarca 

St.  J  ago  del  Estero 

Tucnman 

Salta 

J  ujuy 

Chicafl 

Potosi 

!Misq\ie 

Charca* 

Cochiibamba 

La  Paz 

Paraguay 


Pop. 

05,000 

45,000 

25,000 
75,l-«)0 
10,000 
33,(H)0 
31,000 


Buenos  Ayrcs 

Monte  Video 

Santn  F(* 

Cordova 

St.  Luis  de  la  Piinla 

Mciidoza 

St.  Juan  do  la  Frontcra 

imtos  dc  Uioja  \» 


,,A  Todos   Sii 
S^'*^^*-*;      Nueva 

36,000  Catamarca 

45,000  St.  .lago  del  Estero 

45,000  St.  Miguel  de  Tucumaa 

60,000  Salta 

25,000  St.  Salvador  de  Jujuy 

10,000  Tupizii 

112,000  Potosi,  La  Plata 

15,000  Pomabamba 

120,000  Charcas 

100,000  Oropesa 

00,000  La  Paz 

110,000  Assumption, 


1,080,000 
Population.     Several  of  the  provinces  are  not  included 
m  the  above  table,  and  the  Indian  popula  ion  w  om  tted. 
The  whole  population,  exclusive  of  the  unc.v.l.zed  Indian., 
is  estimated  at  2,000,000. 


Chi^  towni. 
Buenos  Ayres 
Potosi 
Charcas 
JSIcndo/.a 
La  Paz 


PofJ. 
60,000 
50,000 
30,000 
21,000 
20,000 


Chitftownt.  Pop. 

Oropesa  17,000 

La  Plata  H,000 

St.  J  ago  del  Estero  12,000 

Monte  Video  10,000 

Cordova  10,000 


St.Juun  de  laFrontera  19,000 

Buenos  Ayres,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  La  Plata  66 
leatiues  IVoni  its  mouth.  The  streets  are  broad  and  straight 
tlie  ed.ticos  are  built  of  white  stone,  and  the  houses  oi 


brie 
for 

/ 
nan 
oft 
Tcd 

J 
its 
of  ( 
mu 

J 
Coi 
ten 

< 
ma 
of, 

Ur 

do, 

cir 

vei 

coi 
str 
ler 
bai 
pa 
tai 

pr 
ce 

trj 
w\ 
ab 
wi 

mi 
tin 


■es 


la  PnnU 


lii  Frontcni 
Uos  dc  Uioja  la 


j1  Estero 
de  Tucumaa 

or  de  Jujuy 

Plata 
ba 


)n 


>9  tire  not  included 
(Illation  is  omitted, 
uncivilized  Indians, 


i«nt. 

Pop. 

del  Estero 
ideo 

n,ooo 

14,000 
12,000 
10,000 
10,000 

on  the  La  Plata  66 

e  broad  and  straight, 

and  the  house  o\' 

ItUENOS  AYRE.-^. 


Iii1 


brick,  mostly  of  only  one  story.      The  city  is  celebrated 
(or  tlio  |drasantni"<>*  and  salubrity  of  its  climate. 

Potosi'iH  sittiated  near  the  foot  of  a  moutifaiii  of  the  s^ame 
iiamt',  rclcbratcii  for  its  rich  silver  mines.  The  population 
of  the  city  once  amounted  to  1G0,000,  but  it  in  now  much 
TPdiicod. 

MouU  Video  is  situated  on  the  La  Plata,  PO  miles  above 
its  mouth,  and  has  the  only  good  port  on  the  river.  It  is 
of  considerable  commercial  importance,  but  has  sulTored 
much  during  the  late  contest. 

Kdiication.  There  are  colleges  at  Buenos  Ayrea  and 
Cordova,  and  a  university  at  La  Plata.  An  increasing  nt- 
lention  is  paid  to  education. 

(ioverntneni.  The  provinces,  by  their  representatives, 
made  a  formal  declaration  of  their  independence  on  the  [tlh 
of  .luly  1816,  aivl  they  are  now  ruled  by  a  congress. 

Rivers,  The  principal  rivers  are  the  La  Platii,  Parana, 
Uraguay,  Paraguay,  St.  Jago  tiel  Estero,  Pilcomayo,  Sala- 
(lo,  Negro,  and  Madeira. 

Lake.  Titicaca,  the  largest  lake,  is  about  240  miles  in 
circumference. 

Climate.  The  climate  is  various.  On  the  coast  it  is 
very  healthy  aud  temperate. 

Face  of  the  country.  The  southern  portion  of  the  country 
constitutes  a  part  ot  a  vast  level  plain,  or  Pampa,  which 
stretches  .south  into  Patagonia,  extending  in  its  greatest 
length  about  l,.ot)0  miles,  and  about  500  in  breadth.  It  is 
bare  of  trees,  and  covered  with  high  grass.  The  northern 
'  part  of  the  country  is  variegated,  and  some  of  it  moun- 
tainous. 

Soil,  Much  of  the  soil  of  the  Pam])a8  is  very  rich.  The 
province  of  Paraguay  and  many  other  parts  have  an  ex- 
ceedingly fertile  soil. 

Productions.  A  great  portion  of  the  wealth  of  the  coun- 
try consists  in  the  immense  herds  of  cattle  and  horses, 
which  graze  on  its  plains.  Hides,  tallow,  and  wool  are 
abimdant ;  also  wheat,  Indian  corn,  barley,  tobacco,  sugar, 
wine,  and  fruit-s. 

Mines.  Several  years  since,  there  v.  ere  in  operation  30 
mines  of  gold,  27  of  silver,  7  of  copper,  7  of  lead,  and  2  of 
tin.     The  silrer  mine  of  Potosi  is  the  richest  in  south  A- 


Mi 


M 


'9 


|ll»- 


t'iS 


niiLi 


'    1| 


nt   of  ^olil  mined  nt  Potfwi,  «»  t'^^'^i 


u.H  «;jl'0,U»tJ,  U1..1  01  silver  lJi,'.''i^i,«  <t> 


CHILI. 

r.-  •  •  rinl.  •<  .li\i(lr.l   into  two  iiitetiJonci€«,  St 

ulat.on  ia,UOO.  j^j^^  ^„^,  f,equcnf- 

f  alpuraiso  is  the  pon  oi     i-.-"*,  ;„ronveu- 

,d  in  thili.     It  1.UH  a  capacious  l.ai  .m  r,  »^  *^^^ 

lent  situation,  at  the  loot  ol  a  momil-.n.    \"H;.^;^^ 

TheotlKT  most  important  towns  are  V  al.liMa,Lnuian, 

ConnimLo,  St.  F.-niaiulo,  an.i  Petorca 

Univemty.     There  is  a  university  at  S.  .  .  «  • 

iZircrs      'rh"  uvers  are  numorons,  but  ^"  »1'v»h    .hvo 

/iirc»s.      I'  rpK„  iiry,..;!  ai-e  t  le  Maule,  151- 

'°".'!*'"      ,.  .  .         n.ili  is  H  verv  mountainous  coun- 

Fnce  of  the  country.     Chili  is  R  ^•^'^r!;.  ,.  .,■„,,.  of  sev- 

'"iT'The  ...1  of  .he  V.Ue.v,  i.    e,c«»,li;«J.I.V    fertU^ 

"'  F;ld«;tion,.     The  production*  are  graiB,  wine,  oU,  su- 
gar, cotton,  and  fruiU  of  various  kinds. 


.in 

w 
(h 


or 


er 

\r 
ill 


rotfwi,  m  \190, 


riiiij. 


ISO 


Ahnif.  Chill  I*  nrh  in  mines  nCgold,  xilvcr,  copper,  tin, 
nnd  l(>ii(l. 

Islniid.i.  Tin'  \A,\ut\  of  C'hiloc  ii  IflO  miles  lonjf,  smd, 
uheii'  widest,  tit)  liroiid.  in  the  \r('lii|)el!i(>;o  of  C'Uiloc 
(here  arc  0'«  isluiido. 


iiitenJentiis,  ^t 
lod  into  abotit  '.'U 

niluiited  on  nn  ox- 
ps  froni  Vitlpiirai- 
leatly  huilt  of  >">- 
iirt  is' the  fact  with 
at  ion  .Ui,liUU. 
IS  ^iluated  near  a 
US  harbour.     l'oi»- 

Uie  mo^t  frequcnt- 

•.  but  an  inconveu- 

I'opiilation  C,:>UO. 

i  Valdiviu,C)»illan, 

St.  .(ago. 

)ut  small,  and  have 
Hve  tlie  Manle,  I5i- 
iii,  liueno,  iiud  Siu- 

mo\n»tainous  coun- 
The  height  of  sev- 
itimated  at  upwards 
icean. 

y  salubrious,  and  tlie 
18  there  is  little  or 
isionally  throughout 

exccedinijlv  fertilfii 
Vuits.  The  country 
ds  in  numerous  herds 

1  gruiB,  wine,  oil»  8«- 


IMTAfiONI.X 

• 

Patagonia  is  a  large  fountry  in  the  voutherit  part  ff 
■><)uth  .\inerica.  It  is  inhabited  by  native  tribes,  and  is 
l)Ul  little  known. 

Ilivcrs.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rio  Negro,  Col- 
orado, Camarones,  and  Collego. 

(liinulc.  The  climate  is  cold,  more  so  than  at  the  same 
distance  north  of  the  equator. 

7'/ic/(ac  (./*</»;  WK/itri/ is  diversilied.  In  the  northcast- 
t  in  part  there  are  immense  plains;  the  western  part  is 
very  mountainous  ;  the  great  chain  of  the  Andes  extending 
'hrough  it. 

The  iiutives  are  said  to  be  of  large  stature,  and  ferodOu« 
'haracter. 


18 


liUIVOPE. 

Tn.  ,..■ ■ •  "f  ^'-E  ;;•  ,.r:;:,;;;:u.'«n":i 


TAiu.r,. 


SwriUnX Norway  ^S^H)7,0Ui) 

I  1  Tf.'^  (UK) 


neiuniuU 

Nclluilandi* 

Great  I'.ritaiiit 

Krtuice 

Prusjiiii 

Saxony 

Iiavaria 

VVirt('iiil)crR 

ilanovcr 

(ionnaii  Slates^ 

A\i!<tria§ 

Swil/erland 

Sanliiiiall 

Italyll 

Spain 
rortntral 


f),'22l'.,i»*lO 
10,f)ll8,000 

i,'2a'.',i»oo 

!,;<;»  5, 000 

1  ,;ior),ooo 
4,ni(,ooo 

e7,«  13,000 
l,T20,0',tO 

3,'.y7r),ooo 

11,000,000 
10,100,000 

3,r)r)0,ooo 


TmUoy  InEnrope  C,000,ooO 
lo,ua»  Koimblic W^^_ 

Total       H;,',9oO,000 


Cltiffciliet. 
Si.  I'a«'r«liiir« 
SliicklioliM 
C'oi)enlia«iM» 

.\in'«tei(liiiu 

l.tmdon 

^'aris 

U»'rliii 

Dresden 

Munich 

Stiittajard 

Ilanovcr 

\  lenna 
Heme 
Turin 
i  Naples 
\  Homo 

Madrid 

Lisbon 

Con'^tantinople 

Corfu 


'iiir),r)00 

ior),ttoo 

i',);i,Oo.t 

i,oo'.t,r,H» 

7  US' .■■)(•. 

Uit'.,r)iij 

4'.>,0ll 
.JH,710 

£0,0.58 

221,510 

I3,;u'j 

6\,4!)S) 
3:5O,»08 

i:u,;io(j 

166,072 

2 10,000 

500,000 

1[),000 


rv 


.  In  Europe,  inctudin,  Russian  Poland  and  F.nland. 
.ncludin,  Austrian  Voland  and  Lombar  r 


III 
III 


w 

Si 

N 

i) 

N 
e 

K 
u 

c 
I' 

V 

Si 

u 

V 

(1 

A 

s 
s 
il 
s 
I' 
'I 


HUROl'K. 


i:.<l 


^  now  pxi'ti   I" 
ihI  |H>i>ulatioii  ol 


Pop. 

„  H)f),MttO 

l,01Kt,r,Kl 

Uiti,r»»i 

»n,7io 

'21,1  .Ji 
i;(),o,J8 

3:K),4G8 

166,072 

210,000 

lOl.lf  500,000 

'  jr.,000 


FinlaiiJ. 

German  States. 

f-  , 

it,  Genoa,  Savoj,  Kc. 

)ut  including  bicilj. 


Kxt'-ii  in  »(|iiiir«'  null'",  |iop>iliition  in  »  «i|ir.in-  mili-,  if- 
liKM'n.  iiKlKOMiiimciit,  (if  tin-  M'viTuI  <  ounlir'*  of  Kiiropc, 
liijiilfil  UH  lit  llif  lUTCcdinur  tahle. 


Hiio^ia 
Sivctlcn  ) 
Norway  ^ 
Dcniiiark 
Nellii'iliiiiiN 
e  ^  Knplanil 
2  >  Wal.'^ 
j^   jSciMlniiil 
(J*  'irolantl 
Fnince 

Saxony 

Bavaria 

Wirlt'inlterj,' 

llaniivov 

Austria 

Swit/.i'pland 

Sar<iiiua 

Italy 

Spain 

l'oi(ii;ral 

Turkey 


Hq.  milti.  i 

I, :>  10,000 

lO'.'.oOO 

tr)0,tioo 

•j'.Sdoo 

.M,.>.n 

r.o,2io 

n.r.T. 

.;o,:j7o 

215,000 

io;j,r)00 
7,11)0 

20,;jt)r> 

7,(122 
1  1,543 

2r.!t,000 
IX, lit 

27,072 

if!a,o(i() 

:i:j,()(io 

IB  1,000 


Htligtoyi. 
(•rei'k  Cli. 

l.iilhtTan 

I.ntlinnn 
I'rot.  ii  C'alh 


Oovtrumtnt 
IMotiarchv 


i  Mixolutl- 

I  IMoniii'i'li 


y 


M)^ol.  Moil 
Liiii,  Mon 


Protectant     J  M.)!.arcl.N 


Catholic 

laitlicran 

liUllicraii 

Catliolir 

Lutheran 

Luthernn 

Catliolic 

Trot.  &  (Jatb 

(aitholic, 

Catholic 

Caliiolic 

Calholii; 

Maiioinclaii 


Lini.  Moil. 
Alwol.  Mon 
Al)sol.  Mon. 
Alwoi.  Mon. 
Monarchy 
Monarchy 
AIjsoI.  Mon. 
liopuhlic 
Ab)<ul.  Mon. 

Ahsol.  Mon 
\h'*<)\.  Mon 
Aljsol.  Mon 


.y,iinl/er  of  I  hi-  ilijferent  rcligionn. 


IJom.iii  Cathoiic-* 
Proltistants 
Greek  Church 

Ch:•i^tiatl'^ 

Mahometans 

Je\w 

Milit'irij.     Forcc:>  in  (inrje  of  peace 
Po.  "'ar 


On,229,000 

.ii,of>n,5oo 
:i2,;i06,ooo 

172,132,500 
3,tiO7,5O0 
1,179,500 

1 ,600,000 

'i.n  00.00ft 


m  '■ 


i;32 


Ships  of  the  line 
Do.  of  50  guns 


Maritime  forces. 


409 
;)3 


Frisjtxtes  '^*^ 

Inferior  vessels  1,563 


Inhabitants,  chissed  accordinj):  to  Mieir  r.-»ce  or  descent. 


Descendant  of  the  Romans 

Teutoniuns  or  (iernmns 

Scliivonians 

Caledonians 

Tartars  and  Bulgarians 

MagsarianH 

Greeks 

Finlanders 

Cimmerians 

Basques 

Guistes 

Arnauts 

Armenians 

Maltese,  Sic. 


GO,rjeG,400 
53,195,000 
45,1'J0,000 
3,718,000 
3,199,000 
3,070,000 
2,022,000 
1,760,000 
1,610,000 
622,000 
313,600 
294,000 
131,600 
88,000 


The  following  are  the  most 

Cities  Pop. 

London  1,009,546 

Paris  713,756 

Constantinople  500,000 

Naples  330,468 

Moscow  312,000 
St.  P^^ter*b^rgh        285,508 

Li4ion  iilO,000 

Viciu.a  ^-^24,548 

Amsterdam  193,083 

Dublin  1«'?.''''''5 

Madrid  166,672 

Berlin  166,584 

Palermo  110,000 

^hmtahu.     11.0  principal  ranges  of  ^^^^l;^:^'^  '''^^ 
AJps,   Aj.rnnin.--.    Pyrenees,   Carpathian,  Dofrnfaeld,  dud 


populous  cities 

Cities. 
Rome 
Milan 
V^enice 
Barcelona 
Hamburg 

Valencia 

Copenhagen 

F.dinburgh 

Marseilles 

Lyons 

Glasgow 

Andrianople 


in  Europe. 

Pop. 
131,356 
124,798 
116,340 
111,500 
106,920 
105,000 
105,000 
102,987 
102,000 
101,000 
100,749 
100,000 


T^t 


EUROPE. 


13M 


ssels 


:)4& 
1,563 


ice  or  (lesceat. 

i,rj8G,400 
1,195,000 
>,1'J0,000 
1,718,000 
i,199,000 
1,070,000 
2,022,000 
1,760,000 
1,610,000 

622,000 

313,60» 

294,000 

131,600 
88,000 

ities  in  Europe. 

Pop. 
131,355 
121,798 
116,310 
111,500 
106,920 
105,000 

^n  105,000 
102,987 
102,000 
101,000 
100,749 

lie       100,000 


monntains  are  the 
in,  DofrnlieKi,  and 


Alps,  Mouni  Blanc,      highest  summii 

I'yrcnuos,  ftloinit  PfTjii,       J)o. 

Carpalliian,  Lonmilz,  Do. 

Aiienninc'S,  Monte  \'(j!ino       iJo. 

Dofralicld,  Do. 

Ural,  Do. 

Vifiw  of  the  elevation  of  seme  of  llie  most  remarkaliU- 
summits  in  the  dilferent  coimlrie«.  'J'he  mountain  first 
mentioned  is  tlie  highest  known  in  the  respective  coun- 
tries. 


Feel. 
1 5,680 
11^283 
0,640 
.'!.397 
7,G2U 
G,780 


Iceland. 

F^M't. 

Austria. 

Feel. 

Snmfiel 

6,8{;o 

Priel 

6,505 

Ilecla 

5,000 

Oetscher 

5,990 

Sxxcdcn  and  .Vorwut/. 

Hchnoeberg 

5,200 

Dofralield,  high.  sum. 

7,G20 

Sliria. 

Swicku 

6,G58 

Wechsels 

5,686 

Arcskutun 

6,180 

Carinthia, 

Russia  in  Europt 

Gross  Kogel 

9,700 

Ural 

G,780 

Salt:burg. 

Tchaturdag,  or  Fatal 

6,600 

Ostclle 

12,800 

Scotlu7id. 

Tyrol. 

Ben-Nevis  * 

4,387 

Oertler 

15,430 

Cairngorra 

4,050 

Great  Glockner 

12,714 

Ben-Lawers 

4,015 

Brenner 

5,109 

England  and  Wales. 

Switzerland.!  Savoy 

,  and 

Snovvdon 

3,568 

Piedmont. 

Crossfeil 

3,390 

Mont  Blanc 

15,680 

Helvellin 

3,354 

Mont  Rosa 

15  552 

Skiddaw 

3,175 

Mont  Cervin 

14,784 

Ireland. 

St.  Bernard 

ll,ell 

Macgilcnddy's  Reeks 

3,404 

Mont  Cenis 

9,966 

Sieib-donard 

3,150 

St.  Got  hard 

9,075 

Hanover. 

France. 

lleinrichshohe,  Hartz 

3,926 

Loucira  i  highest    > 

14,451 

Brocken              Do, 

3,690  Lonpilon  \  Cot.  Alps  ^ 

14,144 

Silesia. 

Mt.Perdu(Pyrenees) 

11,283 

Biesenkoppe 

5,070 

Mont  d'Or 

6,707 

Grosse  Ra(er 

4,972 

Cantal 

6,355 

Franco  ni<t. 

Jura 

5,774 

Fitchtelberg 

3,980 
12* 

Puy  dt  Pdme 

i.SIS 

;» 


n  I 


I:* 


131 


r.rriopK. 


1   1 


.S;)(/t/(. 
Siorra  Nevada  \'2,1C,2 

Fie  I31aiic(l'.vrenec«)  !0,'i05 

Serni  tie  Kstiilhi  b  or  G,0"" 

Italy. 
Monte  Volino  8,:i07 

Monte  Cinioue  6,40 1 

Vesuvius  3,900 

Rivers.     The  following  t 
cemparativc  length  of  the  pr 

Miles 
Volga,  Russia 
Danube,  Germany 
Dnieper,  Russia 
Don,  Russia 
Rhine,  Germany 
Dniester,  Russia 
Elbe,  Germany 
Dwina,  Russia 
Dwina,   Do. 
Niemen,  Do 


Sieil'i 

Kf..a  ^0,m:^ 

Comicu. 

Monte  Rotondo  8,094 

Turkry  in  Europe. 

Olvmpus  "    about  7,000 

Pin.lus            Do.  ■7,000 

Athos  3,JJ.» 


able  exhibits  n  view 
•incipal  rivers. 


1,980 
1,620 
1.000 
800 
600 
600 
500 
500 
500 
450 


Neva,  Russia 
Fetchora,  Do. 
Tagus,  Spain 
Te'isse,  Hungary 
Vistula,  Poland 
Rhone,  France 
Loire,      Do. 
Po,  Italy 
Ebro,  Spain 
Drave,  Austria 


of  the 

Mika. 
450 
450 
450 
450 
450 
400 
400 
350 
350 
350 


Lakes. 


The  following  are  the  most  considerable  lake? 


Length. 
150  miles. 
150 

60 

48 

80 

70 

60 

45 

40 

30 


Ladoga,  Russia 
Onega      do. 
Tchudskoi  do. 
Ilmcn       do. 
Wenner,  Sweden 
Wetter       do. 
Malar         do. 
Constance,  Switz 
Geneva         Jo. 
Garda,  Italy 

hUuuh     The  most  important  islands  arc  Great  Bnta.n, 
IreS  Iceland,  S.cily,  Sardinia,  Corsica,  a.d  Cand.a^ 

aJate.     Kuro,.e  is  situated  almost  wholly  withm  the 
tempSe  zone,  L  enjoys  a  favourable  climate. 


Breadth. 
70  miles. 
30 
24 
18 
35 
16 
18 
15 
9 
7 


h 


10,!10.-1 

fSlCU. 

(io 

8,(>9l 

(I  Kui 

ope. 

about 

7,000 

Do. 

7.01)0 

'3.Zo» 

n  view   of  the 


)o.  450 

in  450 

ingary  450 

and  450 

ince  400 

10.  400 
360 

„  360 

stria  360 

onsiderable  lake? 
Breadth. 
70  miles. 
30 
24 
18 
35 
16 
18 
15 
9 
7 

!  arc  Great  Britain, 
a,  and  Candia. 
wholly  within  the 
le  climate. 


tUKOl'L. 


\-Jb 


Cluiracte.i:  i'.nio[)e,  tlioiii>li  imicii  llie  sinnilost  ut  the 
lour  quarters  of  the  globe,  is  by  tar  tin'  nio.-t  important  and 
powerful,  and  governs  the  groatcr  part  of  tlic  others.  It 
has  a  great  superiority  in  civilization  and  retiiionient,  and 
in  all  the  useful  and  ornamental  arts. 

Literature.  Europe  contains  the  principal  part  of  tlio 
literature  and  science  of  the  globe,  and  its  literary  estab- 
lishments are  greatly  superior  to  any  that  arc  found  in  the 
other  quarters  of  the  world.  The  countries  nio<t  eminent 
for  literature  and  scieuce  are  Great  15ritain,  France,  and 
Germany. 

Libraries.  Home  of  th<'  princijnd  libraries  of  Europ*- 
are  exhibited  in  the  I'ollowing  table. 


Rome,  Vatican 
Munich,  Uoyal 
Paris,  Hoyal 
Vienna,  Imperial 
Pctersh'g,  Imperial 
Gottingen,  Univ. 
Copenhagen,  Royal 
Dresden,  Royal 
Berlin,  Royal 
Wolfcnbuttel 
Stiittgard 
Bologna 
Paris,  Arsenal 
Milan,  Aiubrosian 


full.  Vtils. 

5oO,000  Prague  i;)0,<)00 

400,000  -Madrid,  Royal  1  .'50,000 

370,0(M)  Brussels      ^  120,000 

300,000  Paris,  St. Genevieve  110,000 
300.000  Vienna,  University    !oli,000 


280,000  Lyons 
270,000  Bordeaux 
2;')0,000  Gratz 
200,000  Paris,  Pantheon 
200.0(10  Hamburg 
no.OOO  ("anilridf^fo,  riii\ 
] 50,000  I'rankiort  oi 
150,000  ftlaine 

110.000  Weimar 


LAPLAND 


.1  till.  > 


lotJ.ooo 

1 05,000 
105,000 
102,000> 
1  00.0!)l> 
100,000 

100,000 

100,000 


Divisions.  Lapland  is  divided  into  three  parts;  North 
Lapland,  belonging  to  Norway  ;  Souib  Lapland,  belonging 
to  Sweden  ;  and  East  Lapland,  belonging  to  Russia. 

Torviis.  Tornea  was  formerly  co.isidfred  as  belonging  to 
Swedish  Lapland,  and  the  chief  town.  It  has  a  good  har- 
hour,  but  contains  only  GGG  inhabitants.  The  Iiouses  arc 
all  of  one  story.  Kola  is  the  chief  town  in  Russian  Lap- 
land. 


fi 


h:,t 


»     I 


.^^  r.APLAND. 

Rivers,     'ihv   i.riiK.iMl  rivers  arc   the  Tornca,  Alter, 

""ISv!""  'I't.o  lak.s  in  this  country  are  very  numerous. 
I  i,lv.'  r.iiaiM  IS  alioul  ;>l)niil<'S  loiiff. 

TJ.  iWr  ufth>'  cM.nir^  is.nostiy  rough  ami  mounta.nm.s  ; 
ln,t  ,  -.u.M.arls  thrro  are  fxle,...vo  n.ora.seH  ami  lens^ 
Til.    su.'m.l's  of  the.  .nouulams  are  covered  wUh  eternal 

'"  W      The  soil  is  generally  sterile  ;  being  n.ostly  cover- 
e.lwit"h  rocUs,  or  nt.,  .r  j,nuvelly  plan.s,  or  u  kmd  ot 

'"''prod.ctinns.     The  inhabitants  raise  some  barley,  oats 
..ye,  "ome  voirel.bles,  and  fruits;    hut  the.r  ch.el  wealth 
consi*!.  in  their  numerous  herds  otrem-deer 

Climate.     The  climate  is  excessively  cokl ;  in  the  sum 
,„er,  however,  for  a  short  time  the  heat  is  mtense. 

Population.  The  country  is  very  thmly  inhabited.    The 
noDulation  is  estimated  at  60,000.  ^  ,  .„    ,„^ 

*  «L««r*.  The  inhabitants  are  oflow  stature  and 
.w  it  complexion.  They  subsist  mostly  on  an.ma  food 
are  but  little  advanced  in  civih/at.on,  ="^1  have  no  htera 
tu.e  Thev  I'rofoss  Christianity,  but  unite  with  it  many 
^f  ale  si^^lltions  of  ,„,anism.  Though  the.  ^  is  UjU 
<.ftoil  and  penury,  yet  they  arc  remarkably  attached  to 
their  country. 


>OU\VAV, 


Pioiir.ca  vr  Dioeitu. 
Droiilhcim 
liorgen 
Christian-;ind 
Aggcrhuus  or  Cliiislianla 


Chii-f  iDiim. 

Diontheim 

I'.eri^on 

Christiinisimd 

Chribtinnia 


Pop. 

8,810 
1 8,0'iO 

9,005 


Bcr'cu  the   largest  town,  has  considerable  commerce. 
The    exilorts   consist  chielly  of  fisl^   skins,   tallow,  and 

'TtLunu.  is  the  best  built  and  most  thriving  town      It 

has  an  excellent  harbour,  and  ernes  on  considerable  ..om- 

merce      It  contains  a  military  academy,  and  a  university. 

hronthcim  has  considerable  trade      It  is  a  very  anoeat 


low 
a  sr 

< 
and 
fur< 

h 
ilivi 

; 
I 

in  t 

schi 

rou 

1 

I 

J 

ext 

/ 

twc 

< 

but 
sou 
try 

cor 
alu 

J 
mil 

( 
^hc 

of 

>vli 


NORWAY. 


137 


Torncu,  Allei, 

very  numerou:? 

utl  mountainous ; 
raJ'sc^  ami  fens, 
•cil  witli  etuinal 

ng  mostly  cover- 
ius,  or  a  kintl  ot 

me  barley,  oatf, 
leir  chief  wealth 
L'er. 

ukl;  in  the  sum- 
9  intense, 
inhabited.    The 

low  stature  and 
ly  on  animal  food, 
1  have  no  litera- 
lite  with  it  many 
irh  their  lot  is  full 
iiably  attached  to 


l'oi>. 

1 

8,040 

18,0^0 

iiul 

■1,-^7 

I 

9,005 

orable 

commerce. 

?kins, 

tallow,  and 

thriving  town.  It 
\  considerable  com- 
,  and  a  university, 
it  is  a  very  ancient 


town,  and  wa^  the  seat  of  jjovernment  while  Norway  was 
a  sopiiTitte  king'tliun. 

(iia'crnimnt.  Norway  was  united  to  Denmark  in  ll'.nt, 
and  in  l.'iM,  was  ceded  to  Sweden.  It  has  its  own  legisla- 
ture, with  a  separate  administration. 

Rcliirion.  The  rclif^ion  is  I-utlior:m,  and  the  country  is 
divided  into  4  bi'^iiopricks. 

[.aui^ua^e.     The  laiij^uaa^e  is  a  dialect  of  the  (Jotliic. 

lAUcatinn.  The  university  tifChrisliania  is  the  0!dy  one 
in  the  country.  Then;  are  \  Latin  and  some  <  ommou 
vrhools  ;  hut  Norwiiy  has  always  been  behind  tiic  other 
rouutries  of  Kurope  with  regard  to  literature. 

Rivers,     Tiie  Ctlomme,  Louven,  and  Nyd. 

Lakes,    The  lakes  are  numerous  but  mostly  small. 

Mountains,  The  Dofrafield  mountains  are  a  long  range 
extending  mostly  between  Norway  and  Sweden. 

Face  of  the  country.  Norway  and  Swhzcrland  are  the 
two  most  mountainous  countries  in  Europe. 

Soil.  But  litlje  of  the  soil  is  adapted  to  raising  grain  ; 
but  in  many  parts  there  is  excellent  pasture;  and  in  the 
south  portion  there  are  tracts  of  pleasant  and  fertile  coun- 
try. 

Minerals.  The  mineral  productions  are  important,  and 
consist  of  iron,  silver,  copper,  lead,  cobalt,  marble,  salt, 
alum,  &c. 

Exports,  The  exports  consist  of  lumber,  hides,  fish,  and 
mineral  productions. 

Climate.  The  climate  is  healthy.  The  summers  arc 
-hort  ami  hot;    and  the  winters  lon^-  ami  excessively  cold. 

The  Maelstrom,  is  a  remarkable  whirlpool  near  the  island 
of  Moskoe.  It  is  so  violent  as  tu  draw  in  trees,  sliii.-,  sp-l 
whales  that  come  near  it, 


i-,i 


I    3 


i  -lit- 

Ml 


ii      % 


SWEDEN 

Ijtnsiont. 
Sweden  ProiH'i' 
Gotliliiud 

Nordliinil  and  Laj'bnd 
Norway 

Total 


Pup.  fn  lfiO«, 

i,4r)i,U)'i 

«1 0,07  1 

3,'io7,:n5 


ria/««(«  formerly  constituted  a  pnrt  ofSweder.,  but  was 
ceded  to  Russia  in  lo03. 

Stockholm  C'2,i3r^O     r^ordk.oi-mg  8,bfau 

Gotlenburg  ♦1,858     Liml  »»««J 

Carbrrona  10,653     lahlun  4,7  WO 

Stocit/.o«m,fhc  capital  of  Sweden  hasa  smgularMtu^^^^^^^^^ 
between  an  inlet  of  the  Balt.c  and  Malar  ake.  ^^  occup  e. 
7  islands,  and  the  scenery  is  very  romantic.  The  houses 
are  mostly  of  stone  or  brick,  and  pla.stered  w.vh  stucco 

GolienL^  is  the  second  town  in  ree^ard  to  population 
and  clmefce,  a.  d  formerly  carried  on  a  great  trade  u> 

^'l!;S<ft:^^onsiderahle  commerce,  and  is  noted  lor 
beinff  the  chief  station  of  the  Swodi-h  navy. 

Govermunl.     Tlfe  government  iS  a  l.nt.tcd  hereditary 

"IwS;.     The  reli,uH.  i.  Lutheran.     There  "are  one 
archbishopric,  that  of  Up.^al,  and  1 1  '^i^'"n"'cs. 

Lan<rm^e..     The  Swedish  language  is  a  dialect  o    the 
Gothic^  bfing  u  sister  ,t.f  the  Danish,  Norwegian,  and  Ice 

*""ScaUo«.  Sweden  has  2  universities,  Upsal  and  Lund 
The  former  ha'fc  a  library  of  56,000  V"  ""f '""d  l^^^'  ' 
lfil5,  1,200  students;  the  latter  has  about  300  students. 
The  universitv  of  Abo,  in  Finland,  now  belongs  to  Russia 
ischool  i-,  established  in  every  parish  for  the  purpose  ol 
teachiniv  reading,  writing,  &:c.  „„cfa  rhi.^fl,;  on 

Covvacrcc.  The  commerce  of  Sweden  rests  ^^^^  '^ 
the  export  of  her  native  products,  iron,  timber,  pitch,  tar. 
?«.emp,  copper,  and  herrings.         i 


C, 

the 

the.s 

uim 

/■' 
sifif 
rod 

.1 
Swr 

Vi 
Mot 

L 
Mai 

0dv 

not 

f 
abo 

^ 
gol( 

L 
are 

I 
forr 
acti 


.lut 
Zeii 
Hlei 
Hoi 
Lat 
Ice 
Kai 
Pos 


T 


.SWF-DEN. 


13!> 


lyi 


♦.iJ 


Pop.  h  lfiO«i 

i,4r)i,it)'^ 

«l0,07J 

3,'io7,:575 
"Sweden,  but  w.i> 

Pvp. 

4,897 
4,790 
a  singular  situation 
lake.  It  occ'ipies 
utic.  The  houses 
■red  wivh  stucco, 
^ard  to  jjopulation 
\xi  a  great  trade  in 

ce,  and  is  noted  for 

liivy. 
limited  hereditary 

J.     There  'are  one 
lioiMicf. 

is  a  dialect  of  the 
Norwegian,  and  Ice- 

ii's,  Upsal  and  Lund, 
(iliimes,  and  had,  in 
.iboiit  300  students. 
V  belongs  to  Russia. 
I  for  the  purpose  ol 

den  rests  chiefly  on 
n,  timber,  pitch,  tar, 


Cliinak.  Tiie  winter  is  long,  dry,  and  excessively  cold ; 
the  ournmer  i**  short  and  hot.  The  transition  from  one  of 
tiu'se  seasons  to  (lio  other  is  so  rapid  that  spring  and  au- 
tumn are  scarcely  known. 

Face  of  the  conntnj.  The  country  is  exceedingly  diver- 
silicd  with  mountains,  bikes,  rivers,  cataracts,  forests,  vales. 
Kicks,  and  cultivated  fields. 

Mouiitititis.  The  DolValield  mountains  extend  between 
•^weden  jw\  Norway. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dahl,  (iotha,  and 
Mutala. 

Lukes.  The  largest  lakes  are  Wetter,  Wenncr,  and 
Malar. 

Suil.  The  soil  is  not  naturally  fertile,  but  it !«  cultivat- 
(?d  with  great  skill  and  industry.  TJie  produce  of  grain  is 
not  sufficient  for  the  supply  of  the  inhabitants. 

Forests.  The  forests  are  numerous  and  extensive,  and 
abound  in  pine  and  fir. 

Miiieraloiry.  Sweden  has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  silver, 
gold,  cofmit,  antimony,  and  coal. 

Islands.  The  islands  in  the  JJaltic  belonging  to  Sweden, 
are  Oeland,  Gothland,  and  Faro. 

Inluibiutnls.  The  Swedes  are  generally  robust  and  well 
formed  ;  they  are  polished  in  their  manners,  and  are  brave, 
active,  lively,  and  generous. 


DENMARK. 

Provincet. 

Pop. 

Chief  touns. 

.]  utland 

400,000 

Aalborg,  Aarhuus,  Wiborg 

Zealaiid,Faneu,&c.  550,000 

Cop'nhag'n,Elsinore,Odensee 

HIeswick 

300,000 

Sleswick,  Tonningen 

Holstein 

350,000 

Altona,  Kiel,  Gluckstadt 

Lauenburg 

35,000 

Lauenburg 

Iceland 

50,000 

Reikiavik 

Faroe  Islands 

5,000 

Possessions  in  E. 

^ 

&  W.  Indies  &, 

>   100,000 

in  Africa. 

s 

Total 

1,790,000 

Total  in  1817 

1,862,00« 

,,^,  Df^NMAniv. 

Chief  cities.     r-oprnha^c,y,  ihv  metropolis  of  ihc  JMm.h 
hn      u      l.roscMU«  u  mat;n.(irenl  vi^-w  who,,  .pproaclHul 

:    I    01  onlv  tl.e  ve.i.lcnro  of  the  court    hut  .s  the  sou 
,11  tl.o  LToat  pul.lic  cstal.lishmeutH  o»  the  ku.g.lom.     It 
uJl  l,'oo.n,a>l./,ur,  and  an  oxlon.ne  commerce.     I'opu- 

'•"XrS,e.  on  the  Elbe  2mi.e.>v.^ofH^W. 
ha«  considerable  rommercc  and  manufacture..      1  opula 

'■'AVni'^'^O  mile. north  ..f  Copenhagen,  i«a  we^l  known 
.eaport,  at'v.hich  all  foreign  ship,  that  trade  to  the  Balt.c 
-i>v  toll.     Population  7,000.  i  n^ 

'^]Iu   ,un-c. '  Denmark  has  two  univers.t.e.,  one  a t  Co- 
ne h  -en,  an.l  Ih.-  other  at  Kiel.     The  former  .s  on  a  large 
?< .       i  avi  .'  ample  funds,  a  library  of  about  60,000  vol- 
.;    :  0  0^- the  best  botanic  gardens  in  Europe   and  usu- 
:  abo     700  stnd.v.ts.     The  university  of  K-'--' ^as  «sual- 
V  loss  than  200  stu.lents.     There  is  a  college  at  Odensee, 
!il  an  acaiany  at  Altona.     Considerable  attention  .s  paid 
l.v  the  Danes  to  education.  rp„„t„„;p 

^]\m<rua're.    The  language  is  a  dialect  of  the  Teutonic, 
,„,;    h?Tm  ch  and  High  Dutch  are  spoken  at  court. 

'{'„•,..  Lutheranism  is  the  estabhshe.l  religion,  but 
,ai  u'rs  are  tolerated.  The  bishops  arc  on  a  footing 
ilnvhat  similar  to  those  in  England,  except  they  have 

'".l;"i;»"I<'"'Fl^  government  is  an  .vbsolute  monarchy. 

Oi , «  e  The  chLte  is  healthy  and  Uniformly  tern, 
perate  tho"Rl>  the  atmosphere,  during  the  greater  part  of 
tlip  v<'ar.  is  thick  and  cloudy.  i    ,„i 

Flccofthe  country.     The  continentd  part  is  very  level. 
It  fs  watered  by  no  hirge  rivers,  but  has  numerous  lake 
'' 's"t  and  , miction.     The  soil  is  genera'ly  sandy,  b^^^ 
<.  I, we   nroportiun  is  fertile,  and  produces  oats,  barley, 
heanrpeS  potatoes  and  madder,  and  much  of  it  is  ex- 

^^Si::^r^£-k  i.  remarkabl^^w^  ;U^ed  ^ 

;rade,  and  its  commerce  is  very  «^°"«'/^«'^f '^-  .  ^  Jntter 
ports  consist  of  grain,  horse*,  ctttle,  beef,  pork,  butter, 


and 
ton 

J 

I  on 
nia 
ne\ 
«:oi] 
.»re 
»i 

big 
ibr 


.m( 
•iv 

int 
of 
:in( 


( 
St, 
Mc 
Wi 
Cr 
Od 
Tv 
Ki< 

sib 
Fii 

iti 
str 
cit 


"■ii 


Wa.  of  ihp  J)nni,h 
llic  islauti  of  Zi'ii- 
i-lioii  a|i|)roiiclH!(l 
cities  in  Enrn|»p, 
■1,  Init  is  the  sent 
the  kingiloin.  It 
immercp.     I'opvi- 

wesl  of  Hamburg, 
irtures.      Topiilii- 

n,  is  a  well  known 
raile  to  the  BiUic 

rsitic«<,  one  at  Co- 
ormer  is  on  a  large 
about  60,000  vol- 
1  Europe,  anil  usu- 
t  of  Kiel  has  usual- 
ollege  at  Odensee, 
lie  attention  is  paid 

:t  of  the  Teutonic, 
>kcn  at  court, 
isheil  religion,  but 
IS  are  on  a  footing 
,  except  they  have 

absolute  monnrchy. 
and  uniformly  tem- 
;  the  greater  part  of 

>1  part  is  very  level. 
IS  numerous  lakes, 
jenerally  sandy,  bnl 
oduces  oats,  barley, 
id  much  of  it  is  ex- 

ly  well  situated  fot 
siderable.     The  ex- 
beef,  pork,  butter, 


i\^Ol) 


JiA. 


1^1 


and  cheecc. 

ton,". 


The  shipping,  in  1800,  amounted  to  250,000 


Iciland,  a  large  island,  is  subject  to  Denmark.  It  has  no 
I  onsiderable  towns,  and  is  very  thinly  inhabited.  The  cli- 
mate is  very  severe.  For  two  months  in  the  year  the  sun 
Tiever  rises  in  rummer,  nor  sets  in  winter.  The  island 
>on!*ists  of  prodigious  ranges  of  mountains,  some  of  which 
.>re  always  covered  with  snow. 

Afount  Ilecla  is  a  celebrated  volcano,  about  5,000  feet 
liigh,  subject  to  frequent  eruptions.  Matter  has  been 
'brown  from  it  to  the  distance  of  150  miles. 


RUSSIA. 

Extent.  Russia  includes  most  of  the  north  of  Europe, 
.md  all  the  north  of  Asia,  and  is  probably  the  most  exten- 
•-•ive  empire  that  ever  existed. 

Divisions.  Before  the  year  1808,  Russia  was  divided 
into  52  governments.  Since  that  time,  Finland,  the  dutchy 
of  Warsaw,  Bessarabia,  and  a  part  of  Moldavia  in  Europe, 

and  some  districts  in  Asia  have  been  annexed  to  the  empire 

« 

IIUSSIA  IN  EUROPE. 

Chief  cities.  'Pop.  Chief  cities.  Pop. 

St.  Petersburg  286,500  Riga  36,000 

Moscow  312,000  Wilna  25,000 

Warsaw  ,           04,421  Tver  20,000 

Cronstadt  40,000  Kaluga  ,19,078 

Odessa  35,500  Jaroslavl  18,961 

Tula  30,000  Neshin  16,000 

Kiev  20,000  Cherson  15,000 

St.  Petersburg,  the  metropolis  of  the  Russian  empire,  is 
situated  on  the  Neva,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of 
Finland.  It  was  founded  in  1 703,  by  Peter  the  Great,  and 
it  has  now  become  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Europe.  The 
streets  are  wide,  the  houses  large  and  splendid,  and  the 
city  is  accounted  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  the  ivorld- 
13, 


I 


m 


'i 


,  ,,,  RUSSIA. 

Mo,:ow,  the  annn.l  capital,  iH  Mt.v.i«.e.l  on  lUo,  M««kw|.. 
...a  is  21  m.lcs  in  rirn.m.Vrence.     It  ivan  hun.t,  n.  101.. 

iLsau',  tl.c  caiMtaJ  of  Poland,  w  ..tuated  on  llu-  V  .stu- 
la;  anil  is  now  a  Kus-ian  city-  .re.   i>/, 

CronsUuU,  siluato.l  on  an  island  '20  m.lcs  west  of  St.  1  c 
.rrMMW  .s  th«  ...incipal  station  for  the  Kn^Mnn  navy 

Sma,  on  the  Hh.ck  «oa,  i.  a  new  and  tlour.nh.ng  cty, 
and  has  an  cxtonsive  commerce. 

«i.r«,  ,.;uatcd  near  the  mouth  ol  the  Dwmn,  is,  next 
St   I'etersburR,  the  moHt  commercial  cily  in  Uussia. 
'Jrc/uJ.!'/,  o.\  the  White  .ea,  has  ^"■7''-;''  .^  ^^^    ^^ 
Gorcr«mc,.«.     The  government  ol  Un^s.a,  till  I H 11 ,  was 
.  .li'miotiam  but  it  is  now  a  constitutional  monari  ly. 

nZoT:  Th    established  religion  i^  th'',«ree,'*  church, 
l.u    all      hers  are  tolerated.     The  eMabhshed  church    e. 

'Tje.  the^loman  Catholic.     It  .in,^'-'-^'-''''^-"*- 
•l.iirrlies   11  archbishopric^,  and  :V2  bi>*hopri«>. 
ruSr  of  several  of  the  <lUVcrent  religions  throughout 

tlic  empire. 

31000,OUO     Mahometans         1,800,000 
'  •  510,000 


Greek  Church 

Catholics 

Lutherans 

Universities. 


■>,JUB,000 


'i.uOO.OOO 


Jews 
Armenians 


70,000 

Universities.    There  are  0  universities  in  the  empire,  at 
St.  KteSrg,  Moscow,  Dorpat,  Abo,  Warsaw,  WHna, 

^^S:;.!;r ^W:Sr 'l^roughout  the  empire^he^^ 
heretofore  almost  entirely  neglected  ;  b.,t  an  mcreasuig 
attention  is  now  paid  to  it.     •  .      .    ,    ,  jhron^h- 

BiUc  Societies  are  now  extensively  '";*'\f  f '  ./J^  ""^Jg 
out  Uu^ia,  for  the  benevolent  V"rpose  of  c^tr  but  ng  the 
Scriptures  in  the  various  languages  of  '^^  '»»';^J't^"t«^ 

Jnhabitanls.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  a  great  variety 
of  ins^  religions,  and  language,  A  -n--abk  num- 
ber are  Pagans,  and  many  are  in  a  state  ol  harbarism. 

Manufactures:  The  manufactures  ^,^7.7  wax  i-ine 
consist  of  salt,  iron,  leather,  hnen,  sail-cloth,  wax,  is.ng 

^'Sir'uSsiahas  an  extensive  comme.^  which 
is  caf ried  on  through  the  Baltic,  Black,  Ca.sp.an,  and  While 

seas. 


Oil 

n 
u 


.ii 
',11 

ti 

!«< 

I'i 

ir 


RUSSIA. 


149 


on  llio,  Modkwn. 
I.uriit,  ill  1012. 

eil  on  i\\f  Vistu- 

WC!-!  of  St.  I'c- 
u««inn  navy. 
11ouri!*hing  city, 

)winn,  is,  next  to 
in  Kujtsia. 
Table  commerce 
lin,  (ill  IHll,  wiis 
monan  liy. 
he  Cireck  church, 
lishcil  church  re- 
'S  4  metroiiolitan 
opricc. 
igions  throughout 


tans 


ns 


1,800,000 

i)  10,000 

70,000 

8  in  the  empire,  nt 
,  Warsaw,  Wihiiv, 

e  empire  has  been 
btit  an  increasing 

instituted  through- 
of  distributing  the 
he  inhabitants. 
.  of  a  great  variety 
i  considerable  num- 
2  of  barbarism, 
are  important,  and 
il-cloth,  wax,  ising- 

e  commerce,  which 
,  Caspian,  and  While 


Inland  mtviguiion.  Ilunsia  has  great  facilities  for  inland 
navigation  by  means  of  rivers  and  canals. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Volga,  Dnieper, 
Dniester,  Don,  Duna,  Onega,  Dwina,  i'etchora,  Neva, 
Ilea,  Tornea,  Niemen,  and  Vistula. 

Lakes.     The  Inigest  lak»;s  are  Ladoga  and  Onega. 

Face  of  the.  country.  The  lace  of  the  country  is  mostly 
a  level,  and  there  arc  plains  of  vast  extent. 

Mountains.  The  Uralian  mountains,  forming  the  boun- 
dary between  Europe  and  Asia,  are  the  principal  range, 
and  arc  about  1, 100  miles  in  length.  The  greatest  eleva- 
tion is  t;,780  feet. 

Soil.  The  soil  in  the  southern  provinces  is  generally 
rery  fertile,  but  in  advancing  to  the  north,  it  becomes  lesa 

^0. 

Climate.  The  climate  in  this  vast  empire  must  be  va- 
rious ;  in  the  southern  i)art8  it  is  temperate  and  agreeable  ; 
in  the  northern,  extremely  severe. 


PRUSSIA. 

Divisions.  The  Prussian  dominions  consist  chiefly  ot 
two  parts,  entirely  separated  from  each  other,  one  lying 
in  the  east,  the  other  in  the  west  of  Germany.  The  for- 
mer comprises  the  main  body  of  the  kingdom,  including 
the  first  7  of  the  following  provinces. 


Provinces, 
East  Prussia 
West  Prussia 
Brandenburg 
Pomerania 
Silesia 
Posen 

Chief  lowni. 
Berlin 
Breslau 
Konigsbcrg 
Dantzic 
Cologne 


Capitals.  Provinces 

Konigsberg  Saxony 


D.uit/.ic 

lierliu 

Stettin 

Hrcslau 

Posen 

Pop. 
1G6,504 
03^020 
,->6.197 
•11,511 
•U.70« 


Westphalia 

Jnliers,  Clevcs  j  j^^ggeldorf 

and  Bei^ 
Lower  Rhine 


Capitals. 
Magdeburg 
Monster 

Cologne 


Chiif  towns. 
Erfurt 
Poscu 
Poti-dam 
ilalberstudt 
Munster 


Pop. 
16,573 
15,992 
10,007 

13,2()G 

12,'J(17 


1         ! 


PRUj^SIA. 


Frnnkf't'orUhcOilcr  n,M9 
nimolilorf  11,844 

Stnilnuml  Il,ir.4 

Colilentz  11,104 


i44 

Aix  luCliiipclli'         V7,U'.4 

Hull..  I'Ji"'*"' 

IHtultiu  18,4:i0 

Klbing  >0,71O 

HeWm,  the  capital  of  tho  PruMian  .lomini.ms  is  situated 
on  t  .0  S  ,r..o.  It  i.  tlu-  ..-con.!  city  in  Germany  ...  m^u- 
Li.u.,  ana  on..  oC  the  inont  lu.ai.t.f..l  .n  •'■"ropo.  1 1)0 
t^  c"  ts  ..•  Rcerally  l.roa.l  a...l  ^.traigLt,  an.l  the  l.ou.o* 
1  KcVb  .  II  "f  brick; an.l  stuccoc.l.  T  .o  cty  co..  a....  ma- 
Lv  m;W"'''''"nt  e.lifkcs  nn.l  n..mcro..s  l.tnrary  .n«t.tut.on«, 
an.l  l>a«  oxtenhivc  tra.ln  and  n.an..larl.irc^. 

ins^.u,  the  capital  of  Sil.-.ia,..t..ato.l  on  ll.e  Oder,  car- 
rion on  cons.deral.lc  trade,  and  lva»  U  annual  fairs. 

DanUic,  Mt.mted  on  the  ViHluln,  C  miles  from  .ts  mouth, 

18  an  opulent,  commercial  city.  ^„„;,„i  nf 

KonUherL  on  the  Prcgcl,  was  formerly  the  cap.tal  of 

PrmHin?    It  i«.  a  large  and  handsome  cty,  well  H.tuated  for 

'T"1S^"  on  the  Rhine,  i«  noted  for  commerce,  and  has 
,on«  held  a  ronnpicuous  rank  in  Cathohc  f;7"»»"y-     ^^^^ 
Man^Mmrg,  ou  the  Klbc,  in  well  s.tuated  for  commerce, 
■Hid  in  a  i)liice  of  great  strength.  . 

li!-  L'c/mp».%ituate,l  on  the  Rhine,  is  an  .mc.ent  and 
wellhuilt  town.  It  was  the  favourite  residence  ol  Lharle- 
maoncand  is  colehfatedfor  its  liatlH. 

r  ;,/«,n,  on  an  i.land  in  the  Havel,  15  m.les  SW.  Berlin, 
U  decorated  with  splendid  edifices,  and  has  been  the  ta- 
,:ourite  rc'-i<li'ncc  of  the  Prussian  monarcbs 

aovcram>nt.     Tlio  ,r„vernment  is  an  absolute  monarchy, 

litlhnnn.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Lutheran,  but  all 
■,,(iCts  arc  ti)k'i;ati'tl. 

Number  of  tlic  principal  denominations. 
I.athcran.  (M0O,O0O  Reformed  3r.0,000 

iJatholic-  a,oOU,000  Jew*  '•^,0(K) 

trniivrs.Vic...  The  universities  in  the  Prussian  states  arc 
I'joso  ofKonigsbcrs,  Breslau,  Berlin,  Halle,  Greifswnlde, 
;  ?n}onn.  'Plio  principal  crymnasiums  are  at  Berlin,  Mag- 
deburg, Schul-Plorte,  Dant/ic,  Koni?>berg,  and  Breslau, 


(ii 

tpi 
K«-' 

trj 
tti 
bh 

lia 

nn 

pi 

m 

ni 

a.: 


Sll 

r( 


C( 

ei 
til 


PRrssiA. 


I  ir< 


,cOJcrn,00» 
11,844 
11,104 
11,104 

nion^,  ii  nituiitod 
crmany  in  i)"pvi- 
1  Kuropo.  'ri)o 
nnd  th«'  Iiousoh 
city  cotiliiiui»  ma- 
•riiry  institiitionc, 

an  llie  OiIcF,  car- 

iiil  fuirs. 

!8  from  its  mouth, 

rly  the  capital  of 
,  well  Hituated  for 

imnicrcc,  and  has 
Gorniany. 
ed  for  commerce, 

I  is  an  ancient  and 
sidenccof  Charle- 

miles  SVV.  Berlin, 
has  been  the  fu- 

clis. 

bsolute  monarchy 
Lutheran,  but  all 


ninations. 

^ed  350,000 

7  0,000 

Prussian  states  arc 
Halle,  Greifswalde, 
arc  at  Berlin,  Mag- 
erg^  and  Breslou, 


Liiiigupgr  The  prcvnilinR  lannuage  m  Pnwia  i*  the 
(lerman. 

Vlinwtc  Till-  rliinnlr  i-  lold  and  piorciiijc  in  (lie  rtin- 
tor,  «vitnM  and  plca^aftt  in  the  j'timmcr;  but  Ibr  aiilninn  i* 
giMioralJv  w»'t. 

t'itce  n/thc  omutni.  \'nwh\  is  mnntly  n  very  l«^ve)  conn 
fry,  aboiuidinjf  in  hih'H  and  xtreani?*,  and  ha*  many  niarniiN 
tracts.  SiU«!»ia  is  agn-cably  tliversilied,  and  has  ((inxidcvii- 
bb-  nionnliiins,  called  the  Siidclic  Mountain- 

.V;i7.  The  Hoil  of  Bran<lt'nbun(  ih  lean  ;  Ibo  other  parts 
have  a  considerable  proportion  of  fertile  conntr\. 

Proihicllnns.  I'rusnia  produces  grain,  llax,  hem[>,  SiC. 
and  itboiuids  in  cattle. 

Miiural.1.  The  most  distinguished  and  peculiar  mineral 
production  is  amber,  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

liivfrs.  The  riv«Ts  are  the  Klbo,  Oder,  Vistula,  Me 
mel,  I'regel,  .'^[tree,  Warta,  Mavel,  Rhine,  and  Moselle. 

Lakes.  Tlie  lakes  are  numerous ;  Spirding-Seo  and 
IMaur-See  are  among  the  largeit.  Curish  Hafl',  Frish  llatf, 
and  Grass  ilatt,  are  inland  sheets  of  water,  or  gulfs. 

hlaiuh.     TIjc  principal  islands  are  Uugcn  and  Usedom. 


POLAND. 

Poland  has  been  partitioned  by  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prus- 
sia.  The  greater  part  is  imder  the  dominion  of  the  empe- 
ror of  Russra,  who  fakrs  (l,e  (jtlc  of  king  of  Poland. 

Cities.  Wars.-i"  ,  the  c  .ipital,  and  Wilna,  belong  to  Russia; 
[-emberg  and  oiody,  to  Austria  ;  and  Posen  to  I'russia. 

CrMOV,  on  the  Vistula,  is  a  free  city,  well  situated  for 
»ommerc*».  I»  I"  an  old  town  and  was  formerly  much  larg- 
er Ihau  at  fwesent.  It  contains  a  university,  accounted 
the  lift  in  l'.)land.     Population,  in  1810,  2f>,736. 

"*%•"»••  The  Poles  are  mostly  Roman  Tatholics,  hnt 
Lutherans  and  Jews  are  numerous. 

Vuivcnitifs.  The  universities  are  those  of  Cracow, 
Wilna,  Lemberg,  and  Warsaw. 

Lanji^uage..  The  Polish  language  is  n  dialect  of  the  Scla- 
vonian. 

Face  nfthe  country.     The  face  of  the  count  .  i--  genera!- 


P 
^ 


i 


Iv  Ir-vol,  except  near  the,  Caq.uthmn  momUain.,  wlach  ^s- 

'  ".  •     .n.lrittle    and  ha«  also  rich  mines. 

'IS:"  'The  m^'  1;-  ti:-  Vistula,  Nie,nen,  Dw.na. 
Dnieper,  and  Dme.ter  ^  ^.,^^  ^  ^ra- 

Cunositji-     Ihe  nan  nm'  ^oo  leet 

,:ow,  is  esteemed  a  great  <^^^^^^   \V  the  mines  reside 
deep.     The   inhabdanls  -lu       -  ^  •"  Jhe  ^^  .^  ^^^.^^^ 

:;;:f^::£s:it^'c;^ui^navar.^^ 

;;ie  carved  out  of  the  salt  rock. 


BRITISH   DOMINIONS. 

,  ,^-     J  „,  nf  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  pos- 
The  United  Kmgdom  of^'^^'^.^f  ^^^  ^^^  Heligoland,  in 

"rriBrteu,  i.  aiv*..  into  Engla.J,  ScOa.^,   »"- 
Wales. 

ENGLAND  &  WALES. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 

Popiilationinim  and  Extent. 


Ceuntiei' 

Northumberland 

Cumberland 

Durham 

Yorkshire 
East  Riding 
North  Riding 
West  Riding 

Westmoreland 
Laocwbire 


Sq.m. 
1,809 
1,49T 
1,040 


722 
1,806 


Pop. 
n2,161 
133,744 
177,625 

167,353 
152,445 
653,315 
45,922 
828,309 


Chief  totens. 

Newcastle 

Carlisle 

Durham 

York 


Appleby 
LaBcastc 


Pop. 
27,587 
12,531 
6,763 
18,217 


2.160 
9.247 


ENGLAND 


14  < 


tain?,  wliicli  t.\- 

coiintry,  and  a- 
ich  mines. 
"Piemen,  Dwinn. 

«  miles  S.  Cra- 
150  or  200  feel 
lie  mines  resiilo 
aviitcd  in  which 
arioua  ornaments 


►NS. 

and  Ireland  pos- 

md  Heligoland,  in 

Asia,  Africa,  and 

k1,  Scotland,    and 


xteni, 

.ief  toumi. 

iwcastle 

rlisle 

irham 

irk 


ppleby 
atncaster 


Pop. 
27,587 
12,531 
6,763 
18,217 


2.160 
9.247 


(,'lieshirc  1,017  227,031  Chester 

Shropshire  1,403  194,398  Shrewsbury 

Herefordshire  971  94,073  Hereford 

Monmouthshire  516  62,127  Monmouth 

Nottinghamslure  774  162,900  Nottingham 

Derbyshire  1,017  185,487  Derby 

Staflfordshire  1,196  295,153  Stafford 

Leicestershire  816  150,419  Leice-ter 

Rutlandshire  200  16,380  Okeham 

Northamptonshire     965  141,353  Northampton 

Warwickshire  984  228,735  Warwick 

Worcestershire  674  160,546  Worcester 

Gloucestershire.  1,122  285,514  Gloucester 

Oxfordshire  742  119,191  Oxford 

Buckinghamshire  748  117,650  Buckingham 

Bedfordshire  430  70,213  Bedford 

Lincolnshire  2,787  237,891  Lincoln 

Huntingdonshire  345  42,208  Huntingdon 

Cambridgeshire  686  101,109  Cambridge 

Norfolk  2,013  291,999  Norwich 

Suffolk  h566  236,211  Ipswich 

Essex  1.525  252,473  Chelmsford 

Hertford  602  111,654  Hertford 

Middlesex  297  953,276  London 

Surrey  811  323,851  Guildford 

Kent  1,462  373,095  Maidstone 

Sussex  1,461  190,083  Lewes 

Berkshire  "44  118,277  Reading 

Wiltshire  1,283  193,828  Salisbury 

Hampshire  1,533  245,080  Southampton 

Dorsetshire  1,129  124,693  Dorchester 

Somersetshire  1,549  303,180  Bridgewater 

Devonshire  2,408  383,308  Exeter 

Cornwall  1,407  2i  3,667  Launceston 

Wales. 

Flintshire  309  46,518 

Denbighshire  731  33,111 

Carnarvonshire  775  49,336 

Anglesea  402  37,045 

Merionethshire  691  30,924 


16,140 

15.530 
7^306 
3,503 

34,253 

13,043 
4,868 

23,146 
1,111 
8,427 
6,497 

13,814 
8,280 

12,931 
2,987 
4,605 
8,861 
2,397 
11,108 

37,256 

13,670 

4,649 

3,900 

1,009,546 

2^974 

9,433 

6,221 

10,783 

8,243 

9,617 

2,646 

4,911 

18,896 

1,758 


Flint 

Denbigh 

Carnarvon 

Beaumaris 

D(^gcUc 


1,433 
2,7 1 4 
4,595 
1,810 
3,064 


<  1  'i 


148 

Montgomeryshire 

Radnorshire 

Cardiganshire 

Pembrokeshire 

Carmarthenshire 

Brecknockshire 

Glamorganshire 

Towns. 
London 
Manchester 
Livei-pool 
Birmingham 
Bristol 
Leeds 
Plymouth 
Portsmouth 


F.NGLAND 


982 
455 

72t) 

575- 

926 

7:J1 

822 


51,931 

20,900 

50,2G0 

60,615 

77,217 

37,735 

85,007 


Montgomery 

Prcstoign 

Cardigan 

PenibrnU<- 

Carmarthen 

Brecknock 

CardilV 


Po;j.m  tail 
1,009,546 
98,573 
94,376 
85,753 
76,433 
62,534 
56,600 
40,567 


Towns. 
Norfolk 
ShefVield 
Nottin«ham 
Bath 

Newcastle 
Leicester 
Hull 
York 


932 
1,114 

2,129 
2^415 
7,275 
3,196 
2,457 

Pop. 
37,250 
35,840 
34,253 
31,490 
27,587 
23,125 
21,299 

18,217 


Chief  cilics.     London,  the  capital  ol   the   kingdom,  is 
the  most  populous  city  in  Europe,  and  w.ih  respect  to 
commerce,^  wealth,    manufactures,    arts     hterature,   and 
chSle'  institutiU,  surpasses  all  other  c.t.es  on    he 
dobc      U  is  situated  on  the  Thames,  60  mdes  from    he 
S:     nnd   including  the   suburbs  is  7i  mdes    ongS  and  j^ 
i.rnid       The  streets  are  generally  w.uo,  and  the  houses 
!^ros"t  wholly  of  hri9k.     Of  the  public  buildings  the  ca- 
Sal  church  of  f.  Paul  is  the  -ost  magrutjc.^  juu    . 
PStecmed  the  chief  ornament  of  the  c:ty.    It  is  oOO  teetin 
kngth,  250  in  breadth,  and  350  in  height  to  the  top  of  the 
croS      Lon.ion  possesses  nearly  two  thirds  oi  the  whoVc 

^Ti:;^'onSt- London  in  wealth  and  commerce 
.nd  tniX^s  very  largely  with  the  United  States,  the  West 

*"'^I;,:;t';i:e'nval  of  Liverpool,  and  has  an  exten^ve 
commerce.  The  other  most  important  ports  are  New- 
castle, Hull,  Plymouth,  Portsmouth,  Whitehaven,  bunder- 

*'"i?iVi;;'ouu"poi"touth,  Woolwich,  and  Chatham  are  the 
nrirtrii>'»l  naval  stations.  „     ,      i        i 

^  S  i>  accounted  the  most  elegani  city  in  England,  and 


is  c 
the 

( 

.1 
ton 
wa 

< 
the 
me 
ant 
lati 

pri 
bel 
cle 

] 
f-  i 

J 

th« 
wa 

but 

Ox 
tur 
lea 
ex; 
eel 
ste 

ptt 
Sui 
er 

rar 
on! 

2,1 
an( 


ENGLAND. 


Mff 


ornery 

y,y2 

ign 

1,114 

'iin 

'-M29 

3 

rokc 

2,H5 

irthcii 

7,275 

.nock 

3,190 

IV 

2,157 

Pop. 

37,25G 

3C,840 

1 

34,'253 

31,490 

27,r}87 

23,125 

21,299 

18,217 

the  kingdom,  h 
\  wiih  respect  to 
,  litoraturo,  and 
iier  cities  on  the 

0  miles  from  the 
liles  long,  and  5 
lo,  and  the  houses 

buildings  the  ca- 
lagnificent,  and  is 
.  ^It  is  500  feetia 
it  to  the  top  of  the 
lirds  of  the  whoVc 

h  and  commerce, 
d  States,  the  West 

1  has  an  extensive 
it  ports  are  New- 
liitehavcn,  Sunder- 

id  Chatham  are  the 

ity  in  England,  and 


is  celebrated  for  its  waters.     It  is  much  resorted  lo  for 
the  purposes  of  hcaUh  and  amusement. 

York  is  regarded  as  the  capital  of  the  north  of  England. 

Oxford  is  distinguished  for  its  magnificent  edifices. 

Manufacturing  towns.  IManchestcr  is  famous  for  its  cot- 
ton goods,  Uirmingham  and  Shcrtield  for  cutlery  and  hard- 
ware, Leeds  and  Wakefield  for  woollen  cloth. 

Government.  The  government  is  a  limited  monnrciiy, 
the  supreme  power  being  vested  in  a  king  and  parlia- 
ment. The  parliiiment  is  composed  of  2  houses,  Lords 
and  Commons;  t'.^  former  are  hereditary  peers,  and  the 
latter  representatives  chosen  by  the  people. 

Religion.     The  established  religion  is  episcopacy,  com- 
prising ^  arcliLislinps  and  23  bishops.    In  1811  there  were 
belonguig   to   the    established   church    10,434   parochial 
clergy. 
J  Dissenters  from  the  establishment  are  Catholics,  Inde- 

*        S-  ndents,  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Methodists,  Quakers,  U- 
!';<       s;:tarian8,  and  Swedenborgians  ;  there  are  also  some  Jews. 

Bible  Society.  "The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society"  is 
the  most  important  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It 
was  instituted  in  March  1804,  and  in  May,  1818,  had  distri- 
buted more  than  2,000,000  of  Bibles  and  Testaments. 

Universities,  &c.  There  are  two  universities,  those  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge.  Both  are  dlstingtli?te'.l  for  iiter:>.- 
ture  and  science ;  Oxford  more  especially  for  classical 
learning,  and  Cambridge  for  mathematical.  They  are  very 
extensive  establishments,  and  richly  endowed.  The  most 
celebrated  public  schools  are  those  of  Eaton,  Westmin- 
ster, Winchester,  St.  Paul's,  Harrow,  and  Rugby. 

Education.  Among  the  higher  and  middle  classes  much 
attention  is  paid  lo  education  ;  but  till  the  institution  of 
Sunday  and  Lancasterian  schools,  the  education  of  the  low- 
er classes  was  much  neglected. 

ffohility.  The  nobility  of  England  is  composed  of  five 
ranks,  1.  dukes,  2.  marquises,  3.  earls,  4.  viscounts,  5.  bar- 
ons. 

Occupations.  The  number  of  families,  in  1811,  was 
2,142,147,  of  which  770,199  were  eagaged  in  agriculture, 
and  959,632  in  trade  and  manufactures. 

Faiiperf,     The  number  of  persona,  who  received  reljeC 


H 


11 

.V     '"'  - 


Hi 


:  i 


t60 


ENGLAND. 


in  and  out  of  work-hou.c.,   .«  1811,  was  1,039,716,  al.ont 
one  ninth  ol'the  inhabitants.  ,ri  nrr. 

AoT'/.  The  Uriti-^Ij  navy  consisted,  m  1811.  ot  i,u  — 
vci^spls  of  war,  of  which  250  were  ships  ol  the  line. 

Commerce.  Cngland  surpasses  every  other  ...unlrv  wKI. 
regard  to  commerce,  h.  180f»,  the  exports  amounted  to 
£45,918,003 ;  and  the  imports  to  i*27,14'.',o-ll. 

MauuMurc.  The  manufactures  of  Kngland  are  very 
rxtensive,  and  consist  of  various  articles  of  wool,  cotton, 
leather,  iron,  tin,  lead,  kc.  The  total  annual  value  was 
estimated,  in  ICO  I,  at  £63,000,000. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  th«  Thames,  Severn, 
Medway,  Trent,  Ouse,  Tyne,  Tees,  Were,  Mersey,  Dec, 
Avon,  Eden,  and  Derwcnt. 

Canals.  The  canals  are  numerous,  and  have  been  exe- 
cuted at  great  labour  and  expense.  Two  or  three  of  them 
are  upwards  of  100  miles  long.  rw  u*  i«i« 

Islands.  The  principal  islands  are  the  Isle  ofW.ght,  Isle 
of  Man,  Guern-cy,  Jersey,  Anglesea,  and  1»'C  ^<^'!>y '^J^^: 
Face  of  the  country.     The  face  of  the  country  is  beauti- 
fully diversified  with  hills  and  verdant  plains. 

Soil.     The  soil  is  various,  but  a  great  proportion  ot  it  i8 
good,  and  it  is  under  excellent  cultivation. 

Productions.    The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  bar- 
Icy,  oats,  rye,  beans,  and  pens. 

Minerals.     The  ;nineral  productions  are  very  valuable, 
consisting  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  tin,  copper,  marble,  rock 

'""^Jl/.Wai  waters.  The  most  celebrated  mineral  waters 
are  tho.e  of  Bath,  Bristol,  Tunbiidge,  Buxton,  Scarbor- 
ough, Epsom,  and  Harrowgate.  ,  •  „„  i 
Climate.  The  climate  is  healthy,  though  uncertain,  and 
liable  to  frequent  and  sudden  changes.  U  ;«  ""^^"J^  ^ 
cold  and  damp,  but  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are 
much  less  than  in  most  other  countries  in  the  same  paral 
lei  of  latitude. 


c 
Orl 
Shf 

Cai 
Silt 
!!o! 
('rf 
ln\ 
\a 
KIg 
tiai 
Ab( 
Kir 
or 

Ail! 

I'lf 
Foi 
Ch 

Kii 

Stii 

3 
Ed 
(ib 
Dii 
Ab 
Pai 

( 

.-it! 

sut 
am 
est 
risi 
art 


1,039,716,  al'out 


II  1811,  of  1,022 
^i'  the  line. 
[hcri..>un1rv  with 
or's  amountcil  to 
4'.',on. 

Knglaml  nre  very 
i  of  wool,  cotton, 
annual  value  was 

Thames,  Severn, 
ere,  Mersey,  Dec, 

ml  have  been  exe- 
0  or  three  of  them 

Isle  of  Wight,  Isle 

1(1  the  Scilly  isles. 

;  country  is  beauti- 

>lains. 

t  proportion  of  it  is 

ion. 

ons  are  wheat,  bar- 
are  very  valuable, 

pper,  marble,  rock 

ted  mineral  waters 
e,  Buxton,  Scarbor- 

lough  uncertain,  ami 
s.  It  is  inclined  to 
■  heat  and  cold  are 
>s  in  the  same  para  I 


SCOTLAND. 


TOPOGHAPinCAI.  TABI.K. 


'OU  lit  Its, 

Fop. 

Counties, 

Pup. 

l)rkney  and     i 

40,153 

Dumbarton 

24,180 

Shetland  l.a|es  \ 

Argylc 

05,585 

("aitliuess 

'23,4  Ut 

Bute 

12,0^3 

Sutherland 

'.'3,ti'-'9 

lladdinprton  or  ) 

31,1G4 

ItOSS                > 

C0,C53 

F.a"«t  Lothian    \ 

(•romartie  \ 

Berwick  or  IVlerse 

30,7X9 

lii\erne.ss 
Nairn 

78,33G 
f!,52l 

Edinburgli  or  i 
Mid  Lothian    \ 

1  18,607 

KIgiii  or  Murray 

20,1  or, 

Uoxburg 

37.230 

tUiMf 
Al'ordecn 

3G,GC.O 
135,075 

Linlithgow  or  j" 
West  Lothian  S 

l',>,451 

Kincardine,  ) 

27,439 

Lanark 

tOI,7r,2 

or  iAIearnii  ^ 

Peebles 

'!,935 

Annans  or  Forl'ar 

107.2C4 

^>olkirk 

5,889 

l-ifo 

101,272 

Dumfries 

r,  .-5,900 

Torth 

135,093 

Renfrew 

92,596 

Clackmannan 

12,010 

Ayr 

103.954 

Kinross 

7,245 

Wigtown 

2G.391 

StirUng 

53,174 

Kirkcudlirighi 

:1L\G84 

Tmms. 

Pop. 

Towns. 

I'op. 

r.dinburg^i 

102,987 

(ireenock 

19,042 

(ilasgow 

100,749 

Perth 

16,948 

Dundee 

29,filG 

Dunfermline 

ll,G49 

Aberdeen 

21,639 

Inverness 

10,757 

Paisley 

19,937 

Falkirk 

9,920 

Chief  cities.  Edinburgh,  the  metropolis  of  .Scotland,  is 
-ituated  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  Frith  of  Forth.  It  is 
surrounded  on  all  sides,  except  the  north,  with  lofty  hilln, 
and  there  are  in  the  vicinity  many  fine  walks  and  inter- 
esting views.  The  houses  in  the  Old  Town  in  some  parts 
rise  to  the  height  of  1 1  stories.  Those  of  the  New  Town 
arc  built  entirely  of  freestone,  and  with  great  elegance. 


m  \] 


it 


t 


I 

.Si 


t 


,  v>  SCOTLAND. 

This  city  is  not  ilistingui-^hed  for  trade  or  manufactures, 
bu  s  umor"e(J  chiefly  by  its  courts  of  ju.t.ce  of  winch 
Te  ur  IcUon  extends  all  over  Scotland,  and  by  its  cele- 
l!"ted  urllverrity  and  other  seminaries.  Populat.on,  .nclud- 

"^:;:'!:;'Sed  on  the  Clyde,  i«  the  fir^  city  in  Sc.t- 
Imdwhh  regard  to  commerce  and  manufactures  It  .b 
hiomoly  In  i  t,  has  a  number  of  magniticent  pubhc  ed,- 
Ses;  and  contam's  various  literary  and  char.table  mst.tu- 

''" Aberdeen  is  the  .r.ncipal  city  in  the  north  of  Scotland, 
und  has  considerable  trade  and  manufac  ures 

Vundee  is  a  well  built  town,  and  considerable  for  its  com 
mprce  and  linen  manufacture.  /•    4     „„ 

Sth  and  Paisley  have   extensive  hnen  manufactures, 
,nd  Greenock  has  a  flourishing  commerce. 

liclision.    The  established  religion  is  Presbyterian. 

Statement  of  the  numbers  of  the  several  «lc"— J'""*" 


V'resbyterian  estabUshed  church 
Seceders  (Presbyterians) 
Baptists,  Bereans,  and  Glassitcs 
lloman  Catholics 
Scotch  Episcopalians 
Methodists 
Church  of  Eugjand 
(;iuakers 


]  ,408,308 

iiue,000 

50,000 

50,000 

28,000 

9,000 

4,000 

300 

1,805,688 


■Universities.     There  are  four  "diversities  those  of  Ed. 

^^''^s=5.r= -^sy^s  a^:i 

cLsses     In  general  diffusion  of  knowledge,  bcotland  ex- 
reeds  all  other  countries  in  Europe. 

cLaU.     The  climate  in  the  northern  part  .s  very  c  Id 
but  in  the  south  temperate.    The  western  part  19  subject 
to  vei J  trequent  rains. 


th< 
m( 

im 

m( 

kii 

mt 

I'O 

Ti 

Hn 


.itc 
\ii 

C/i 
Di 
Cc 
M 
W 
Be 
Ki 


cit 

he 

is 

ho 

cit 

be 

bo 


I 


ir  mrtnufactures', 
iritice,  of  which 
and  by  its  cele- 
l)ul!ition,  inchul- 

irst  city  in  Scot- 
lufiictures.  It  is 
ticent  public  edi- 
liaritable  institu- 

)rth  of  Scotlfind, 

res. 

rable  for  its  com- 

zn  manufactures, 

e. 

Presbyterian. 

ral  denominations. 

1,408,308 

i2ue,00O 

50,000 

50,000 

28,000 

9,000 

4,000 

300 


1,805,688 

rsities,  those  of  £d- 
jrdecn.  The  uni- 
ated  as  a  medical 

ion  throughout  the 
;ion  education  to  "'1 
ledge,  Scotland  ex- 

rn  part  is  very  told; 
item  part  is  subject 


SiCOTLAND. 


163 


Face  of  the  country.  Th«i  most  prominent  features  of 
the  country  are  its  barren  hills  and  mountains,  and  its  nu- 
merous lakes. 

Hoil.  The  mountains  are  generally  destitute  of  trees, 
:md  barren,  but  the  viill  >ys  are  fertile. 

I'lodiiclions.  Scotland  feeds  vast  herds  of  cattle,  and  its 
mountains  are  covered  with  sheep.  It  produces  various 
kinds  of  grain,  fruils,  llax,  SiC. 

Minerals.  The  minerals  arc  iron,  lead,  copper,  coal, 
marble,  limestone,  freestone,  slate,  and  j)recious  stones. 

Bivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Spey,  Tay,  Clyde, 
Porth,  Tweed,  Doe,  and  Don. 

Lukes.  The  principal  lakes  arc  I.och  Lomond,  Lock 
Tay,  Lock  Fine,  Lock  Awe,  Lock  Shin,  and  Loch  Ness. 

Islands.  The  islands  are  the  Hebrides  or  Western  Isl- 
ands, Shetland  Islands,  and  the  Orkney  Islands. 


IRELAND. 

Divisions.  Ireland  is  divided  into  4  provinces,  viz.  Ul- 
ster, Lcinster,  Connaught,  and  Mnnster;  which  are  subdi- 
vided into  32  counties,  and  3,130  parishes. 

Chief  towns, 

Dublin 

Cork 

Jiimerick 

Waterford 

lielfast 

Kilkenny    , 

Dublin,  the  metropolis  of  Ireland,  is  reckoned  the  second 
city  in  the  British  dominions.  U  is  finely  situated  ne^r  the 
head  of  a  spacious  bay,  and  the  entrance  into  the  harbour 
is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  Europe.  The 
houses  are  mosfly  of  brick,  of  from  3  to  5  stories.  Few 
cities  in  proportion  to  the  size  can  boast  of  a  greater  num- 
ber of  magnilicent  edifices. 

Cork,  the  second  city  in  Ireland,  has  an  excellent  har- 
bour, and  an  extensive  commerce.  U  is  the  grand  market 
14 


Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

87,930 

Droffheda 

15,000 

90,000 

Duiidalk 

1 5,000 

50,000 

Gahvay 

15,000 

35,000 

No  wry 

15,000 

30,000 

Londonderry 

11,000 

17,000 

, 

'■■\ 


'    ^ 


,.j  IHKLAND. 

of  .r.,h  rrovMons.     Mmorirk,  Watcrfor.l,  and  Belfast,  ar. 
allciti.-sotcons..l«TaMctra«l<-  .^  ^j^^ 

trnd  iH  ailvantaffcs.  „f  a,p  npowlfi  are  sunk  in 

InMants      '^''^^S''^'^*  7,^     "/^'L^^f  ^  od   is  potatoes 
isynorancc  and  poverty.     ^Ium.   commm  i  ^  , 

..rnd  milk  ;  their  lac   ^^rf  ;j«m>   l>ey  "^e  jn  .  y^^,^^^,, 

*^')5ws.  The  principal  exports  are  linen,  butter,  wheat, 
flour,  outs,  pork  ami  beef.  temperate  ;  cooler 

Climate.    The  climate  of  J''^'''"''   '^j^St  of  Kngland, 
.n  summer  and  warmer  m  wmter,  than  thai  8 

but  humid,  an.l  often  \om-  ^   ,^^  ,„^j„try  is  mostly 

Face  of  the  cniuitry.      I  W  laci.  ,..e,tern  part  some 

level,  with  .  lew  hills   and  towards    he   ^^    ^     \^  ^^e  im- 
mountains.     One  ot   the   '""^l.f '^^^^  rthe  country. 

„,ense  extent  of  U^e  '-^^^  j'^^J^,,'';  ^o'n  of  il'«  ^^^^  '«  '''■ 
Soil     The  soil,  with  the  exceiui"" 

tile,  but  generally  stony.  potatoes,  oats, 

wheat,  barley,  ^f ''/^  f  ^.    X„u-hout  the  country  there 


no 
mf 
frf 
cd 
fu: 


bi. 

Pi 

Gi 
Fi 
O 
G 
U 
H 
Zi 

ri 

A 
B 
A 

R 
G 
1. 
T 

U 
B 
L 
G 
'1 
II 


IHKLAND. 


135 


ami  Belfast,  arc 

•  li»-luml  is  thf 
or  llirec  toiirtli^ 
e  establiHliinrnt 
loprirs.  In  the 
thr  most  nume- 

i»<  (lie  only  one 
,  in  IftlB,  1,'209 
ic  college  with  9 

L  mass  of  the  pco- 
,cte(l ;  but  within 
been  made  to  ex- 

cople  are  sunk  in 
I  food  is  potatoes 
miserably  lodged, 
vore  then  701,102 
.1  by  paupers,  and 
mly  one  hearth, 
iianufacturc  is  that 

tien,  butter,  wheat, 

temperate  ;  cooler 
X  that  of  Kngland, 

e  country  is  mostly 
western  part  some 
features  is  the  im- 

ire  the  country, 
of  ihe  bogs,  is  fer- 

;ras9,  potatoes,  oats, 
xtensively  used  for 
t  the  country  there 
kinds  of  grain.  Ire- 
mensc  quautities  ot 
[  quality. 


Minerals.  RIarblc.  coal,  iron,  lead,  coper,  silver,  nnd 
gold  are  fouml. 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Shannon,  Foyle, 
IJann,   Liffey,  Barrow,  Blackwater,  Boyne,  Slaney,  &l  Suir, 

Curiosities,  The  Giant's  Causeway,  situated  on  the 
north  coast,  is  esteemed  a  great  curiosity.  It  consists  of 
manv  h  mdrcd  thousand  columns  of  hard  black  rock,  rising 
fronl  20")  to  400  feet  perpendicularly  from  the  water's 
edjre. — The  lake  of  Killarny  is  much  admired  for  its  pic- 
turesque and  beautiful  scenery. 


NETHERLANDS. 

The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is  composed  of  tlie  laic 
Seven  United  Provinces  of  Holland,  (the  first  7  in  the  ta- 
ble) and  the  provinces  of  Belgium  or  Netherlands. 


Provinces. 

Chtff  towns. 

Provinces. 

Chief 

towns. 

Cironingen 

Groningen 

Brabant           ] 

Brussc 

Is 

Friesland 

Lewarden 

Antwerp 

Overyssel 

Deventer 

Hainaut 

Mons 

Guclderland 

Nimeguen 

Namur 

Namur 

Utrecht 

Utrecht 

Liege 

Liege 

Holland 

Amsterdam 

Limburg 

Linibi 

>'.? 

Zealand 

Middleburg 

Luxemburg 

Luxemburg 

Flanders 

Ghent 

Cilies. 

Pop. 

Cities. 

Pop. 

Amsterdam 

193,033 

Louvain 

18,587 

Brussels 

♦30,000 

Dort 

18,525 

Antwerp 

61,800 

IVlons 

18,291 

Rotterdam 

56,300 

Mucstricht 

17,963 

Ghent 

55,161 

Middleburg 

17,687 

Liege 

45,983 

Lowanlen 

16,504 

The  Hague 

41,935 

Malines 

16,07  V 

Utrecht 

34,881 

Ypres 

15,148 

Bruges 

32,990 

Namur 

15,085 

Leyden 

23,601 

DeUt     . 

13,852 

Groningen 

26,041 

Nimeguen 

12,733 

Tournay 

21,349 

Osteiid 

10,459 

Huerlem 

20,080 

l)ev<  ntei- 

10.08^ 

41 


1    ■' 


I 

1'i 


lt)S 


NETHERLANDS. 


1, 


.<i,..UrHa,n,i\.e  largest,  rirhoHt,  .m.l  -J'«'"  FH"^^  C'.y 
oftheNetluTlaiuli,  issilUHtca  oii  an  nrm  o<  In  A<iy<ti 
Zoo  HHore  the  ^n^burraHHrnctB  which  't  -."tamnd  nh.^ 
ihocomiuencomrnt  of  the  French  rovoJution,  it  was  «... 
e^.;eTrsrTo,ul  c.ty  in  Europe  m  point  o.  commerc 
'Th"ho«.os  un.  noa.fy  built  of  '>"cf  -  ^  -;,  «"<'^,  - 
foun,!at.on  of  the  whoir  m  h.i.l  on  piles  "f  <'m^cr-  i  e 
cTcoiitalns  many  mnpnific-nt  cdit.ces"f  «»"C»  .•»'«  "'"'''- 
hou^c  o  convJte.1  into  a  palace,  is  the  most  .listingu.sh- 
^1,  anJ  "s  e'teemed  a«  one  of  the  tme«t  structure*  in  the 

''7irLs./s    the  capital  of  the   southern  provinces,  is  the 

[or  itl  manufactures,  particularly  its  lace,  camlets,  and 
""ytHa.ruc  was  lormcrly  the  resulence  of  the  ^tadtholder 

igalion  01  iiu.  ^i-  ^^11^  opened,  and 

r  — S^ort.i'cit;^;<^;.aerahlefand  .t«  .anuiac- 

"'^:rri:a  handsome,  rich,  and  --ci^^^ty^ 
Ghent  ha.  coiiMderable  commerce   and  extensive  man 

'^l!;;;';;  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Meuse,  and  has  very 
oxten^ive  "'annlarlnres  ,,,„t„ries,  was  the  great- 

.../tSn:nE;;rl;e:u\:^^waweaUhy,com.nercial 

'"TL.nunc...     The  government  is  a  limited  hereditary 
monarchy.  ,    , ..     , ,  ^e  jKo   Spvph  Provinces  of 

I  hieliv  C'lliolic". 


ft 
'I'l 
Tl 
ell 

ln( 

(1)1 
lin 

m( 

th' 
nii 

an 

M( 

Be 

ke 


Ibl 

IJ| 
L( 


P' 

Hi 

of 
Bi 
Bi 

P< 
fri 


NKTHhllLANU.--. 


l.')? 


I  populous  city 
of  the  Zii.vilei- 
;  RiiRtuincd  nftcr 
ition,  it  was  c»- 
t  of  commerce. 

f  timber.  Thr 
which  the  stnilt- 
most  (listinguish- 
itruclures  m  the 

provinces,  is  the 
he  mor<t  nplonditl 
[•ly  Ix-oii  erected 
sels  i»  celebrated 
ce,  camlets,  and 

)f  the  stadtholder 
;n  Provinces,  and 
5  of  Netherlanda, 
jant  towns  in  Eu- 

d,  250  years  ago, 
iMi-ope.  The  nav- 
)8ed  and  the  com- 
igain  opened,  and 
!,  and  its  manufttc- 

imniercial  city, 
id  extensive  man- 

Duse,  and  has  very 

iea,  was  the  grent- 
calthy,  commercial 

limited  hereditary 

Seven  Provinces  of 
>f  the  Netherlands, 


Vniversitics,  «ic.  The  imiver-ilies  ar«  those  of  Leyilcn, 
I'trfchl,  (iroiiii.Ki'n,  f.niiviiin,  JlniHt-rN,  (ihoni,  nnd  Liege. 
Those  of  Levdeii  and  l,<)u\iuii  have  Ikmmi  Ihc  mo't  faniou-'. 
There  is  a  royal  in^slilulr  at  Amittrrdanj,  and  a  royal  acad- 
emy of  sciences  and  fine  arts  at  Hrusfn-N. 

Trade,  llollaiul  was  oiue  tlie  emporium  of  the  Kast 
India  Inule,  Iml  it  l)M  much  of  itn  commerce  by  its  late 
(orinexion  »vi(l>  rrance.— The  exports  consist  mo.stly  oi 
hncns,  bai/os,  hico,  liipestry,  stockings,  and  wooILmi  cloths. 

Cliinatc.  The  air  is  tlamp  and  foggy  near  the  sea,  but 
more  clear  and  pleasant  in  the  mlerior. 

Facet, f  the  count r:j.  The  face  of  the  country  is  very 
level,  except  in  the  cast  part  of  the  Netherlands,  where 
there  are  some  elevations.  Holland  resembles  a  large 
marsh  that  has  been  drained. 

.S(;i7.  Much  of  the  soil  is  rich  and  highly  cultivated, 
and  abounds  in  corn,  (lax    madder,  nnd  rich  pasture. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  aie  the  llhine,  Scheldt,  Sambre, 
Meuse,  Lys,  Y»>el,  Lech,  and  Wahal, 

hlandt.  The  principal  isl.mds  are  Walchcren,  houth 
Beveland,  North  Beveland,  Tholen,  Srhowen,  Over-Flak- 
kee,  Goree,  and  Texel. 


GERMANY. 

Divuiom.  Germany  was  formerly  divided  into  the  0 
following  circles. 

Upper  Saxony  Lower  Rhine  Swabia 

Lower  Saxony  Upper  Rhine 

Westphalia  Franconia 

Germany  at  present  comprises  a  great  part  of  the  em- 
pire of  Austria,  the  most  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia,  Hol- 
stein  belonging  to  Denmark,  Luxemburg,  now  a  province 
of  the  Netherlands  ;  the  kingdom  of  II  Mover,  of  which  his 
Britannic  majesty  takes  the  title  of  king;  the  kingdoms  ol 
Bavaria,  Wirtemberg,  and  Sa3;ony  ;  and  27  smaller  inde- 
pendent  states,  governed  by  na;ive  German  princes ;  nnd  ^ 

fre€  cities. 

14* 


Bavaria 
Austria 


n 


ft 


I 


t 


tJU 


(iKUMAN> 


.\ii-triiiii  iloiniiiion*  in  (icrrnany 

Kiiitfil'im  on'.iiViiria 
|)„,  \Virteiii)»trj{ 

Do.  lliniovcr 

Do.  Saxony 


i,,«);}v»r>i 


2  1,0!)  I, ''1^' 


SinaUtT  German  Stateif. 

Pop.         H'l-m.    Chttflowni. 


Bnden 

Churhessia  or 
HcHBC  Ciissel 
Grand  Dutchy 
of  Hpx^o 


Pop. 
1:3,711 

19,000 

12,000 

7,07  r. 

20,050 
8,B05 


l,OOl,G0J  5,777  Carlsruhc 
515,000  4,3'IG  Casael 

,  „,.r  Sr'armslndt 
688,000  3,9b5  j  [y,^,,,^ 

lloTsteSuueuburg '.30.1,938  3,G8U  Kiel 

limTwick  209,2^'^'  1,6^0  Urun.w.ck 

Mcrklenburp-)  319,508  4,712  Schwerin 

M^cSu"rg-St.cli..  02,000      G27  S.relit. 
ftKCKitnuuiR  .  ,v>  7f,9  2,183  Wisbadcn 

?r:::Woi,nar  19^2^71   1,416  Weimar 

W-X  .190,100  1,159  Gotha 

?.re:HrKh"au«en  3i;800      ']l2  H.ldb ufKhanseu  2  500 

rnSSrerg  "^      ^3    Bernberg  4  850 

iSt-Cothen'  32,454      318  Cothen  5,270 

Swar«/.b»rg-Son-  i 

54,677 


3,770 
5,300 
7,954 
11,600 
7,746 
4,125 


der«hausen 
Swarl/.burs-Ra- 

dolstadt 
HohenzoUcrn.  i 

Hechingcn    ^ 
Hohcnzollern-  ) 

Sigmaringen  S 


44,050      487  Sondershftuseu    3,100 


14,600 
38,600 


406  Rudolstnilt 
96  Hechingeo 
429  Sigmaringeo 


of 


to 


tiKKMANV 


lu.> 


A 


7,9'i:M:W 

i,3i)r>,ioy 
i,,u);),.»r.i 

ai,8!)i,ni3 


flownf- 

Poll- 

iiuho 

1:3,711 

el 

19,000 

rm^tndt 

12,000 

ntz 

2&,'i51 

1 

7,07  t'l 

rtnbui'g 

9,432 

nswick 

29,050 

werin 

C,F)05 

I'litz 

3,770 

(l)iiilen 

5,:iOO 

imav 

7,954 

tha 

11,600 

bnrg 

7,746 

■iningen 

4,126 

IdburKhausen  2,E00 
denburg  6,060 

jssau  9,120 

•rnberg  4,850 

)then  &,270 

>ntler«hau9en   3,100 


udolHtndt 
[echingeo 
igmaringea 


4,U)0 

2,600 

800 


I.Kliti'uMoin 

Wiililrck 

({(•iH^-Cirf  ilz 

Koii!<!<-Lol»iMi'«l«Mii 

Schiiii«'nl»iir^t-l.ti>ii 

I,i|il>«'-fli!lini)Ul 

llcito-lloiiiliiirtf 

l-'rfe  Cilia. 
Liilifik 
rruiirkt'ort 
IirciiH'ii 
ilainburg 


&,5M1 
47,900 

iit,nw» 

5»,7.U 
26,279 
7  2,500 
10,96« 


5:3 
4.V.) 

ua 

68  It 
19.') 

4.36 


Liclit««n»lf'ii« 

AioUen 

(Jreity: 

HtM  kcliiiiir 
Dt'tmolil 


106  lluinbitr^ 


l,2(Hi 
6.195 
2,716 
2,OI'0 
2.36!' 
«,96l 

2r),.-.26 

6t),00(> 


45, VJ?  IJf.  l-ubock 

73, lOO  90  I'riuitkl'oit 

46,;3UO  7.»   Hrrmcii  ;36,6:30 

129,739  133  lliimburg         lO6,02<» 


5,198,002 

Covenmeiil.  The  (Jcrmiin  states  arc  united  under  ilio 
0(M-inanic  t'onfoderation,  wlioso  c.onceriis  are  conti.  'd  to  x 
Fedoiativo  Diet  comixwed  of  17  plenipotentiaries,  and  ii 
(I'rni-ral  A!<!«'mblv  fonsiHtin;,'  of  60  niombcr*.  Tbe  hph- 
siions  are  held  atVranckl'ort  on  the  Maine,  iiiul  Austria  prc- 

»ido».  11  .L 

Rtlli-ion.  The  I'rotcstant  iclijjfion  prcvads  m  the  nort^ 
of  Germany,  and  tlie  Catholic  in  the  south. 

Number  of  the  difTerent  religions. 
CatiiolicN  15,027,000         .lows  182,000 

Lutherans  11,434,400         Moravians  25,000 

Reformed  2,030,tX)0 

Literature.  The  (iermaus  are  distinguished  for  their 
attainmeiits  in  literature,  science,  and  tlic  arts.  In  some 
branches  they  are  unrivalled  by  any  other  nation. 

Libraria..  In  about  150  towns  there  are  libraries  open 
to  the  public,  many  of  them  very  lari,'e. 

Universities,  kc.  The  number  of  universities  heloro 
1802,  was  36  ;  since  that  tinw  several  have  been  suppress- 
ed, and  the  present  number  is  20.  The  number  of  -lu- 
dcnts  belonging  to  tliem,  in  1817,  or  1-  ' :'  was  9,000 
.Several  of  these  institutions  have  a  higi.  .^- 'itntion,  and 
are  resorted  to  from  distant  countries.— There  are  nume- 
rous public  seminaries,  styled  i:yinnctsiuins,  many  o^  which 
are  celebrated  schools  of  learning. 


r* 

'•  i 


«!1 


It' 

si 
'I 


IGO 


GEKM.VNV. 


I    A:. 


m 


mountainous.  ,     ., 

i„  ,hc  .o»th  ;  .ml  <!;«»';,«;  S'bynnmcrou.  river,,  .he 

We»er,  Maine,  Iser,  and  Inn. 

r/     (   -„./.  hm  heretofore  been   esteemed 

""LS'ttoo..,  forlming  Wen  .he  hc.3  of  .he  cnfed- 
eration  of  ll.c  l"""-? '''"""f„,  ,„  f„i„,  „,„1  i,  now  .he  ftv- 
jrror.h'e'tL^firD.e..  B„„...  ha,  a„  ...e.- 
i.ve  trpae. 

SAXONY. 

Saxony  is  the  .maHe.t  kingcbm  in  Europe. 
Poo.  Chief  louns. 

Chi.fiou~m,  J«^^  ^._^^,,^^„ 

DuusPEN  --  Vrcyburg 

*^^'''"%  10  335         Meissen 

consicleral.le  <'•;;!'•'•.        ;,  ,,  beautiful  town,  and  contains 
Lci]>M,  on  the  I  leise,  of  German 

n  di'^tiDLnii-liod  university      U  i^;  -i /rcdi  lu- 
liten.t-ne,  and  is  cclcbrat<Ml  for  .t«  fairs.  ^.^j^brated 

ls;paS;;:s,'t^,s^rs"h:u.. 

school  of  that  scienc<' 


10,000 
8,7  :n 
4,353 


SAXONY. 


161 


k  vf, 


I  dialect  ol  Jlif. 

It  is  ouc  ol'  thf 

world ;  and  ei- 

hc  Maine,  chiel- 
d  by  few  inoim- 
arded  as  rathe  i 


!  north,  but  mild 

nerous  rivers,  the 
ine,  Elbe,  Oder, 

>  been   esteemed 
1  its  commerce  is 

;ad  of  the  confed- 

nd  is  now  tlie  per- 
men  has  an  exten- 


(iovemmtnt.  The  government  is  monarchy,  nearly  ab- 
solute. 

Relisrion.  The  religion  of  the  great  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants is  Lutheran;  that  of  the  court  is  Catholic.  Ail 
relii^ions  are  tolerated. 

Literature.  The  German  languag^e  is  spoken  here  in  its 
{greatest  purity,  and  the  literature  of  Saxony  is  greatly  dis- 
tinguished in  Germany.  Besides  Ihc  univeri;y  of  Leip- 
sic  and  the  miiieralogical  academy  of  Frcyburg,  there  are 
colleges  or  gymnasiums  at  Meissen,  Dresden,  Grinma, 
Wur/.en,  and  Baut/en. 

Rivers.     The  rivers  are  the  Elbe,  Pleisse,  and  Mulda. 

The  face  nf  the  country  is  fmely  diversifiedjand  the  a*!! 
IS  generally  fertile,  and  well  cult  vated. 

Productions.  Saxony  produces  all  kinds  of  grain  and 
vegetables,  with  hops,  tlax,  hemp,  and  tobacco. 

Minerals.  Saxony  has  valuable  mines  of  silver,  tin,  lead, 
copper,  and  other  metals.  The  most  important  are  found 
in  the  Erzgebirg  or  Mctalic  mountains. 


HANOVER. 


i' 


c- 


rope. 

wns.  Pop- 

n  10,000 

irg  8,7  :J7 

ely  situated  on  the 
in  Europe.  It  con- 
s  manufactures  and 

town,  and  contains 
>al  marl  of  German 

nd  has  a  celebrated 
eemed  the  leading 


Tuwns. 
Hanover 
Emden 
Hildesbeim 


Ptf. 

20,038 
11,123 
10,i)49 


Townt. 
Luneburg 
Gottingen 
Osuaburg 


Pep. 

10,039 

9,400 

9,276 


Hanover,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  is  situated  on  the 
Seine.  It  contains  a  magnificent  palace,  a  large  public  li- 
brary, and  has  many  handsome  buildings. 

Gottingen,  situated  on  the  Seine  about  60  miles  S.  Han- 
over, is  celebrated  for  its  university,  which  is  one  of  the 
first  in  Germany.  The  number  of  students,  in  iai7,  was 
1  132. 

'  Kinden,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems,  is  the  chief 
seaport  in  the  kingdom.  It  has  a  secure  harbour,  and  con- 
siderable  trade. 

Government.  The  king  of  Great  Britain  is  also  kmg  ol 
Hanover.  The  government  is  conducted  by  a  council  ol 
rpgency 


.« 


li^ 

<■ 


H. 


^     1 


m 


j^,g  HANOVER. 

\,ucaUon.     Besides  ^l^^S^^^^^SZ^i::^, 
are  crymiv»siums  at  Hanover,  Gottingen,  nic    , 

''Tl'iS.''''rt°?umi;=.  o?Th"e  different  aen.mmu.ion, 

i8  Stated  as  follows  ; 

Lutherans      1,090,000         Reformed        38  000 

Catholics  152,000         Jews 

The  face  of  the  country  i.  generally  level,  and  the  soxl 
8omewl,at  samly.  ^      .^^,  „,e  wheat,  rye,  barley, 

.aS,te-r;otare"n!s,  he.p,  .lax,  tobacco,  madder, 

"""-River..  The  rivers  are  the  Elbe,  Weser,  Seine,  Aller, 
"^"S^rt?' The  minerals  are  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron, 
eobalt,  wnc,  slate,  coal,  and  marble. 


BAVARIA. 

the  Congress  oi  t  .enna. 


Circles, 
The  Iser 
The  Rezat 
The  Maine 
The  Upper  Danube 
The  Regen 
Tlie  Lower  Danube 
The  Iller 


Chief  towns. 

MVNICH 

Anspach 

Bamberg 

Aichstadt 

Ratisbon 

Passau 

Kempten 


Wurzburg,  (Principality  of)  Wur/b^^rg 
Aschaffenburg,  (Pnnc.  of)     Aschanenuurj, 


DeuK  Fonts)  Districts  on  Wr  Deux  Pont. 
Spire  (of»^hine,partof^Sp.re 

Landau         (  tbe  lateFr.dep.  )La  Jau 
Lautern       )  of  Mt.Tonuere.  ^.Lautern 


Pop. 
60,024 
13,928 
19,385 

5,225 
22,000 

9,000 

5,924 

21,330 
(3,394 

4,9';G 
3,744 

2,363 
r,  ■  '>". 


Chii 
Mun 
Nun 
Aug; 

Rati! 

M 
ihe  I 
did  ( 
and 
Gen 

grea 

is  fa 

<ion 

G 

tary 

k 

aboi 
The 
hish 
Kef( 

E 
this 
Erla 
lyce 

7^ 
Lee 

F 
fron 
ihei 
Th( 
une 

S 
cult 


I 
ria, 


Gottingen  there 
feld,  HiUlesheim, 

it  denominations 

I         38,000 
8,200 

rel,  and  the  soil 

eat,  rye,  barley, 
tobacco,  madder, 

ser,  Seine,  Aller, 

opper,  lead,  iron, 


810,  into  the  7  fol- 

were 

annexed  by 

Pop. 

60,024 

13,928 

19,385 

5,225 

22,000 

9,000 

5,92-1 

r 

21,330 

Ijurg 

13,394 

^onts 

4,9';  G 

3,744 

1 

2,363 

n 

5,i2t3 

Chit/ towns. 
Munich 
Nuremberg 
Augrsburg    _ 
llutisbon 


Pop. 

CO,024 
30,000 
2t5,n02 
22,000 


BAVAKIA.  103 

Chief  toiens.  Pop. 

Wiirzbnrg  21,380 

Bamberg  19,;i85 

Ansjiach  13,928 

liayrcuth  10,000 

Munich,  tlic  cajtilal,  is  situated  on  the  I^^er,  and  is  one  of 
ihe  handsomest  cities  in  Europe.  It  contains  many  splen- 
did edilices,  and  a  lihrary.  said  to  contain  400,000  volumes, 
and  a  museum  ot'  anti«iu'ities,  reputed  the  most  complete  in 
Germany. 

Xumnberg  is  large  and  well  built,  and  is  one  of  the 
oreatcst  trading  towns  in  Germany. 

"  Angsbitrq  is  a  large  trading  and  manufacturing  town,  and 
is  famous  ui  the  history  of  the  Reformation  for  the  Confes- 
sion formed  here  in  1.530. 

Government.  The  government  is  an  unlimited  heredi- 
tary monarchy.  /-,,,• 

Reli''iim.  The  prevailing  Keiigmn  is  Roman  Catholic, 
about  one  fourth  only  of  the  inhabitants  being  Protestants. 
There  are  2  archbishoprics,  Munich  and  Bamberg;  and  3 
bishoprics.  The  number  of  Lutherans  is  stated  at  800.000  ; 
Reformed  .SOOO;  Jews  16,000.  .,,,.«.      ,. 

Education.  Education  has  lately  been  widely  diffused  in 
this  country.  There  are  3  universities,  those  of  Landshut, 
Erlangen,  and  Wurzburg.  There  is  also  a  number  of 
lyceums  or  gymnasiums,  and  about  20  academies. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  are  the  Danube,  Inn,  Iser,  Regen, 
Leek,  Uler,  Altmuhl,  Nab,  and  Maine. 

Face  of  the  cmmlry.  On  the  south  Bavaria  is  separated 
from  the  Tvrol  hy  rugged  mountains,  and  on  the  northeast 
there  is  another  range  beiween  Bavaria  and  Bohemia, 
The  rest  of  the  country  is  generally  level  or  moderately 

uneven.  .    ..        .       ^  n 

Soil.     Much  of  the  soil  is  good,  though  not  very  well 

cultivated. 

WIRTEMBERG. 

Divisions.  Wirtemberg  lies  on  the  west  side  of  Bava- 
ria, and  is  divided  into  12  counties. 


I   i^i 


,i! 


hi 
V' 


1'i 


inhabitants.  „.»i«>r-in 

•'^S'tic'S^"theNecUer,Jaxt,a„dEn. 

GRAND  DUTCIIY  OF  BADEN. 
H  lies  N.  ..f  Switzerland,  and  W.  of  ^Vuvtomberg,  and  i^ 
divided  into  10  circles. 


Chief  lu<ons, 

Manheim 

CarWruhc 


Pop. 
18,81G 
13,711 


Chief  towns.  Pop- 

Freyburg  10,108 

Heidclburg  9,82G 

Mauheim  is  a  remarkably  n«^\^°J'"^     residence  of  the 

CaW.r-</.e  is  'Vhand.ome  town   an^J^^^  ^^^^^^.,,,,,^ 

grand   duke.— >  reybxirg  and  lUtumeri, 

universilios.                                   ,      .n       j.p  the   principal 

tanls.  ' 


AUSTRIA. 

Divisions.    The  empire  is  divided 
provinces  or  governments. 

Provincf.s.  Sq.  m. 

ArchdufyU.  Above  t'^.^  Ens    7,320 
of  Austria  J  2.  Below  the  Ens   7,6  JU 


Into  the  M  following 


Illyria       J  g". 


'3.  Stiria 

4.  Tyrol 

5.  Bohemia 

6.  Moravia 


7.  Lay bach 
Trieste 


8,459 

10,0.33 

20,169 

10,697 

8,088 

5,014 


Pop. 
755,891 
1,048,324 
799,056 
717,542 
3,203,222 
1,680,935 
637,331 
531,066 


Chief  towns 

Lint/. 

Vienna 

Gratz 

Inspruck 

Prague 

Brunn 

Laybach 

Trieste 


I'oh 
Lon 


\  iei 
Prn 
Fes 
Lcii 
Del 
Tri 
Grr. 
nru 
Cro 
Ijro 

F 

^ 

.intl 
OS  a 
Th« 
iper 
ticu 

7 
and 
com 
«ists 
ture 

L 

hlh 

II 

X 

mos 

n 

wgI 


very  pleasantly 
ntaiiiH  a  mapnili- 
jpulation  23,694. 
,  contains  11,221) 


'vibingen,  and  ed- 
Ifaxt,  and  En/.. 

DEN. 
intombcrg,  and  i' 


,ns.  Pop- 

rg       io,ioe 

3urg        9,820 

e  residence  of  the 
contain  flourishing 

are  the   principal 
abitants  are  Protes- 


nto  the  M  following 


Pop. 
■755,891 
1,048,324 
799,056 
717,542 
3,203,222 
1,680,935 
637,331 
531,066 


Chief  towns 

Lint/. 

Vienna 

Gratz 

Inspruck 

Prague 

Brunn 

Laybach 

Trieste 


AUSTRIA. 


16.J 


I'oland 
Lomb 


9.  Dalinatia 
10.  Galicia 

. ,    ^11.  Wnice 

'">'  I  12.  Milan 
1.3.  Hungary 
14.  Transylvania 

Four  Military  Districts 


5,829      295,089  Zara 
32,189  3,755,454  Lemberg 
9,705  1,950,096  Venice 
7,691  2,161,853  Milan 
no,  138  0,200,000  Bnda 
18,346  1,500,000  Herman- 
10,297      940,589  [stadt 


28,176,437 

Pop. 

Cilitt 

Pop. 

224,548 

Buda 

22,527 

ij  1,966 

Schcmnilz 

22,241 

41,882 

J'resburg 

22,150 

41,493 

Theresienstadt 

2 1,75  J 

38,962 

Lintz 

17,240 

36,000 

Hermanstadt 

13,313 

,34,012 

Salzburg 

1 3,066 

25,349 

Layback 

1 1 ,000 

24,000 

Inspruck 

10,237 

24,000 

Zara 

7,409 

owns  belor 

iging  to  Austria,  ^^cc 

Italy. 

Cilies, 
\  ienna 
Frngue 
Vest 

Lcinberg 
Dcbretziu 
Trieste 
(Jr,tz 
i'irunn 
Cronstadt 
lirody 

For  the 


yienna,  the  metropolis  of  the  A\.strian  empire,  is  pleas- 
.tntly  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube.  The  hous- 
es are  generally  of  6  or  7  stories,  built  of  stone  and  stuccoed. 
The  city  contains  60  churches  or  chapels,  21  convents,  nu- 
merous beautiful  palaces,  and  a  university,  celebrated  par- 
ticularly for  •'  r-.  medical  school. 

Prague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  contains  92  chu relies 
and  chapels,  with  about  40  cloisters,  and  a  university.  The 
commerce  is  considerable,  but  the  business  of  the  city  con- 
sists mostly  in  the  brewing  of  beer,  and  various  manufac- 
tures. 

Lemberg,  the  capital  of  Galicia,  is  an  opulent  city,  and 
hik,  i^onsiderable  ti  <idfc. 

'i  riesie,  which  L  situated  on  a  gulf  in  the  Adriatic,  is  the 
most  important  seaport  in  Austria. 

Buda,  on  the  Danube,  is  the  capital  of  Hungary,  and  a 
well  built  town. 

15 


if 

«  I* 


t,' 


'  ,% 


Hili 


AUSTRIA. 


^'Kl 


formerlv  the '^'ipital.  ^  .eest  ami 

.m,a,  i'.agne,  Vcl,  '^■»'':"«.' J "f  "J'  ";„„,"'       Though 
^ZZ::.:^t.TX^^'> ,=h.,.orthcfGe. 

„Uc,  but  all  oiUo.r,  arc  ''>''»«';■  ^.,},"      ,,„,,  „„„„rdi  of 

:::S':f  ,„i",.S='aK.'..  churche,  have  .»., 
finjoycJ  considerable  vnvilege?. 

Number  of  the  several  denominat.ons. 
O,,holi.s  £i. 070,000        LuUjerans  010  000 

""Sriir  Tl^'gotSus  aLr^.tary  .onarcby 

nearly  '-^f^^^  ■,  ,My  mild  and  Balubriom^ 

Chmite.  /  "8  ^""■^^*'„,.  7.  .  ^f  the  country  m  the 
Face  of  the  countrtj.     Iht  **»<^'^   °'  ",,..„k,  yery  moun- 

Austrian  dominions  is  various  ;   m  some  parts  very 


AUSTRIA. 


167 


3K.  Vienm,  was 

the;  )  igest  anil 
;ontv(A!>,!i  the  prin- 

i  are  those  of  Vi- 
l  I'avia.  There. 
e,uns.  Thovigh 
ames  yet  in  re- 
;hP  north  of  Ger- 

tlie  Roman  Cath- 
j  yclesiastical  cs- 
}8,  and  upwards  of 
ia,  Sclavonia,  the 
hurches  have  long 


nination*. 


ins 


ins 


010,000 

450,000 

45,000 


es,  this  vast  empire 
sed  in  proportion  to 
9,  Germans,  Hunga- 
"•uage  and  habits, 
lereditary  monarchy 

mild  and  salubrious. 
f  the  country  in  the 
ne  parts  very  moun- 

d. 

ains  are  an  extei  '^ivn 
The  Rhaetian  Alps 
iniops.     Bohemia  and 
ant«ins. 
be,  Dniester,  Teisse, 

the  Platlen-see 


Neusidl-see  in  Hungary  ;  Traun-sec  and  Atter-sce  in  Aus- 
tria Frouor,  Cirknitz  in  Carinthia,  and  Gaida  m  Venice. 

Soil.  The  soil  of  the  Austrian  territories,  is  generally 
very  fertile,  particularly  Hungary  and  the  Lombardy  ter- 
ritories. I    .u    f 

Productions.  Austria  abounds  in  various  articles  both  ol 
necessity  and  luxury.  Com,  wine,  satTron,  cattle,  horses, 
gold,  mercury,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  precious  stones  are 
among  the  exports. 


SWITZKKLAND. 


^Switzerland  is  divided  into  the  22  following  canton*!. 


Borne 

Zurich 

Bale 

Schaffhauseu 

Luzerne 

Underwalden 

Uri 

Schweitz 


Friburg 

Zug 

Soleure 

Claris 

Appenzel 

Argovv 

Orisons 


St.  Gall 

Tessin 

Thurgau 

Vaud 

Geneva 

Valais 

Neufchitel 


Chief  towns. 

Geneva 

Bale 

Berne 

Zurich 


Pop. 
26,140 
15,060 
13,394 
10,353 


Chief  totcns. 
Lausanne 
St.  Gall 
Schaffhausen 
Friburg 


Pop. 

9,965 

9,000 

7,,000 

6,094 


Geneva  is  situated  on  the  southern  extremity  of  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  at  the  efflux  of  the  Rhone,  and  is  surrounded 
by  the  most  picturesque  and  sublime  scenery.  It  is  fa- 
v.ious  lor  having  once  been  the  centre  and  asylum  of  the 
reformed  religion. 

Bale,  9ituate<l  on  the  Rhine,  has  considerable  commerce 
and  manuftictures. 

Berne,  situated  near  (he  Aar,  is  a  very  beautiful  town, 
surrounded  by  romantic  scenery. 

Gor<ernmmt.     Each  canton  is  an  independent  rcpubho: 


^'' 


.1', 


I 


'Fl 


Ijj  SWITZERLAND. 

M  f..r  BcnBral  .tcirily  llic  canton,  are  naileJ  in  a  con- 

porlolconunon.chools  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^„ 

rrrS ""nnccl,  »|...ken  •,  an,l  iMli.u  on  Ihc  I.orJcr,  of  lu- 

onimtrv  abounds  in  subhmc  view...  i he  glaciers  oi 
■  "fare'mmense  fields  of  ice,  of  (?reat  raagn.hcencc. 
■'     Srr  Switzerland  is  overrun  by  tlj^-   Alps    the 

,a      moualains  in  Kurope.    They  -^^fj]  -'^      '^^ 

'^     u        »u^  nnlvflian   Fennme,  and  lUiiEtinn  Alps. 
'"  «t:::  *Th"4;Spal  nver;  are  the  Rb.ne,  Rhone, 

^T«S'^Clake.  are  tbo«e  of  Geneva,  Neufchjtel, 
Biem.e,  MoraCTlu-n,  Brienlz,  Lucerne,  Zunch,  H«d  Wal- 

*''^S;/;.«..  Swit/,crlana  abound,  in  fine  cattle,  corn, 
''"I/ZS-t^  The  Swi^s  are  hardy,  industrious  and  tem- 
p/ra!e;  ofi.mplo  nvanno.s  well  educated,  and  ardently 
;>ttaf hed  >o  liberty.  i 


rial 
Avh 

I'iCi 


\0I 


Ule 


Cli! 


Lor 


.\lSi 


Brii 


/.•  .-  ■  iJefore  the  revolution  France  was  divided 
J:'S;:::.u^7^  I  ^t  present  divided  ,nto  86  dep.vl 
laenl- 


Mai 

Anj 
To. 


Orl 
Ber 


iiiiteil  in  a  con- 
Is  an<l  Trotcst- 

iIp  iiiul  Genfiva, 
,  Friburp,  utid 
for  by  llie  sui>- 

f  Ujp  German. 
;  borders  of  Ita- 

I. 
and  salubrious, 

there  are  level 
iiitaiuouH.  Tbc 
glaciers  of  the 
ignificence. 
^'^the  Alps,  the 
ivided  into  three 
iftinn  Alps, 
e  Rhine,  Rhone, 

iva,  Neufchatel, 
^-urich,  and  Wal- 

finc  cattle,  corn, 

ustriou?,  and  tem- 
ed,  and  ardently 


anco   was  divided 
id  into  86  depcl 


Berry 


hit  A  NCI. 


.Intitnt  Pruv. 
rhiiidcrs 
Artois 
I'icardy 


\orniandy 


Isle-France 


Champagne 


Lorraine 


\lsace 


Brittany 


Maine 

Anjou 
Touraine 


Orleanois 


TOPOtillArmCAL  TAUI.K, 

Dfparlments. 

North 

I'as  de  Calais 

Somnie 

Lower  Seine 

Calvados 


La  Manche 

Orne 

Eure 

Seine 

Seine  &  Oise 

Oise 


I'np. 

88!],8!)0 
580,157 
4S»5,OJ0 
G  r.',H  18 

38:),l'Ji) 
425,9'iO 
421,58 1 
780,000 
4J9,l)Ti 
383,f)00 


Seine  &  Marne  304,068 

.Aisne  442,989 

(Mame  311,037 

TArdenneg  275,792 

).\ube  238,019 

(upper  Marne  237,785 

Meuse  284,703 

Moselle  385,949 

Meurthe  365,810 

Vosges  334,169 

t  Upper  Rhine  3l8,b-l 

^  Lower  Rhine  391,1    ? 

Ille  &  Villaine  508,544 

Cotes  duNord  619,''90 

Finisterre  452,8^'5 

Morbihan  403,4J3 

.Lower  Loire  40v,'i00 

JMayenne  332,250 

fSarthe  410,380 

Maine  ii  Loire  403,864 

Indre  &  Loire  275,292 

ILoiret  286,153 

F.ure  &  Loire  265,991 

Loire  &  Cher  212,552 

{ Indre  204,721 

^Cher  223,158 
16* 


!<;*«- 


Chief  townt. 

Lille 

.N^ras 

Ameins 

Rouen 

Caen 

Coutance* 

Alenijon 

Kvreux 

I'aris 

N'ersaillc"' 

Reauvai« 

Melun 

Luon 

Chalons  sur  Marne 

Meziercs 

Troyes 

Chaumont 

Bar-sur-Ornaln 

Metz 

Nancy 

Epinal 

Colmar 

Strasburg 

Rcnncs 

St.  Brieux 

Quimper 

Vannes 

Nantes 

Latal 

Le  Alans 

Angers 

Tours 

Orleans 

Chartres 

Blois 

Ch&teauroux' 

Bourges 


i  ft 

% 

f 


M 


1 


I 


lUANCt;. 


r  Y<imu' 


Friiiuhc 
Com'T 

Voitou 

La  Murchc 

Limousin 
Burl)onnoi>« 


U|i|)(  rSuonc 
.1  lira 


2o3,U»C 
226,221 


(  Two  levies 
(\  ienne 

i  CrcMse 

\  Upper  Viennc  243,195 

Correzc  264,271 

Allicr  260,266 

;i2G,ceu 


rs«'vt'i'»- 

Aiixtir*' 
Pijcii 

MilCDII 

Hourij 

VeHOul 

HoMHinjon 

Lons  le  Suunici 
'2t;n',706     Fontonay  IcC'omlc 
254,105     Nilirt 

I'oitiers 

Guerct 
LimogcH 

Tulle 

Moulins 


'^41,520 

:i2.V,n)t 

.\bb,4S6 

Loire  471,457 

:i04,4lilJ 

300,151) 
^40,792 
L>92,80'i 


Saintongp  &i  )  Charentc 

Anf^oumois    ) 

Aunis  ami     {  LowerCharenle  393,011 


Angoulctnf 
Saintes 


Saiiitonge 
Auvergne 


Lyonnois 
Daupliiny 


I'uYcleDome    540,834     Clermont 
•^    •  251,436     St.  Flour 

317,381 
315,850 
471,660 
124,763 
263,372 
424,113 
514,56? 
Lot  &i  Garonne  326,150 
,ot  268,150 

Tarn&Garonpe  238,722     Montaubon 
Xveyron  331,373     Rhodes 

fipra  286,493     Aucb 

L^les  236,550     Mont-de-MamP 

.UpperPyreneesl  98,703     Tarbe 
LowerPyreBees;.83,602    Pau 
Co'tvofFoixArrie^c  222,936     Tarascon 

RoliUon       East.PyreoecB    126,625    Perp.gnan 


Juycnne 


Beara 


Cl'u: 
I  Cuntal 

i  Rhone 
I  Loire 

SIscre    ' 
I'ppcr  Alps 
Drome 
f  Dordogne 
Gironde 


I 


Lyoni 
Muiitbrison 

Grenoble 

Gap 
Drome 

Perigueux 
Bourdeaux 
Agen 
Cahors 


Lar 


Pro 

(^0) 

Ver 

Coi 

CM 
Par 

Mai 

Ly 

Boi 

Rm 
Nil 
Lill 
Stri 
To 
Me 
Nii^ 
Am 
Ca< 
Mo 
Cle 
Rei 
To 
Anj 

( 

on 

cur 

spli 


CIl 

con 

HOllI 

Mnni;oi> 

tiH  lo  Sminici 

utoiiaylct'omlc 

lurl 

litier-t 

IPlTt 

mogrs 

ulle 

oulins 

njyouleiTiP 

uiiites 

lermont 
t.  Flour 

>y<'Hi 
(luiitbrisOH 

ircnoble 

Drome 

?erigueux 

Bourdeaux 

Agen 

Cahors 

Montaubon 

Rhodez 

Aucb 
Mont-de-Mar8aiJ 

Tarbe 

Pau 

Tarascon 

Perpigna" 


FUANCL. 

in 

Uppi'itlaronne 

307,651     Touluui-f 

Audc 

24O,!'03    Curca»-onne 

Tarti 

29f),l!l!r»     Canlre^^ 

Lnngnrdoc    • 

llnault 
Gard 

301,099     M(uitp«>llier 
32'AIH     Niiuos 

Lo/oro 

M3,'.'47     MiMi.le 

Upper  Loire 

2G0,'2O2     Li'  I'liy 

.  Anieche 

'290,833     Priva^ 

( 

'  Lower  Alps 

140,094     Hignn 

Provence      < 

(Moullisofi' 
1  the Rhone  ^ 

293,235     Marseilles 

( 

,Var 

283,290     Toulon 

Oounty  of     i 
\'cnais4in      ' 

Vauclutie 

205,832     Avigui.n 

1 

Corsica 

Corsica 

147,702     Ajarcio 

Chief  loicnt. 

Pep. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

Paris 

713,000 

Nancy 

89,000 

Marseilles 

102,000 

Kvunes 

29,000 

Lyons 

101,000 

Bf'san(;()n 

28,000 

Bourdeaux 

a!J,0()0 

Troyes 

27,000 

Rouen 

81,000 

Aix 

27,000 

Niinte<» 

75,000 

Dunkirk 

20,000 

Lille 

<jO,0Ot) 

Versailles 

20,000 

Strasbur^ 

50,000 

Brest 

24,000 

Toulouse 

45,000 

Montauban 

21,000 

Met/ 

41,000 

Avignon 

23,' '00 

Nismes 

39,000 

I/Orient 

22,000 

Amicus 

30,000 

Tour3 

22,000 

Caen 

3ti,000 

firenoble 

21,000 

Montpcllier 

32,000 

Poitiers 

21,000 

Clermont  iuA 

uvergne30,000 

(-imoges 

21,000 

Reims 

30,000 

Havre  de  Grace 

21,000 

Toulon 

29,000 

SI.  Oiner 

20,000 

Angers 

20,000 

iJicppc 

2(»,000 

Chief  tozvns.  Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  is  situated 
on  the  Seine,  and  including  its  suburbs,  is  18  miles  m  i.tc- 
cumference.  It  excels  all  other  capitals  in  Europe  in  tin; 
splendour  of  its  appearance,  and  the  number  and  niogiiifi- 


J' 


\    k 


k 

n. 


^^.i  TRANCE. 

crnrc  of  .U  public  .i.onnment«  nn.l  .'.lili.  .m.  It  '"  K';'';''j 
:iiHlinirui>lu  .1  r..r  iN    mm.'...-.'  in  nnvw*-  ami  Uh-  art-,  ..n.l 

ho.  J-^.n.  Knurallv  of  Iron.  I  lo  7  •*'."""•^,'•"''\"^  ff: 
H  r taU.-.  in.,..  M'.a.Ti.-H,  wh.cl.  n...  .n  var.ooH  .l.rec  o  - 
;,n.l'  r  til'  n.y.     'H...  iL.to  .oy^l  ,mlucc.«  arc  the  Louvre, 

^';"         ..iuat,..!  a.  U.0  conllux  of  the  lU.onc  "".«  S^on. 
i.  So,.;.l..cl  11.0  «eron.l  city  ...  ITanro,  -'»;;;?';>-      « 
I'aris  in  tra.'.o  an.l  mannfad.nos.     II  .^  celchralo.l   lor  Us 
rifli  silk- anil  colli  an.i  silvorslnfts. 

'i/ars.'i/k.,  nn.l  Hour.leu.x  are  tl.o  cl.i<.|  r om.norc.al  pm U 
Mirsemo-  in  .n  ,,oH-eH-ion  of  n.o-t  of  li.o  Fro,.cl.co,n.norce 
..•XMo.ltorrlnean.     Honnloanx  i- Hil.iatod  on  the  <.«- 
rl.  no    10  lea^  .  "  from  itn  ,no...l.,  a,..l  Ira.lo^  largely  w.  ». 
The  Ka-t  alul  Wo.t  In.l.c-,  a..d  the  no,  ll.  ol  Kuropo,  and  to 

•"'l^";le^:;;=t:r..iro,l.a-anexten..veco.„- 

.nnrrP   nm!  is  colcbratoa  for  its  line  l.ramly. 

"  Bmr  amlTouion  are  the  principal  .tationn  for  the  V  rench 

navy  i  un.l  Havre  de  Grace  is  an  impor  ant  «;"";;«  t"^^. 

Yuniodlier  in  f.noly  situated  5  in.U's  from  the  Med.terra- 
,c^rt  !;  colobrated  for  the  salubr.ty  of  .t«  air,  and  .« 
m.irh  visited  by  invalids  from  foreign  (onntr.es. 

?  «X  A'  near  the  Rhine,  is  n  great  thoroughfare  be- 
tween See  and  fierman;,  and  has  cous.derable  com- 
morrr   and  extcnsivc  manulactures.  ,  i  ,r 

""  Toulo  ";,  on  the  Garonne,  wa«  anciently  the  cap.tal 
the  kingdom  of  the  Goths.     The  ch.et  art.clc  oi  t.ade  is 

Spanish  wool. 

r  lllf  has  cxten?ive  manufactures. 

/lea  io,.  Before  the  revolution  there  were  23  un.- 
ver;Uesr  France;  .n  that  gran.l  convulsion,  education 
w"  fspended,  but  its  establishments  have  since  been  re- 
nia  od  in  a  different  form.  The  hjcee.,  now  called  roya 
c"Se«  are  36  in  number.  The  name  of  u...vers,ty  a 
now  cotifmed  to  I'nris,  but  the  provit.cial  estab  ishmen^, 
bearing  byname  of  academics,  are  constituted  like  the 


fMf 


it  I-  Ki"''""y 

nl  llii!  arts  a"'* 
W  likewise  one 
1,P  uorlil.  Th<r 
.,  ImiiU  oI'  free- 
iriont  tliicctiiiim 
arc  lliP  Louvru, 

lonfi  anil  Sikon**, 
III  is  Hiiporior  to 
^lpl)rlllO'l  for  its 

DmirnTciiil  \»<vi*, 
ronclicomincrcp 
ttod  on  the  <<n- 
(les  liiiRcly  wi"« 
if  Kuropc,  Hiul  to 


oxtcns'ive 


wool- 


i  exfcnMvc  com- 

'y- 

ins  for  the  French 
it  seaport. 
)m  thoMediterra- 
[)f  its  air,  and   is 
intrieH. 

thorou»hfare  bc- 
:oiJsidcrable  com- 

itly  the  capital  of 
irticlc  of  trade  is 


icre  were  23  uni- 
vulsion,  education 
iive  since  been  re- 
,  HOW  called  royal 
le  of  university  is 
;ial  establishments, 
onstituted  like  the 


[RANCK. 


lis 


iiiiivrr^iiieo  (if  other  countries.  The«e,  iiif  liulmjf  rari««,  .ir'^ 
m  in  number,  uiid  belong  to  llie  fidiutvini;  town*. 

^ix  (iihor^ 

\iiiion«  Cli-rmont 

\iii;:ert  Pijon 

llf'anroti  noiiiiy 

liiiiii'ilcaux  '  iri'iKiblc 

|!(iiM'{je«  l,irni);;i'»« 

I'aen  l.yon» 

Ileturn  in;iile  in  1015  tif  l!in  public  scuiinaiic*  nnd  innn 
hvv  of  pupils  lIuDUo'houl  i'ruiice. 


^|efz 

I'.IU 

Mniitpell 

er 

I'oiticr* 

Nancy 

H  (Mines 

Ni«niet 

Ut>u»n 

()rlr,iii5i 

Slcicburi; 

l'nii<i 

Toulouce 

l'iii^crsilie« 

l,yc(!'i  ■»  or  Koj'al  Cuileffe'i 

Divinity  schools  of  the  »ccond  cla#i 

Secondary  srhcxjU 

Boardintr  srhocds 

J'rimary  tclio(jh 


Simiiiatiei. 

;jo 

11 

.'U)8 

l,'i35 

22,300 


2n,twM> 

at),!!,'."! 

737,.-nn 


Literary  associations  arc  very  numerous;  at  the  head  ol 
thcso  stands  the  Institute  at  Paris,  the  nioxt  celebrated  sci- 
entitle  body  in  the  world.  The  nuiubcr  of  pidilic  librarie* 
is  273.  F'very  provincial  town  of  cunscipiciico  has  il>  pub- 
lic library,  museum,  and  in  general  a  society  for  promoting 
literature  and  the  artsi. 

lAinguage.  The  French  language  is  derived  from  the 
Latin.  It  is  a  very  polished  language,  eminently  adapted 
to  conversation,  and  is  supposed  to  be  more  extensively 
spoken  than  any  other  in  Europe. 

Heligim.     The  established  religion  is  the  Roman  Cath-. 
olic,  but  all  otheri  are  tolerated.     Ucfore  the  revolution 
there  were  10  urchbishops  and  112  bishops;  these  wen 
subsetpiently  reduced  to  9  archbishops,  and  41  bishops. 

Number  of  the  diflferent  denominations. 

Catholics  2C,'10(),0()0 

Calvinists  2.300,000 

Lutherans  1,100,000 

Jews  G0,000 

Hertenthusian?  2,000 

(Quakers  «'''<^ 


9i '  i» 


t7-J 


VRANCE. 


Govn-n^nent.     The  government  o   V  .^ncc  -   «     'U,  • 
a  Umitea  monarchy,  rcsembhng  that  of  Cueat  ^-^^^^^  ^   ^ 
responsibility  of  pubhc  ■"^•'^-;=f/  f  J' ^^^  Z^^^^  of 
The   legislative  P;'«"  '';j^^^,^embe..    vl  ose  dignity 
rSS;:ta^=^rKSonsi;tmgofnotle. 

than  250  member.,  chosen  ^Y  the  P-^^^^  Bonaparte, 

,/irmy  and  JSavy.     The  ' '^»^"  '"^^.q  o^3o  .^^,\  j,,  war 
was  comi.osod  in  peace  «f  "P^''^'^^^^  [  ^'j^^^'",^^^^^ 

of  nearly  000,000  ^^ff'^*;*'^^ -"7  ),.^Sw  Jn      The  navy 
nicnt  is  now  reduced  to  about  90,000  "^f"       J^  ;     { J. 

consists  of  about  40  ships  of  the  »'"^' -:,;J7^^^^^ 
Revenue.     The  revenue  amounts  to  about  J.>ju,uu  , 

'■'t'"^"      The  French  navigation,  since   the  loss  of  St 
1  rade.      I  be  I  itncn  "'^^'r.         '       .       ,orts  consist  ol 
Domingo,  is  not  extensive.     1  he  ^  'f- ^PO^ 
,ilks,  ^voollens,  linens,  wmes,  and  brandj.     ^^^^^^^  J, 
little  paper  money  in  the  country  ;  almost  all  the  busme.3 

and  le«  changeable  than  that  of  England. 

lie  face  on/a'co«»rrj/ is  agreeably  diversified. 

M^Znl    The  principal  ridges  are  Jura,  Vosges,  Cc^ 

vet  there  are  la  ge  tracts  that  are  unfit  for  cuU.vation 
^   ProZaZ.    The  productions  in  the  northern  half  ot 
the  kngdl  consist  of  wheat,  barley,  -ts,  pulse   and  po- 
tatoes; in  the  southern  half,  vines,  mulberries,  ohves,  and 

^°K::S"'Snr:ontain3  mines  of  iron,  lead,  copper, 
''"S^-   The  largest  nvers  are  the  Lojre,  Rhone,  Ga- 
-^Lr"^i;S:£^&»i^^^oirmont^^ 
ftle  of  Rh(N  Isle  of  Olerou,  and  Corsica.        ^ 


;e,  since  Hilii  '^ 
;at  Britain.  The 
th  the  ministry, 
king,  a  liousc  of 
L-s,  whose  dignity 
sisting  of  not  less 

inder  Bonaparte, 
3,000,  and  in  war 
;  peace  establish- 
nen.  The  navy 
al)Out  40  frigates. 
)out  £30,000,000 

c  the  loss  of  St. 
exports  consist  of 
r.  Tliere  is  very 
,st  all  the  busine»3 

French  have  been 
nd  linen  goods, 
t  is  warmer,  drier, 

d. 

versified. 

>  Jura,Vosges,  Cc- 

■s,  and  Alps. 

13  an  excellent  soil, 

I  for  cultivation. 

\\e  northern  half  of 

oats,  pulse,  and  po- 

Iberries,  olives,  and 

iron,  lead,  copper, 

!  Loire,  Rhone,  Ga- 

md  Var. 

lleisle,  Noirmontier, 

a. 


SPAIN. 

Divisions,     Spain  is  divided  into  the  followmg  provm 
cos ;  which  are  subdivided  into  smaller  districts. 


Prortncnt. 

Capitals. 

Provinces. 

Capitals, 

Calicia 

Compostella 

Old  Castile 

liurgos 

Asturia 

Oviedo 

New  Castile 

Madrid 

Biscay 

Bilboa 

Estrcmadura 

Badajos 

jVavarre 

Pampelona 

Andalusia 

Seville 

Aragon 

Saragossa 

Granada 

(jranada 

("atalonia 

Barcelona 

Murcia 

Murcia 

l.eon 

Leon 

Valencia 

Valencia 

C'ilits. 

Pop. 

C'i7i>!. 

Pop, 

Madrid 

166,072 

Ecija 

28,171 

Barcelona 

1 1 1 ,500 

Jaen 

27,500 

Valencia 

105,000 

Toledo 

•.  5,000 

Seville 

30,298 

Compostella 

21. 3.3?. 

Cadiz 

70,000 

Lorca 

21,000 

Saragossa 

55,000 

Orihucia 

21,000 

Malaga 

52,370 

Cordova 

20,274 

Grenada 

52,345 

Alicant 

17,435 

Isla  de  Leon              45,000 

Bilboa 

1 5,000 

Murcia 

44,000 

Badajos 

14,500 

Valladolid 

ao,ooo 

Pampelona 

14,054 

f'arthagena 

29,000 

Salamanca 

13,000 

Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  is  situated  on  the  small 
river  Manzanares.  The  streets  are  straight  nnd  clean,  the 
houses  of  brick  and  lofty,  and  the  royal  paWice  is  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  in  Europe.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  barren  and  exhibits  few  marks  of  improvement. 

Cadiz,,  situated  on  a  sandy  peninsula,  called  the  Island  of 
Leon,  is  the  first  commercial  city  in  Spain,  and  the  centre 
of  the  trade  of  the  West  Indies  ?nd  America. 

Barcelona  and  Malaga  rank  next  to  Cadiz  in  conimerce. 
Barcelona  is  very  favourably  situated  on  tha  Mediterrane- 
an in  the  northeast  pa^rt  of  Spain,  and  exports  wine,  bran- 


Kir, 


I 

''•f 


'i^ 


\n 


SPAIN. 


'^  The  other  ,no.t  consi.lcrahle  ,o.ts  are  AUcant,  Cartha- 

,.onlah.ea  60*>.WO  inhab.t.mK  ^^^^^^^  ^^„^, 

French  in  1800--9  ,,,,brated  as  the  paradise  ol 

Gmuarfa,  has  been  long  ^^^  .^  ^^^.^  ^^  j^^^      ^^. 

:re"d,  .      h"  S  /entury,  400,000  inhabitants.     It  ex- 
IS  many  marks  of  former  n^gn.fic^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 

ToifJo,  the  metropolitan  city  ol  ^paln, 
r»    ,nr1  rontaincd  200,000  inhabitants, 
'"fi^a'^ona,  SoMova,  and  ValladoUd  .ere  once  cities  of 

.'•leat  note.  ,  c„..in  nro  tho'^e  of  Mad- 

7Je%K»i.    Thcrehgion  is  Roman  Catholic, 

"  r  €S-lk.     Twenty  four  universities  have  been  es- 
Laivcrsines.     .^""^    J'   ,    .  i,j„iiy  „,anaged,  and 

Uie  climate  at  some  «ea-nB  ^nhe-aUhy  .^  ^^^^^ 

iiiorrii  Morona,  Sierra  Nevada,  Montserrat,  ^c. 


1 


•f  g 
/ 

r.itK 

Mci 
A 
I- 

■,\oc 
f 


SPAIN. 


171 


in    the  soutli- 
r  it'?  wines  ami 

\Ucant,  Cartha- 

ly  the  residoncr. 
I)lace  of  great 

I  is  said  to  have 

ndsome  city,  and 
Uiincd  trom  the 

the  paradise  of 
said  to  have  con- 
labitants.     It  ex- 

1,  was  once  the 

ere  once  cities  of 

irc  those  of  Mad- 
ither  remarkable 

jspotic  monarchy, 
itholic;    no  other 

es  have  been  es- 
ully  managed,  and 
of  Salamanca,  Sar- 
in ve  the  most  re- 

5  one  of  the  three 
le  liatin. 
pkasant,  salubri- 

II  refreshed  by  sea- 
j  heat  is  great,  and 

e  country  is  finely 
ims,  and  plains. 
3,  are  the  Pyrenees, 
rrat,  &ic. 


5oil.  The  soil  is  gonPV,ill.v  licilil.  and  rcno'os  on  bods 
»f  jrynsum.     The  c  nlia'  [nrts  iuv  tlic  lo;i-:t  fiM'tilp. 

Vniductinm.  Tlifi  pro.'iu  lions  are  grapos,  wines,  sugar 
rano,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  ha^l.^V,  niilh't,  lico,  and  hfn)p. 
Merino  sheep  are  very  tiumeroiis. 

Mincrah.     There  art-  in.nos  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  k.c. 

Exports.  The  exporU  cen^i<t  ot' wines,  fruit,  oil,  siik, 
wool,  leather,  broadcloth,  saltpetre,  barilla,  ^v:r.  ^  ^ 

Rivers.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  INiinbo,  Diuro,  1  a- 
K'us,  Guadiana,  Giiadutfpiivir,  Xucar,  and  Kbro. 

hUinds.     The  islands  are  IMajorca,  Ivica,  and  Minorca. 

Oihraltar  is  a  celebrated  promontory,  at  tlie  southern 
fxtreniity  of  Spain,  belonging  to  Great  IJritam.  U  has  a 
remarkable  fortress,  so  defended  by  nature  and  art,  as 
to  be  rendered  the  strongest  in  Europe,  perhaps  in  the 
world.  Here  is  a  town  containing  about  i:i,000  mhabit- 
luits.  The  promontory  is  1,139  feet  above  the  level  ol 
tfio  sea,  and  has  a  number  of  caves,  some  ol  great  extent. 


POPvTUGAL. 


DivUions 
Provinces. 
Entrc  Duero  e  Minho 
Tras  OS  Montes 
I3eira 

Estremadura 
Aientejo 
Algarve 


Portugal  is  divided  into  6  provinces. 
Cnpilals. 


Cities. 
Lisbon 
Oporto 
Evorr> 
Elvas 


Pop. 
24(),0U0 

14,2UO 
12,500 


Braga,  Oporto 
Bragan/a,  JMirandit 
Coitrib;a,  '^''..^rda 
Lisbon 

Evora,  Elvas 
Tuvin<i,  Faro 

Cities.  P"P- 

Brag.  12,362 

Setuval  orSt.Ubes  12,000 

Coinibra  11,781 


lAshon,  the  capital,  is  finely  situafed  on  the  north  side  of 
t>ie  r  outh  of  the  Tagus,     It  has  a  capacious  and  exceileOt 

16 


i.: 


I  . 


J,  8  PORTUGAL. 

Lisbon  in  popubtion  and  commerce,  and  .s  tamous 
''"^f''  ,      ThP  trovernment  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 

Religion.     Jlie  religion  is  Roman  Lathoiic  ,  no 

^""^T^^tuu   The  university  of  Coimbra  is  at  present  the 
University,   i  nt,  univeisuj  »/  atndents. 

only  one  in  the  kingdom.     U  '^°';t=»'f;j'^:"  ^^nely    es^^^ 
Lnnmwe.     The  Partuguese  language  strongly  re 

l,,e     S  S'panish,  and  is  derived  chiefly  Irom  the  Latin. 
c£nate      The  climate  is  pleasant  and  salubrious. 
F  "      ft/.e  co,.Ur,.     The  face  of  the  co«n  ry  >  ,  foj  ^lu, 

most  part,  agreeably  diversilied ;    some  part,  arc  moun 

'""?;'  the VoiUs  light,  yet  fertile,  but  badly  cultivated. 


grain 


The  mountains  contain  silver,  copper,  tm. 


Mineralogy. 

'"S;.     The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tagus,  Mondego, 
and  Duero. 


ITALY. 

Divisions. 


Austrian  dominions 


Lombardy,includin;;the 
'  Venetian  Terrifuries, 
I  Milan,  and  Mrtntua 

S  Savoy,  Piedmont,  Ge- 
noa,  and  the  hland  of 
Sardinia 

Pntchy  of  Modena  and  Massa 
Dulchv  of  Lucca 
Dutciiy  of  Parma,  &c. 


4.111,000 

3,975,000 

415,000 
131,000 

•^83,oor 


ITALY. 


al  cities  in  Eu- 
of  white  stonfi. 
uero^  is  nnxt  to 
i  famous  for  its 

ihite  monarchy, 
liiil  dependence 
by  a  regency. 
lie ;  no  other  is 

is  at  present  the 
ut  800  students, 
strongly  resem- 
om  the  Latin, 
alubrious. 
ountry  is,  for  the 
parts  arc  rooun- 

badly  cuUivated. 

es,  honey,  olives, 

is  a  deticiency  of 

ilver,  copper,  tin, 

Tttgus,  Mondego, 


inj;the' 
jries, 
ua 

t,  Oe- 
md  of 


4,111,000 

,  3,975,000 

415,000 
131,000 

'i83,oor 


Grand  Dutchy  of  Tu^^cany 
States  of  the  Church 
llepubUc  of  St.  Marino 

NapleSi  or  ^^^'  '""• 
of  the  Two  Sicilies 
Islands  of  Malta,  Gozo, 


^  Naples  and  the 
\  Isl.  of  Sicily 
,nd  Canino 


Total 
Italian  cities  belonging  lo  Austria. 


Citits. 

Milan 

V'enice 

Verona 

Brescia 

Padua 

Vicenza 


Pop. 
124,798 
116,340 
60,357 
34,100 
31,176 
24,600 


CUies. 
Cremona 
Pavia 
Mantua 
Bergamo 
Udina 
Treviso 


179 

l,'iG'],000 

2,425,000 

7,000 

I  6,7Ge,fK)0 

150.,000 

19,627,000 


Pop. 
23,y56 

23,237 
2.?,99G 

;d,apo 

16,348 
11,776 


Citits  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia. 


Piedmont. 


Genoa. 


TlRIN 

Alexandria 

Mondovi 

Asti 

Savigliano 

Coni 

Vercelli 


Pop. 

83,570 
30,216 
21,557 
21,225 
1B.752 
16,500 
16,162 


Pop. 

75,861 

10,664 


Genoa 
Savona 

IsUmd  of  Sardinia. 
C.gliari  35,000 

Sassari  30,000 

Savoy. 
Chamberry  11,991 


Cities  of  the  Grand  Dutchy  of  Tuscany. 


ri.&PKNrp. 
Leghorn 


Parr»-i 

Modena 


75,205 
50,58'i 


Sienna 
Pisa 


Cities  of  smaller  state.-:. 


23,449 
19,533 


Lucca 
Piacenzn 


23,882 
17,000 


17,610 
15,00U 


I' 


180 


Rome 

Bologna 
V'erriini 
Ancona 
Facn/a 


ITALY. 

Cities  of  the  States  of  the  Church. 

Pop. 


i;5i,;j5(j 

04,O7G 
l'i,4G8 


,10 

Ci-    ..  \  ecchia 

Ravenna 

Viterbo 


Cities  of  the  Tv.o  Sicilits. 


Foj>. 
16,000 

13,832 

ia,oou 

10,M^ 
10,000 


Navles 

Tarento 

Bali 

Reggio 

Mflnopol 


J^apl 


a30,468 
18,4r)7 
1 8,191 
16,43rf 
1 5.535 


Island  of  Sicily. 

PAx.F.nMo  1 40,000 

Catanea  50,000 

Mcs^.ina  30,000 

Mo.lica  23,500 

Syracuse  ^,044 

Trai-ani  H^^OO 

'*''"''*■  ■       !•  f^t„  nftVip  Vpnetian  territories,  is  built 

^''^::;!-is  sHuatoa  at  tbo  bona  of  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  and 
,  V     1    1    .„   ti.r.   innd  -ilde  bv  a   double    wall;    ana 

.1      1    ,  ^      nrMin  sirfct-- are  narrow,  but  wen  paveu. 

lipc      li  V'u-Toundod  by  w«lls,  and  the  houses  are  mag- 
!Miicput. 


ITALY. 


IBl 


bia 


1G,0()0 
13,832 
12,00U 

10,000 


of  Sicily. 

140,00l> 
50,000 
30,000 
23,500 
17,044 

n,ooo 

lated  on  a  pleas. 
^  wall,  aiul  con- 
le  houses  are  lof- 
lI  with  handsome 

Brritories,  is  built 
B  gulf  of  Venice, 
listance,  seeming 
[■  stone,  but  most- 
residence  of  the 
influx  of  the  Do- 
;,  and  its  environs 
lilt  of  brick,  and 

ulf  of  Genoa,  and 
oubic  wall;  and 
[•e  erected.  The 
e  are  many  splen- 
it  well  paved, 
uated  in  a  beaiiti- 
fincst  cities  in  Eu- 
e  houses  arc  mag- 


Lexhor,,,  47  miles  \V,.\V.  Ilorence,  is  celebrated  for  it- 

'TmX  -^M"t:'l  of  llM^  State,  of  th.  Church,  is  ^iluutnd 
on  tho  T.lK-r,   i:.  mil-  iVom  its  month.     It  was  onre  the 
,„istn-s  of  the  world,  and  has  in  later  times  been  the  i;es- 
i.lc.e  of  the  pope.     It  still  retains  many  ot  its  anc.ent  lea- 
tu.vs  and  co.Iti.io.  a  -n-at  number  ol   r.Muarkable  mon  .- 
,„o„tI  and  splendid  edilices  aioon-  which  are  3.1'.'  chtirch- 
.<      St   IVterV  church    is   the  la,-ost  and   most  heauldu 
church'  inthe  world.     It  is  7-0  f-et  long,  510  I'road    and 
500  hi-h,  to  the  toi,  of  the  cross.     It  was  begun  m  l.oOb. 
and  lini^hed  ir.  U\/\.     The  most  remarkable  palaces  ar« 
the  \'aticau  aii<l  1-ateran.  ,  .^     ,       •     i   i-   i » 

.V<n./cs,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  ol  Naples,  ,s  dehght- 
fullv  situated  on  one  of  the  tine.^t  bays  m  the  world.  It  is 
buiit  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  an.l  the  approach  to 
it  is  exceedingly  beautiful.     The  houses  are  ot  stone,  and 

'"'Ri/crmo.  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  is  a  large  and 
handsome  city,  and  has  an  extensive  comn^erce. 

Rciigwn.  The  religion  ol  Italy  is  the  Roman  Catholic, 
and  tlu>  pope  prcsi.le*  as  primate.  r  n  i      ,o 

Univetskies  The  universities  arc  those  of  Bologna, 
Ca-liari,ratanea,  Kerrara,  Florence,  Macerata,  Man  ua, 
Mih  Naples,  Flulua,  I'arma,  I'avia,  Perug.a  l>.sa,  Saler- 
no, and  Tirin.     Several  of  these  have  had  a  high  reputa- 

*'"L,i'r„a.^e.     The  Italian  language  is  derived  from  the 
Latin. °  It's  spoken  throughout  Italy, but  with  var.ous  de- 

^'cHmLr'' The  climate  of  Italy  is  esteemed  the  tinost  in 
Furone   but  varies  considerably  m  diflferent  parts. 
^FZ'Jflke  country.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  great- 
ly  diversified,  and  much  intersected  hy  moim  a.ns.     Pied- 
mont and  Lombanly  present  rich  and  ''^^tiHi  plains. 

Mountains.  The  Alps  lie  on  the  north  of  Ita  y,  ami  he 
Apennines  extend  through  the  whole  penmsula.--Mount 
Ve«uvius,  7  miles  E.  Naples,  is  a  celebrated  volcano. 

Rivers.     The  largest  rivers  are  the  Brenta,  Adige.  t  o, 
Arno,  Tiber,  and  Volturno. 
16* 


)•;» 
i..| 


-I 


'if? 

'fi 

I 


'i   a  I 


18S 


vr.M.Y 


Lakes.    The  ,.v.nci,.al  laUc.  arc  Laijo,  ^lajrtj.ora,  Con.o, 
Uec,  (iapia,  I'cTMf^i;.,  Hoi-.na,  au.l     Haw-. 

r'«S.ion:^-K:;n;;^Vl"hcso,.t,.cn.  parts  agncuUure 

''"mIS'" 'rh.  Pnncipul  Italiaa  inland,  are  Sicily,  Surdin- 
in   C  iira,  Elba   Malta,  a.ul  the  Lil-an  islaiuls. 
'.iv./ri"  tl«-  >-V'CBt  iJla.ul  u.  the  Mediterranean,  and  .. 

''X.f  i:;-tSod  on  the  eastern  ,art  of  the  island, 
.„d  tie  most  celebrated  volcanic  mounta.n  on  the  globe 

Winm  is  fertile,  but  unhealthy.     Caglmr.  i.  the  capi- 
tal and  the  residence  of  the  viceroy. 

hn-Aca  belongs  to  I'Vancc.  ^,. 

.1f«/(«  is  a  rocky  island,  belonging  to  Ore.it  Britain. 
Ictta,  the  capital,  contains  23,6;50  inhabitants. 

IONIAN  REPUBLIC. 

This  republic  is  formed  of  the  seven  following  islands, 
and  is  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britum. 


Ji'ames. 

Corfu 

Paxu 

St.  Maura 

Cephalonia 

Theaki 

Zante 

Cerigo 


Pop. 

6.0,000 

6,000 

16,000 

55,000 

7,000 

-  30,000 

8,000 

187,000 


Towru. 

Corfu 

St.  Maura 
Angostoli 

Zante 
Cerigo 


Pop. 

15,000 

6,000 
6,000 

12,000 


in| 


ggioiii,  Como, 

riic  iiorlluM-u 
ii-iiu-iiiiil  r.orii 
I  iuiil  !■<  styled 
rts  agiicuUure 

J,  corn,  olives, 
constitute    it?' 

lively,  jiassion- 
,  superstitious, 

>  Sicily,  Surdin- 

luds. 

rrancan,  and  is 

rt  of  the  island, 
in  on  the  globe, 
iiiri  is  the  cai>i- 


eut  Britain.  Va- 
its. 


allowing  islands, 
in. 

Pop. 

15,000 

6,000 
6,000 

■       12,000 


TLHKFA'  IN  KUROIT:. 


Divisionn.  Turkey  in  Enrope 
ing  provinces. 

Moldavia  (Part  of) 
VValachia 


Servia 

liosnia 

m 

Dulgaria 

Koniauiii 

Cities. 

Pop. 

Constantinople 

.')UI),()00 

Adrianoplo 

100,000 

Satonilii 

70,000 

berajo 

Cc),OUU 

Bucharest 

(•l),000 

Sophia 

-50,000 

Janna 

a:j,uoo 

Fhilipi.'opo'.i 

;';0,ooo 

Brahilow 

;;u,(joo 

Serrac 

30,000' 

V 


is  composed  of  the  foUow- 

(  Macedonia 

Albania 

\  !.( n-aly  or  Janna 
■>  Livadia 

INlon-a 

Candia,  and  other  Euro- 
pean Turkish  islands 

Pop. 


'  Hies. 

Bi'igradc 

Sisltiva 

L:iri*-ia 

Wi.ldln 

hiili.-<tria 

(iallipo)i 

.)  assy 

,'',li^lra 

Tri[ioli//.:> 

Alliens 


'20,000 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 
17,000 
]J,fli;3 
12,000 
12,000 
10,000 


Constunliiioidc,  the  metropolis  of  the. Turkish  empire,  m 
delightfully  situated  on  the  ue>t  side  of  Hk'  Hosphorus,  be- 
tween tlie' Black  sea  and  the  Archipcb.go.  It  is  35  miles 
in  circumfcrciue  including  its  'l>ur'<s.  It  is  surrounded 
bv  walls  and  has  a  capacious  ,n,-'  excellent  harbour.  It 
contains  many  splendid  palaces,  .'i-er  editiccs,  and  about 
300  mos(Mies,  the  mos^t  remark,  le  of  which  is  that  ot  .'^i. 
Sor.hia.  The  Seruf^lio  includes  a  vast  asseiahlage  ol  pala- 
ces inhabited  by  the  sultan,  his  court,  and  the  ollices  oi 
government,  that  part  of  it  oc-upied  by  the  women  is 
called  the  Harem.  The  streets  of  the  city  are  generally 
narrow,  gloomy,  and  badly  paved  ;  and  most  of  the  pri- 
vate houses  are  meanly  built  o,  earth  and  wood,  and  none 
exceed  two  stories. 


'     I 


Y[ 


>'• 


ir.i 


TURK!  V  IN  v.uHorr.. 


■f,? 


mi 


m 


1 


of  tl.V  country,  u.ul   i*  -nnv   tl.o  .ccMul    u.   .'..uk,   ."'.1    I"- 

/.  .i,c  (l>..ilrc'-  ;-MU-(i.:'  i-,co^^mlHSl'l■<•'"•^"•'"^'*''■• 
P  ■  SSorui  '.;;  i  b.  sec,  at  tl.csltc.  of  S,..rta, 
AU;^:;' tIu.[;;;  Av^o.,  E.cu.s,  Cori..lh,  an.l  n.any  other 

^""l^''        r,.f      The  eovernment  is  derpotic.     'I'ho  em- 

i;.chofConstanti..oi.le.      There  are   .ome   Cathohc.  .u..l 

"^^Z-L..     The  .tate  of  education  amon,  the  Turks  i« 
very  low.     The  Greeks  have  son.e  hteiatuic. 


J 
tri 
alii 

01 

fo. 
foi 
liv 

i\r 
\vi 
mi 

C(l 

cl( 

hi 
g' 

ai 
I' 


M;ili/./ii,  iiinl 
ll^  llif  iiiliiU'l 
iMiik,   aii'l   lin» 

c  liirgost  lo«ii 
I  it  pivos  naiiii , 

tiiiii*  iiumi'i'oiis 

fly      Ctlifiri'S     of 

L  iiiiscraMo  cluy 

noar  the  I'l  nous 

■liiiileil  city  situ- 
!  Damibo.     ll  i» 
vc  comiiicicc. 
1  u  very  ancient 

c  comment,  hni 
1  ils  ancient  gran- 

3Pce  presents  re- 
iiriit,  ar*  the  ruins 
aiclif?,  wall^,  &iC. 
0  sites  of  Sparta, 
,  and  many  other 


•  potic. 


'l"he  em- 


r,  Suhlime  Torte, 
wer  i^^  the  Cirand 
lich   is  styled  the 

ans  of  the  ^^ect  ol' 
of  the  reUf?ioiis  es- 
lie  empire.— Slore 
re  Cliristians,  most- 
wliicli  i^  the  patri- 
>me   Cathohcs  and 

imong  the  Turks  is 
;ralurc. 


VUllKKY  IN  EUROI'K. 


Ifii 


LauLuosr.     The  T-.rki.h  l;.r.i<nngc  is  a  mixture  of  scv- 

:;'::;;,:;.;a;?;.H;:wS'rcotX.->ofthLmc.ent.an- 

^"Zjnunus.  The  Turks  and  T  -rtar*  •  ompo.e  ahout  on. 
,,.,,hor.hend.ahitan.^a..l.lu<.r.;-o.;c.hn^^ 
Conner    ire   innoraut,    hauL'lUv-       d    >'mM,  nt, 
lively  and  sennibU',  Init  depie- 


the  latter 

<inud> 

•kish  hoiHpitaUty 
ve  to  be  met 
lerj  may  re- 
are  provid- 


^raliy  mild  and 


Caravniisurie:<.     A  btrikirii;  n. 
iu-e  the  rara\ans.irie-!or  piil'li. 
with  in  almost  every  villiif;v. 
main  a  days  gratis,  and  in  .ome 
cdwith  victuals.  ,  ~     , 

('li,na'.e.     The  climate  ol  Turkey  >^  gri, 
delicious,  the  air  pure,  and  the  sea»*on.  '  ;^'j';;';;        ,       ,  . 

Face  of  <he  r^unlr,,.    The  northern  part  ..  ^f  •     f;'^' ' 
<„,   the  ionlhern  part  compri.in,    .1  -j'^^"^  „^  „  ^in- 
greatly  diver.illed,  aboundmi?  m  '-'»/''';  fy^^'h.: 
*=  Moinudn^.     The  principal  f^'^^'^''^''     '"^^Xl-^^a^, 
an,  llxnn.s,  Uhodope,  I'nulus,  Dlympu-,  0»^a,  Fehon,  «l.t,., 

I'arnasHUS.  and  Alhoy.  ,       n„„ii, 

Rhen.     The  pnncipal  rivers  are  the   Danube.  1  ruth, 
M.ri//a   Vardar,  Morava,  Diin,  and  rc:*ous. 
^^Z^.d  a^icd,un.  The  soil  i« gen.  ..lly  fertile, yje  d^ 
great  qnantitie.  of  wheat,  barley,  nia./.e,  ^  ^ce,  nnd      h  . 

also  rich  pasture;  but  the  ""''  '•>^'^'"'''"'  .^  ^\'       ,?      i 
hiands'    The  principal  inlands  belong..^;  ^"  i"'\,  ,,^" 
Euror.e   are  Candia,  Negropont,  Stalmiei  e,  Syra,   i  mo, 
-\ndro,Santorin,  Naxia, -Mdo,  Myconi,.^c. 

■    Cculna  enjoy,  a  delighl.ul  «^'"l'f '   '-';l ''^    '^^^'i-^ f 
abounds  in  wme,  oil,  corn,  and  ;!;''*;-^'^V  '"'i'l'^i.Uor 
town,  contains  about  14,000   mhabitant-.     1  he  population 
of  the  island  is  estimated  at  210,000.  ,•      •       ■ 

Many  of  the  other  islands  »ro  fertile,  abo.nJmg  m  uin,. 
corn,  and  fruits. 


'•^t 

^\-. 
,.;. 


i 

n 

iti; 


fa 


H 


ASIA. 


'I'h.  r-.Uow.ng  ure  the  i.rincipnlM.tos  m  Am... 


Uiic<^ui  ill  .^i"'" 
'I'lirkty  ill  A-'iii 
Ar.ibiii 
I'orHiu 
(;iiiuc?c  iiniiirc 

llimlooslan 
Binn.iii  fiinpirc  ^ 
Siaiiinl-iio'^iM"'"'''^'*  S 
Ulurid^.  Borneo,  ^ 
Snin.Uru,  .'avu,  > 
Celebes,  ^c        ) 


Pop. 
Ui,(10().o'"() 
1l,00U,U(H» 
ll),t)l)0,01,H) 

1U,.,uoo,(iiui 


CUirf  eilio. 
A>'lnicliiin 
,Ali'i)ln> 

r.-kiii 
.It.Ulo 
CalciiUvi 


i'op. 

'.'tl,OUU 

;^,(UH1,>H)(J 

1  ,UUU,00l) 

6uU,0U0 


|J,0OO,00l)     Uinmcraiinoni  175,000 
1 0,000,000 


:);t  1.000,000 


240,000,000  to  Go,0,ooo.000 


ChiffcitUi. 
I'okin 
Naiikii* 
Casitou 

Jt!ll(ll> 

CulcuUa 


Pop. 
li,000,000 

y, 000,000 

l,uOO,000 
1.000.000 

0.')0,'-lUl) 


Chitf  cities. 

KonareB 

Sural 
l^paluin 
Madras 
Ali'l'lio 


Pop. 

580,000 
&00,000 
400,000 
300,000 
250,000 


Ri-ers     The  coirnmrative  length  of  ^ome  "f  the  princi- 
,j'n;e:;iuA.a,is-l.i..tc.iiuthe(ol.ow.,.gtabl.      ^^^ 

Levgth. 

y,400    Ganges  ^^«^ 

o^ooO     Uiirrampooter  »i'>''"' 


Kian-Ku 
lloaii<:-llo 


MecoKorCambodiK    ilooo    i:n,hrate. 
"  .         '  o  niKl     Indus 


oi»y 


2,000     Indus 


1,100 
1,200 


in  A«iH. 


r  eitits. 

Pop. 

cliaii 

riO,uo() 

J)0 

'J,,0,(K)0 

'.'lt,()UU 

i-ran 

11(1,1  KM) 

11 

;\,(iO(t,«H)0 

[O 

1  ,UUU,00t) 

uUu 

6uU,UU0 

ncrapoora  175,000 


linty 

respecting  the 

asly  ' 

ustimuted  tVoiu 

its. 

Pofi. 

'H 

5«0,OUO 

&oo,uoo 

n 

4l)l),()0U 

;4 

■  300,000 

0 

250,000 

,f  some  of  the  prluci- 
foUowing  tabl* . 

.  1,G00 

nnooter  ^y'^^ 

1,200 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


V 


// 


^ 


/- 


z 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


|50     ""^" 

Hi      124 
1^ 


I.     ^ 


2,5 

12.0^ 

1.8 


1.4    11.6 


Photographic 

Sdenoes 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


V>/^ 


"^'S^ 


..^•-v        ..-""■*'*.««-'*-.-. 


^r~f'™x'W5fjiT;?H'f!if™^;^^B^^^p!gg^j^555rT^j^^jgp 


P*""" 


ts 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadisn  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


...s^i^M^^r^^^^v:^T~^ 


Lena 
Amur 


ASIA. 

2,000     Irawatldj 
1,850     .lihon 
1,750 


Tifjris 


is-r 

1,200 
900 
800 


Mounluins.  Tlu'  principal  ranges  of  mountiuns  in  Asia 
arc  tl.c  Ural,  Allay,  Taurus,  Himmaleh,  and  Gaut  mouu- 
tain*.  From  recent  measurements  it  appears  that  the  Him- 
maleh mountains  arc  the  most  elevated  m  the  knovvn 
world;   21  of  the  summits  were  found  to  exceed  <J0,000 


feet  in  height. 


Height  of  some  of  the  principal  summits. 


Himmaleh,  highest  peak 
Halitzkoi,  Altaian 
Elburus,  Caucasian 
Olympus,  Taurian 
Clauts 

I'etcha,  Chinese  Tartary 
Lebanon,   Syria 
Ararat,  Armenia 
Olympus,  Natolia 

On  the  Islands. 

Mouna  Kaah,  Owhyhce 
jMount  Ophir,  Sumatra 
Volcano  of  Sumatra 
Egmont  Mt.  New  Zealand 
Parmesan  Mt.  Banca 
Peak  of  Quelpaert 

Princxpal  inland  seas. 
Lerxjilh. 
Caspian  650 

Aral  250 

Baikal  320 


25,Co9 
10,735 
9,585 
G,500 
1,000 
1 5,000 
9,520 
«,500 
11,500 

Feet. 
18,400 
13,842 
12,465 
11,433 
10,050 

6,400 


Breadth. 
260 
120 
50 


Clhnate.     Asia  embraces  every  variety  of  climate,  but 
in  no  part  is  the  heat  so  great,  as  in  the  tropical  deserts  of 

S"      The  most  northern  parts  are  barren,  but  the 
southern  regions  are  for  the  most  part  extremely  fertile. 


'I'i'ltV 


.'*'j 


18« 


ASIA. 


Produciion^.     A^a   pTo.lucc=,  in  great   abundance,  U»« 
/  roiiuciwiif.     n.        I  ,p,     .      ,,.,,nt  IS  peculiar 

very  useful  ve-ctal.lcs.  are  wulely  a.fluso.l.      As.a  also 
abounds  in  nietats  and  precious  stones. 

nengion.     n    y  nreva    nff  religions  are 

K::;SS.,;o!i:^.'   c£tian.t^^Ae^ 

ha  a  0  been  introduced  by  the  European  settlemens  and 
extensive  exertions  are  now  making  to  extend  't*  J,  «'ngs 
to  the  natives  hj  means  of  missionaries  and  the  diffusion  ot 

*'^^;;::S:  Despotism  is  almost  the  only  government 
found  in  AMa.  winff  the  reffion  in  which  the  hu- 

,„;r,"c:r:S  pl^Sf  and  cSistinnity  estab. .hed 
He  e   vt  U'e  resider.ce  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  seat  of 
"eXia  Babylonian,  and  Persian  empires    and  here 
were  transacted  mo^t  of  the  events  recorded  m  the  scrip 
tnres. 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

r.  •  •  •  T.irl.^v  In  Asia  comprehends  many  countries 

Divtnons.     i  urkey  in  asia  i.ui"t      ,  „,>,  .,,._pj  and  pro- 

Chaldca.  ,    ,.  .  . 

It  is  now  divided  into  17  pachalicks. 


abundiince,  the 
I  jitant  is  peculiar 
fniit  and  bamboo, 
usotl.      Asia  also 

lost  wholly  in  the 
teil  States.  The 
icd  on  chiefly  by 
where  there  are 

iding  superstition 
ling  religions  are 
ity  under  the  form 
rable  extent  in  the 
Christian  religion 
\n  settlements,  and 
ixtend  its  blessings 
ind  the  diffusion  of 

■  only  government 

ti  in  which  the  hu- 
itianity  establ  jhed. 
js,  and  the  seat  of 
empires,  and  here 
;orded  in  the  scrip- 


ends  many  countries 
loth  sacred  and  pro- 
19  of  Asia  Minor,  Sy- 
lOtamia,  Assyria,  and 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 


1B9 


(^hiff  townt, 
Aleppo 
namascns 
Erzerum 
Smyrna 
Bagdad 
Bursa 
Sinob 
Tocat 
Mosul 


Pop.*  Chief  lowni.  Pop. 

250,000  Diarbekir  60,000 

200,000  Hamah  60,000 

150,000  Aphiom-Kura-hisar  60,000 

110,001)  BasHora  60,000 

C0,000  Kiutajah  60,000 

60,000  Angura  50,000 

60,000  Trobi'iond  60,000 

60.000  \mai*ia  50,000 

60,000  Ciuzel-hisar  50,000 


Meppo,  situated  70  miles  from  the  sea,  is  the  largest 
f.ity  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  is  mconntod  the  most  regular 
and  best  built.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  carries  on 
a  great  commerce  by  means  of  caravans. 

Damascus  is  situated  50  miles  from  the  sea,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  agreeable  cities  in  Turkey,  and  the  centre  of  an 
extensive  trade. 

Smyrna.,  the  largest  city  in  Natolia,  has  an  excellent 
harbour,  and  is  the  seat  of'  European  commerce,  and  the 
chief  mart  of  the  Levant  trade. 

Ersenim,  the  capital  of  Armenia,  is  situated  near  the 
bead  of  the  Euphrates,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  double  wall. 
Morier  states  the  population  at  upwards  of  260,000 ;  oth- 
ers much  less. 

Bagdad,  on  the  Tigris,  300  miles  NNW.  Bassora,  once 
the  seat  of  the  Caliphs,  and  one  of  the  most  pojMilous  and 
splendid  cities  in  the  world,  said  to  have  contained  2,0(jO,000 
inhabitants,  is  now  greatly  reduced  from  its  ancient  gran- 
deur, but  is  still  a  city  of  great  trade.  The  population  is 
variously  estimated.     Hassel  states  it  at  80,000. 

Bursa,  situated  at  the  foot  of  mount  Olympus,  is  one  of 
the  finest  cities  of  Natolia.,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Turkish 
empire  before  the  taking  of  Constantinople. 

Kiutajah,  on  the  Pursak,  is  a  large  and  handsome  town, 
and  the  residence  of  the  beglerheg  of  Natolia, 

Mosul,  on  the  Tigris,  is  a  large  city,  and  is  supposed  to 
occupy  a  part  of  the  site  of  ancient  Ninev^'h. 

Tocat,  on  the  Tosanlu,  is  one  of  the  principal  trading 
towns  in  Asia  Minor. 

•  The  population  of  several  of  these  citioa  is  very  differently 
staled  by  geographers  and  travellers. 
17 


m 


?■ »  1... 


ft.  ■<« 


1'  !       7 


1^- 


,,jO  TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

DiarUkir,  on  the  Tigris  is  a  celebrated  town,  and  Iwu. 

:in  exten^ivf  commerce.  ■      .  r(» 

BasZa,  situated  on  an  arn>    of  the  Euj.hrato.,  about  r,(» 

mi£  abo^e  IL  Persian  Gulf,  i.  a  place  of  commercnd  mi- 

'"?™iem,  the  capital  of  Palestine,  is  a  city  n.^'"";'*';'; 
in  sacred  history.  It  is  ntill  a  town  of  considcra  le  note, 
containing  about  30,0U0  mhabitanlH,  and  i.  much  trequeut- 

^'2S;S.  Within  the  'i-it.of  A.^ticTu^eygv.re 
anciently  many  cities  of  groat  <^«'«^';'*>: '  .'™""|  ,'!*"" 
were  M.^eveh'iho.  capital  of  Assyria;  Babyion,  he  capital 
of  Babylonia  Troy,Ki,he.»h  Miletus,  and  llnlicarnas^'s 
In  the  western  part^of  ixsia  Minor;  '^'^''^he  capUu  ol 
Cilicia ;   Tyre,  Sidon,  and  Cwsarea,  on  the  coast  ol  Syria, 

]    [o  /,  or/th'e  Oron'tcs;  and  lUUbcc  and  Palmyra  m  the  .. - 
lorior.     The.e  have  all  been  long  since  destroyed;  most 

of  hem  arc   now  nearly  or  quite  desolate ;  and  some   of 
Ihem'Tuvticularly  Balbec  and  Palmyra,  exhibit  magn.h- 

'^"""Jim'r'  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Euphrates,  Tigris, 
Kizil-ermak,  Meindcr,  Sara'^  .t,  Orontes,  and  Jo'-'J;'"- 
Lakes.     The  principal  lakes  are  Lake  Van  and  Asphal- 

'''?„"  ?nt  IZry.  Natolia,  Syria,  and  Turcomania  are 
ereatly  diversitied  w»th  hills,  mountains,  and  plains,  but  the 
provin^ces  of  Diarbekir  and  Irak  Arab,  are  mostly  level. 
^Mountains.  The  chain  of  'Taurus  cornmences  m  he 
southwestern  part  of  Natolia,  and  extends  Uience  to  t^^^^ 
eastern  side  of  Asia.  Mount  Ida  is  in  the  Is  W.  part  of  Na- 
tolia.  Ararat  is  in  Armenia,  and  in  Syria  "-Mounts  L^b- 
anon,  or  Libanus,  Anti-I.ibanus,  Ilermon,  Carmel,  and  ia- 

^"ciimale.  The  climate  of  .\siatic  Turkey  is  generally  very 
excellent,  equally  favourable  to  health  and  vegetation. 
The  air  of  Natolia  is  celebrated  tor  its  balmy  softness. 

Soil.  The  S0.1  of  a  great  portion  of  the  country  is  very 
fertile,  but  generally  under  bad  cultivation. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  wheat,  barley,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  olives,  wine,  and  silk. 

hlmJs^.    The  principal  A  b.atic  Islands  in  the  Archir- 


age 
in  t 


1 
err 
bei 
Ch 
Asi 
Or 
Tc 


111 
m< 

ca 

ly 

cr 

uv 

cs 

It 

m 

c( 

b( 
d< 

ni 
tl 

i« 
n 
c 


1 


IIUSSIA  IN   ASIA. 


191 


d  town,  antl  liiir 

hrii(P!=,  about  f)(> 
'commercial  im- 

,  city  memorable 
jnsitlcrable  note, 
s  miicli  frenueut- 

lic  Turkey,  were 
y;  among  which 
bijiuny  the  capital 
nil  llalicarnassiis, 
JUS,  the  capital  ol' 
le  coast  of  Syria; 
^almyra  in  the  in- 

ilestroycd ;  most 
ite ;  ami  some   of 

exhibit  magnifi- 

Kuphrates,  Tigris, 
and  Jordan. 
!  Van  and  Asphal- 

d  Turcomania  are 
and  plains,  but  the 
re  mostly  level, 
ommences  in  the 
nds  thence  to  the 
e  NW.part  of  Na- 
ia  are  Mounts  Leb- 
1,  Carmel,  and  Ta- 

y  is  generally  very 

:h  and  vegetation. 

lialmy  softness. 

the  country  is  very 

tion. 

wheat,  barley,  cot- 


ago  are  Metelin,  Scio,  Samos,  Cos,  and  Rhodes.     Cyprus 
in  the  Levant  is  about  160  miles  long,  and  70  broad. 

RUSSIA   IN  .\SIA. 

Most  of  this  vast  country,  which  includes  all  the  north- 
ern part  of  Asia,  was  formerly,  and  is  still  often,  called  bi- 
beria. 


Chief  towns. 
Astrachan 
Orenburg 
Tobolsk 


Pop. 
50,000 
24,000 
20,000 


Chief  towns. 
Irkutsk 
Tomsk 
Uralsk 


Pop. 
15,000 
12,000 
i2,000 


.htrachan,  at  the  month  of  the  Volga,  is  the  largest  city 
in  Asiatic  Russia.  It  carries  on  an  extensive  commerce  by 
means  of  the  Volga  and  the  Caspian  sea. 

Tobolsk,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Tobol  and  Irtisch,  is  the 
capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  was  former- 
ly the  capital  of  Siberia.  It  is  a  place  of  exile  for  Russian 
criminals. 

Irkutsk,  near  lake  Baikal,  is  a  place  of  considerable  com- 

Rivers.  The  Oby,  Lena,  and  Enisei  nre  among  the  larg- 
est rivers  in  Asia.  .    .,     ,  .  .  , 

Lake.  Baikal,  in  the  southern  part,  is  the  largest  lake. 
It  is  enclosed  by  rugged  mountains,  and  surrounded  by  the 
most  <?ublime  scenery.  ...        -    ,  r  .l 

Face  of  the  country.  The  prevailing  features  ol  the 
country  are  immense  plains. 

Mountains.  Tiie  Uralian  Mountains  are  on  the  v.  extern 
border,  between  Asia  and  Europe.  On  the  southera  bor- 
der are  the  Altaian  mountains,  which  form  a  part  of  an  im- 
mense range,  extending,  with  but  little  interruption,  Irom 
the  lake  of  Aral  to  the  P.icitic  ocean,  about  5,000  miles. 

Soil  and  climate.  In  the  southwestern  districts  the  soil 
is  generally  fertile  and  t!ie  climate  temperate  ;  but  in  the 
noi-l!iern  parts  the  soil  is  mostly  barren,  and  iho  climatr 
extremely  cold. 


nds  in  the  Archir< 


auabia. 

LmetuuH  are  perm  .led  to  v.sit  .t.     PoP^  20,000 

Medina,  ^itnated  in  a  nan.ly  pl.un,  ««»"/ ""J     ■» ;,  „,g^ 

nt,fr.'t"'™n'Mocc.,  »nd  contain,  only  nbnnt 
■''•Z»l'tri.,i«.o>vnor.hc,,,oWnccorOo,an,nn,. 

'■"E""T:tl'.r:nXX'or;*».n,co„,^^^ 

^i/.c  in  Arabia.  ^^^j^  ^^.^  considered  as 

Moununns.     Mounts  r^in.u  " '"  siinated  between 

nvo  summits  ofthe  ^«"^« Ji^g;'^'^;';^;.  "s  ^li  U  held  in 

-r::Si^^tsi;^^'-tJ"^.r-: 
Se5^:r?=srrr:r^r.:irub..  tbe 

(ireots  l.«ve  cat  slop,  lo  the  lop.  ^|.^_ 

,''°";{ trXyf  "n"/ ^^ren\t'eCin.or»,.e,>o.  .vi,h 

.rabia  is  a  >a-t,  aiy,  ."m  •  ,i„r,ectcd  with  some  moiin- 

sro'^r'rtsrtvi'tt'"'"":;.. .  c,.,, ..«.. 

■fcarco. 


".I  M 


ARAlilA. 


I'JL. 


;  I 


,  iitui  Arabia  Dt- 
six;  licdsjas,  Ye- 
(Isjcd. 
cites  of  Arabia,  i« 
il  a  (lay's  journey 
ICC  of  Mahomet, 
y  city,  and  is  sui>- 
;  None  but  Ma- 
.  20,000. 

Lit  a  day's  journey 
of  Mecca,  is  also 
;   being  the  place 
,n,  6,000. 
I,  is  surrounded  by 

,  and  is  nmch  visit- 
t9  excellent  coffee, 

;ontain9  only  about 

nnce  of  Oman,  and 
OOO. 
of  any  considerable 

b  are  considered  as 
i-e  situated  between 
a.  Sinai  is  held  in 
ng  the  place  where 
[oMosvs.  It  is  com- 
lanite,  in  which  the 

Ercneral  aspect  of  A- 
rt,  interspersed  with 
ted  with  some  moun- 
ter is   every   whrvc 


A  ciMis.diTahl.'  portion  ufJrahia  Polroa  is  mountainous 
and  rocU\.     Jri6i<i  ftUr  is  the   mo.t  Icrlile  ami  populous 

^''\lml/n  DnerUi  i<.  for  tlio  nK!--!  part,  composi-d  orimimMisc 
dohert.-  of    ban-,  u   sui.i.   lliougli  there    are   some  lertile 

'c/imcuc.  In  the  mounli.inous  parts  the  climate  is  tem- 
perate, but  in  unsheltered  situati.ms  the  heiit  is  excessive. 

fVinih:  A  pestit'eruus  wind,  railed  the  Simoon  or  So, uv I, 
frequentiv  Mirprises  the  traveller  in  the  desert,  and  occa- 
sions instant  sulVocalion.  Whole  caravans  arc  sometimes 
buried  by  movin-r  clouds  of  siiiul  agitated  by  wind. 

Productions.  The  productions  are  cotTee,  nee,  maize, 
frankincense,  mvnh,  gum-arabic,  balsam,  and  other  gums  ; 
dates,  and  various  other  fruits  ;  honey  and  wax  ;  and  in  the 
seas,  coral  and  pearls. 

Animals.  The  most  noted  animals  are  the  camel  ana 
horse  The  chief  lU-peridence  of  the  Arabian  is  on  the 
camel,  an  animal  peculiarly  lilted  for  the  inhabitants  ot  a 
desert.  The  Arabian  horses  have  been   celebrated  in  all 

ages.  . , ,, 

Literature.  The  Arabians  were,  in  the  nuddle  ages,  emi- 
nent for  literature  and  science,  but  at  present  education  is 
generally  neglected.  Few  of  the  inhabitants  are  able  to 
read  and  write. 

Laimtage.  The  Arabic  is  a  copious  and  expressive  lan- 
<ruage,  abounding  in  synonymes.  It  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensively diffused  languages  in  the  world,  and  is  spoken  m 
a  large  part  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

Religion.     The  religion  is  Mahometanism. 

Inhabitants.  The  Ai  •  .u-ns  are  generally  a  rude,  super- 
stitious, and  ignorant  pec,!.  .  They  are  of  middle  stature 
and  brown  complexion  ;  h.ive  always  a  grave  and  melan- 
choly air ;  they  seldom  laugh  and  never  weep. 


n* 


,;  > 


■'  if.! 


'i-ri* 


•t ;. 


« 


i  xDI.I'KNDKM"  'iAKlARV. 


[Hvhions.  Iii(lci.rii<l"i.t  Tjirtiiry  i^  !» lar^P  country  com- 
piiMiijf  Great  im\  \MlU'  I! Almria,  Turkestan,  ami  <'ha- 
rasiu,  A  jiiirl  cf  tin  country  i«  now  incluilfil  in  tlie  king- 
dom ot'Cabtilistaii. 

IitluibimiKs.  TUc  TartJir-  consist  of  various  tribes,  amonj? 
tlic  principal  uiu  tlie   Kirguses  or  Kirg:e««,  Usbt'ks,  and 

ralinucH.  1    •,       • 

Townn.  SumafcunJ,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city,  f 
s^ituiited  un  tiie  So}<d.  It  curries  on  an  extensive  trade, 
but  is  less  po|tiilou»  and  splendid  tiian  formerly.  It  is  ia- 
mous  among  Mahometan  cities  as  a  seat  of  laarning.  It 
was  once  the  scat  of  the  great  conqueror  Tamerlane  or 

Timor  Bek.  ,    r  c 

Hukaria  is  situated  on  the  Sogd,  100  miles  west  of  ba- 
marcand,  and  is  said  to  contain  100,000  inhabitants.  The 
houses  arc  low  and  built  of  earth,  but  the  mosques,  which 
are  numerous,  are  of  brick.  The  city  is  celebrated  for 
the  sluity  of  Mahometan  theology  and  law. 

Other  towns  are  Kashgar,  Balk,  Gaur,  Badakshan,  An- 
dcriil',  Termed,  and  Yarkan. 

Hivas.     The  principal  rivers  are  the  Jihon  and  bir. 
Lukes.     The  large  lakes  are  Aral  and  Palcati. 
Mountains.     The  Altaian  mountains  he  on  the  north  and 
Belur  Taglay,  a  branch  of  the  Immaus  on  the  south. 

SnU,  The  surface  and  soil  are  various,  in  some  parts 
fertile,  in  others  particularly  in  the  north  there  are  extCfl- 
Bive  sandy  deserts. 

Rdigion.    The  religion  is  Mahometanism. 


PERSIA. 

Ertent.  The  limits  of  Persia  have  "been  very  varioos  "at 
diffrivnt  periods.  In  its  most  extensive  sense  Persia  em- 
braces  all  the  region  between  Turkey  and  Hindoostan,  but 
this  includes  lurge  districts  not  subject  to  the  present  sove- 


r^c  country  coni- 
ieslaii,  and  <'hi»- 
lulf'il  in  llif  king- 

ioustriltps,  amonu 
L'sc,  Usbeks,  uud 

eloluMted  city,  if 
extensive  trade, 
nnerly.  It  is  fa- 
t  of  laarning.  It 
)r  Tamerlane  or 

niles  west  of  Sa- 
inhabitunts.  The 
e  mosque<<,  which 
is  celebrated  for 
w. 
',  Budakshan,  An- 

Jihon  and  Sir. 
I  Palcati. 

e  on  the  north  and 
3n  the  south. 
0U9,  in  some  parts 
h  there  are  exten- 

LQism. 


een  very  various  at 
8  sense  Persia  em- 
ind  Hindoostan,  but 
Lo  the  present  sove- 


'^■^ 


PF,IIS!.\ 


UK) 


rci;,'ii.     Tlie  ea-LMi)  part  of  l'<>ri)iii  i-  now  inclnil<^d  in  lh<i 
kingdom  of  Caliulidaii. 


Prorineti. 

Adirbcitzan 

Gliilan 

Krivan 

Ma/aiidcran 

Chora'-an 


Chief  townt. 
T.uiri'4 
Keshd 
Krivan 
Fehrabad 
Meschid 


Provintii, 
lrak-.\!(cnu 

(.'hiHinInn 
|'ar>*i*>tan 
Ki'rman 


Chirflou'i'.i. 
i  |>|iah;tn 
\  Tch-rau 

Toster 

.'^ohini/. 

Sirgiun 


Chief  cities.  Teheran,  iUv  prcnent  capital,  i-<  »3r»  nidon 
S  of  the  Caspian  so,,,  and  m)  N.  Upahan.  It-*  Hitnation  h 
low  and  nnhoailhy  ;  the  Ikmisoh  are  mean,  budt  oi  brick 
baked  in  the  swn.     Population  tU),()tU). 

Isimhan,  the  former  capital,  i-t  a  celebrated  city,  and  the 
larL'PSt  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  snrround.nl  by  a  mud  wall, 
and  contains  some  splendid  palaces, spacioun  caravansaries 
and  beautiful  bazars  ;  but  the  l.rivafe  houses  are  low  nn^ 
small,  the  streets  crooked  and  very  narrow,  and  the  city  is 
much  decayed      Population  estimated  at  400,000. 

7\tum,  400  miles  NNW.  Ispahan,  is  a  larjfe  city,  and 
has  an  extensive  trade,  but  it  is  much  reduced  irom  its  tor- 
mer  grandeur.     Population  iJ.00,000. 

Sckirnz,  HIO  miles  S.  Ispahan,  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant cities  in  Persia.  It  is  situated  in  a  delightlul  and  ler- 
tile  pli'.in.     I'opulalion  about  10,000. 

HcUsion.     The  religion  is  Mahometanis^m  of  the  sect  ol 

Ali.     "  ... 

Government.     The  government  is  despotic. 


Language, 


The  Persian  language  is  celebrated  for  its 


strength,  beauty,  and  melody.  ....  ,    . 

Climate.  Tnthe  southern  parts  the  climate  is  very  hot, 
and  in  the  northern  parts  cool.  . 

Face,  of  the  country.  Persia  abounds  in  mountains  and 
sandy  deserts,  and  has  few  rivers  and  streams  of  water. 

Soil  One  third  of  the  country  consists  of  and  deserts, 
salt  lakes,  and  marshes  covered  with  jungle ;  and  more 
than  another  third  of  naked  mountains.  Ihe  northern 
parts  are  the  most  fertile.  <  tu       a 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Karnsu,  Jihon,  A- 
ras,  Kizil  Ozan,  Bend  Emir,  Kud,  Makschid,  Mend,  and 
Tedjen. 


;i 


^\,i\ 

^:i' 


[♦ 


I    ,; 


3. 


Iftlv 


I»ti 


PKUSIA. 


k 


ImIco.    TliP  chief  lakes  urc  Durrnli,  Urmiuh,  Biiktog- 

I'nMciions.  'ri.e  |.ro.l..ction*  -.rj  wheat,  barley,  rice, 
wm.,  M,.,i.r,  iVmt.  of  v.n.nn  ki...is  ..Ik,  .otlon,  .m  R. , 
opium,  tol.acco,  se.n.a,  ihul.a.l.,  salhoa,  mmu....,  ami  a.H.i- 

'"  J'ilimiTC^.     'I'll.'  r-n'ijrn  .•.,„m..T.-o  o(  I'risia,  in  incon- 
MilLTal.lc,  aii.l  i^  «hi.'lly  m  the  haii.U  ..(  Um'i^wr^ 

iL^iiJ.  Tlu.  IVr^ian.  arc  a  jnnarkal.lv  han.  .o.ne 
ruC  .>.'....>..;  hrav.>,lu..iMtal.lf,  lively,  a.u  l"«  •'>  l""^  '  '^ 
ir,  their  manner.;  but  excee.iu.Kly  van.,  Iroacherou-.,  vm- 
(lictive,  HUil  avaricious.  ,.,/.• 

rnriodn.  On  ll.«  w«-l'>»  coast  of  the  ta-iuan  on 
„,.ar  liaku;  aro  ronnlains  of  naplha,  or  pure  rock  oil.  1  l.t 
..  irili  lii'i'e  reaiiilv  take:*  lire. 

Intinuiiie^  There  arc  now  found  in  Persia  many  mon- 
mnenl-  of  anrienl  magnificence,  amU|.len.lnl  rum*  ol  a 
„n,ul,or  of  <  itie-.  AmonK  the-e  are  Su,a,  er.sf,.uli^  and 
Hai,  each  of  which  was  ouce  the  capital  ol  I  ersia. 


t 


CABLLIbTAN,  on  AFGIIAN'ISTAN. 
This  is  a  modern  kin-dom  of  Asia,  comprising?  the  wcs- 
lornparl  of  llindoo^tan,  the  eastern  part  ol  I  ersia,   anU 

tlie  soutliern  part  of 'I'artary.  r..„.i,,h.r 

DIviiions      It  conti^ins  the  provmces  of  Cahul,  (andaliar, 
Ca.hmire,  Balk,  Herat,  and  Segestan,  and  the  country  of 

'''1'!"h!S.  The  population  is  stated  by  E>P»"":;;"";-  "^ 
1.1,(X)0,UU0.  of  whom  5,700,000  are  HindooM,  4,300,000 
AfJ^hans,  l,f.OO,000  I'arsecs,  1,100,000  lialooches,  and 
I  loO.OOO  Tartars.  .        ^  ,    1 

'  Cities.  Cabul,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  river  Cabu, 
and  carries  on  a  great  trade.  The  houses  are  meanly  bu.lt. 
Population  estimated  at  200,000. 

CasJunin',  the  capital  of  the  provinces  of  the  same  name, 
m  situated  on  the  Hehut,  and  is  famous  for  the  manufacture 
of  shawls.     Population  150,  or  200,000. 

Candnhar,  on  the  llecpmund,  has  au  extensive  trade. 
Population  upwards  of  1U0,000. 


rmiuli,  HaUlog- 

,it,  bnrley,  rice, 
cotloii,  indiffo, 
,11111.1,  i>i"J  ii'<"*ii- 

I'crsin,  it  incon- 
finiu'r-f. 

kul>ly  liantlNotne 

highly  |M»lish»'il 

roiicUerouK,  viu- 

he  Ciif»piun  «on, 
e  rock  oil.    Tlie 

crslii  miiiiy  mon- 
oiitlid  iiiiim  of  ii 
,  remfjiolU,  uiid 
if  I'trsiu. 


ISTAN. 

jiriainf?  the  wc»- 
t  ol"  I'orsia,  and 

Calml,  Cundahiir, 
id  tlio  country  of 

by  Elphinstone  at 
iiidoos  .1,300,000 
)    baloochcs,  and 

mthe  river  Cabul, 
s  are  meanly  built. 

of  the  same  name, 
»r  the  manufacture 

extensive   trade. 


tABl'USTAN. 


Ifl 


n 


Ihral  nnd  Ft^ha^tr  aro  .aid  to  contain  rach  a  ropula- 
tion  of  1UI>,()()0.  Otlit-r  townn  of  note  arc  Moullaii,  liaik, 
Zarcnor,  and  K»'lat.  .    „_^„,i„  • 

FJofthe  cmtn,.  The  f..rt.  ol  the  .oi.ntry  .-  prcn  ly 
div«■r^illed  with  mountains  valU'.v»,  and  fand.)  .IcMrlt.  i  n. 
'lunmitHoflhc  llinimaleh  nicuiitums  on  (he  north  are  «i- 

Soil.  1.1  will  watered  valley,  the  ^o.l  .h  very  lirt  1(. 
There  nro  cxU'.wxvc  banon  wa*(<-.  '1  be  'b'^»-'rt  ol  B^- 
looohist.ni  is  ;U)()  niilo  lonj(,  and  'JOO  broad.  . 

lUll'Tioi.     Til.'  iMvvu.rM.g  roliKi.-n  i«  ^'"•'0'"''/='"'""'  , . 

jUshiin,.  The  Atkban^  are  a  fiorcc,  ,intraclable,  and 
warldte  rfoph.-,  who  invtcnd  to  ded.i.  e  their  or-Kin  Iroo 
Afghan,  I.  -on  of  Japhet.  Sir  Wm.  Jonen  i»  ol  o,.m.ou  that 
ihey  nrc  descended  from  the  Ten  Tribes  ol  Israel. 


IIINDOOSTAN. 

Divuions.    Ilindoostan  in  the  moM  extensive  sense,  com 
pri.ie»  4  large  divixions.  r.    i     •  «   „« 

^  1.  Northern  llindooitan.  T\m  comprises  Cashnure  on 
the  tvest,  and  Bootan  on  the  east,  with  the  intermediate 
provinces.  Ncj-aul,  with  its  tributary  districts  com|.rehend8 
the  most  of  this  division. 

2.  mndoestan  Proper.  This  comprises  1  sonbalis  ol 
provinces,  vi/.  Lahore,  Moullan  including  S.ndy,AKimcro, 
Delhi,  Agra,  Allahabad,  Ualiar,  Oude,  Bengal,  Malwa,and 

^"r%.e  Decca,,.  Thi- division  includes  the  promcesof 
Auningabad,  Candci^h,  tJolconda,  Berar,  Northern  Circars, 
Orissa,  and  a  great  part  of  Visiapour.  .      ,    .    „  „.« 

4.  he  Sonik  of  India.  This  divi.s.on  extend,  from  he 
river  Kistnah  to  the  Ocean,  and  comprises  the  Carnati. . 
Mvsore.Canara,  Malabar,  &c.  , 

^£x<enr  and  papulation.     The  following  .«  a  «tf  "J.^^  "' 
the  estimated  extent  nnd  populaUon  of  the  I';'''  »  ««    Hu 
doostan  possessed  by  Great  Britain,  of  the^  '    '.^  .^^      ' 
and  the  Independent  States,  accoiuin?  to  W.  lUimiUoo 


t'  1 


i 


1! 
1' 


J 'JO 


HINDOOSTAN. 


UnJer  the  Bengal  Presidency 
Do.  Madras  Presidency 
Do.         Bombay  Presidency 

Total  of  British  llindoostan 

British  Allies  and  Tributaries 

Total  under  British  jurisdic- 
tion and  intluencc 

Independent  States 


Oeog.  sq,  ni. 

iI'JO,()OU 

125,000 

10,000 


\ 


o57,000 
109,000 
b'JO.OOO 
495,000 


Pop. 
29,000,000 
1 2.000.000 
■J, 500,000 

5^^,500,000 

17,500,000 

71,000,000 

30,000,000 


Total  ofllindoostan       1,021,000  101,000,000 

CImf  cities.     The  following  chJ>>f  cities  of  Hindoostan 
are  all  in  the  possession  of  Great  Britain. 


Cities. 
Calcutta 
Benares 
Sural 
Madras 
Lucknovv 
Patna 
Dacca 


Pop. 
650,000 
582,000 
500,000 
300,000 
300,000 
250,000 
200,000 


CUiis. 
Lahore 
Delhi 
ll^drabad 
Poonah 
Nagpour 
Moorshcdabad 
Seringapatam 


Pop. 

150,000 

100,000 

100,000 

100,000 

80,000 

35,000 

32,000 


Other  important  cities  are  Bombay,  Agra,  Ougein,  and 
.Tyenagar. 

Calcutta  is  the  capital  of  all  the  British  P°f  ^^f'°"J  '" 
Hindoostan.  It  is  situated  on  the  Hoogly,  about  100  m.les 
from  the  sea,  and  has  an  immense  comnjercc  Ihe  hous- 
es belonging  to  the  Kngli-h  ar.  very  elegantly  buil  with 
brick,  but  the  houses  of  the  nai'vos  are  mostly  mud  cot- 

"Benares,  the  famous  seat  of  Braminical  learning,  is  re- 
garded  by  the  Hindoos  as  a  holy  city.     It  is  a  place  o 
great  wealth  and  trade,  and  is  the  grand  mart  for  diamond* 
and  other  gems  brought  from  Bundelcund. 
.Wn,!s  situated  on  an  island  10  miles  in  length,  nca. 
the  west  roast  of  Hindco'tan.  and  commands  the  whole 


5^! 


I.m.  Pop- 

)0U  29,000,000 

MO  1  '2.000.000 

300  '-",500,000 


OOO  51^,500,000 
000  17,500,000 
000  71,000,000 
,000  30,000,000 
,000  101,000,000 
C3  of  Hindoostan 


Pop. 

150,000 

100,000 

(1 

100,000 

100,000 

80,000 

lUibad 

35,000 

)atam 

32,000 

^gra,  Ougein,  and 

tish  possessions  in 
y,  about  100  miles 
"lercc.  The  hous- 
k'gantly  built  with 
e  mostly  mud  cot- 

:n\  learning,  is  re- 
It  is  a  place  of 
I  mart  for  diamond* 
nd. 

Ics  in  length,  neai 
mmands  the  whole 


HINDOOSTAN 


199 


Population  of 


trade  of  the  northwest  coast  of  Hindoostan 
of  the  island,  about  400,000. 

Madras,  in  the  Carnatic,  is  the  chief  commercial  city  in 
the  southeast  part  of  Hindoostan.  ^ 

Deliti,  formerly  the  capital  of  Hindoostan  and  the  seat  ot 
the  Mogul  empire,  is  said  once  to  have  contained  2,000,000 
inhabitants,  but  is  now  greatly  reduced  from  its  former 
grandeur. 

.'Ijrra,  on  the  Jumnah,91  miles  SSE.  Delhi,  is  a  celebrai- 
od  city.  The  population,  some  years  since,  was  stated  a! 
OOO.OOO  ;  but  the  city  ts  now  much  reduced. 

Tlie  principal  cities  of  Northern  Hindoostan  are  Cash- 
miie,  Pattan,  Catmandu,  and  Batgan. 

Cities.  All  the  cities  of  India  arc  built  on  one  plan,  witli 
verry  narrow,  contined,  and  crooked  streets,  a  great  num- 
ber of  t;Miks  and  reservoirs  for  water,  with  numerous  gar- 
dens interspersed.  The  houses  are  variously  built,  some 
of  brick,  others  of  mud,  and  still  more  of  bamboos  and 

mats. 

Jtiirgernauth.  or  Jagarnaul,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast, 
42  mtles  S.  Cattack,  is  a  celebrated  place  of  Hindoo  wor- 
ship. The  number  of  pilgrims  that  annually  visit  this  tem- 
ple or  pagoda,  has  been  estimated  to  amount  at  least  to 
1,200,000,  many  of  whom  never  return. 

Face  of  the  country.  Northern  Hindoostan  is  mountain- 
ous. Hindoostan  Proper  is  for  the  most  part  champaiga 
country,  with  occasional  hills  of  no  great  elevation.  In 
the  Deccan  and  South  of  India,  the  country  is  flat  on  the 
sea  coasts  on  both  sides,  and  mountainous  in  the  interior. 

Mountavtf.  The  Himmaleh  mountains,  which  lie  on  the 
north  side  of  Northern  Hindoostan,  are  reputed  the  highest 
in  the  world.  The  F.astcrn  and  Western  Gauts  are  the  most 
remarkable  mountains  in  India.  The  Western  Gauts,  tiic 
highest  and  longest  range,  extend  from  Cape  Comonn  to 
Surat,  generally  about  40  miles  from  the  sea  coast. 

Rivers.  The  Ganges,  Burrampooter,  and  Indus,  are 
among  the  largest  rivers  in  Asia.  The  other  considerable 
rivers  are  the  Kistnah,  Jumnah,  Nerbuddah,  Godavery, 
Chunaub,  Puddar,  Setledgc,  Taptee,  and  Chumbull. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  the  northern  parts  is  tempe- 
rate, but  in  ftUtUe  89UtU<?rn  parts  heat  predominates  ;  and 


m 


■'MBttiS^ 


;  MP 


lUNDOOaTAN 


•.  •      «,.,r  o-rpit     The  monsoon* 
during  a  part  of  tb.  year  .t  «  ^^ry  ^n.^^^^^  .  ^  ^^.^.^^^^.^ 
„reviul  south  ol  the  tropics-     i  »«• 
Kpcr  are  divided  into  co  d  ho  ,  and  dry-    ^^^^  ^^  ^^^.       . 

a  large  proportioo  «f    V^^^^^/.J  Uic  former  in  Septem- 

?^-:;j^s::"t;:tt;^{i^^^^ 

Pro-Zucrion..     Uico  ,s  more  "''t^"''^^;^ ^  i„  ,omc  pahs ; 

leather,  and  saltpetre.  ,       j  .g  earned 

vice,  indigo,  saltpetre,  opium,  silk,  su^a  ,  p 
%^neraU.    The  .eta.  f^md  in  U^. -^^^^ 
i,on ;  but  they  are  "«»  ^^  "^^'^'„„;,  ceased  to  be  very  val- 
^^'"'i^io:^^^^^^'^^  near  Pannah,  Sum- 

^"&'^s.    Th^Hindoos^smut^Uje^at^-! 

the  population  ;  the  Mahometans  are  vejY  ^^ 

ides  thee  there  are  P«f  f  .^'  Sure  in  the  character  of 

Hindoos.    The  most  ^'^^^^fJ'^^Z'^Us^on  and  cus- 

the  Hindoos  is  the  V^^^'^XZn  i\vce  any  alteration  smce 

rstatlrSi^'SSS^^^W^od  consists  .f 

of  Zoroaster  and  =^re  "^^  "J  ,  "  ^;'    „. 
'         They  are  "harder  and  e"lerpri.n^    l^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^      j 
CvL^cs.     The  Hindoos   are  divuie        ^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^ 
The  Brahmms  ;  2.  SoW.ers ,  3^  i      ^^^^^  ^^^^^^  „e  all 
ture  and  commerce  ;  4.  l^ao"'"^  nermitted  to  intermarry. 


m 

at 
w 

\h 

P' 
\v 

111 
II 


n; 


d 

m 


HINDOOSTAN. 


8«1 


The  monsoon* 
ns  in  Ilindoosttin 

I'must  be  various; 
'cedingly  fertile. 
irmcr  in  Septem- 
(1  April.  i 
Jy  cultivated  than 
eat  in  some  pahs; 
,and  various  kinds 

re  is  that  of  cotton, 
lose  of  silk,  wool, 

rcat,  and  is  carried 
a  considerable  ex- 

.tton,  piece  goods, 
ir,  precious  stones, 

,nre  gold,  lead,  and 
liamond  mines  have 
ised  to  be  very  val- 
near  Pannah,  Sum- 

e  the  great  mass  of 
^ery  numerous ;  be- 
mdChristians. 
e  in  the  character  ot 
Rir  religion  and  cus- 
.  any  alteration  since 
'heir  food  consists  ot 

ants  of  the  followers 
uzerat  and  Bombay. 

eople. 

into  four  castes,  i. 
,se  devoted  to  agncu- 

These  castes  are  all 
rmitted  to  intermarry, 
doosisacruelanddc- 


1 


jtading  superstition,  which  is  artfully  interwoven  with  al- 
most every  action  of  daily  life.  There  are  28  rivers  which 
are  regarded  as  holy,  and  a  great  number  of  holy  places, 
which  are  much  visited  by  pilgrims.  The  most  sacred 
books  among  the  Hindoos  arc  the  Vedas  and  two  great 
poems. 

Languafre.  The  most  ancient  language  is  the  Sanscrit, 
which  is  esteemed  sacred. 

Christianil)/.  Christianity  was  very  early  established  on 
ihe  Malabar  "coast.  Before  the  arrival  of  Vasco  de  Gama 
there  were  200,001)  Nestorian  Christians.  Within  a  few 
years  numerous  missionary  stations  have  been  formed  in 
India,  of  which  the  most  important  is  at  Serampore,  12 
miles  N.  Calcutta. 

Ceylon  is  a  valuable  island,  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 

The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  the  climate  healthy,  and 
mnrh  more  temperate  than  that  of  India. 

The  most  valuable  production  is  cinnamon  ;  other  pro- 
ductions arc  ginger,  pepper,  sugar,  cotton,  &c.  Here  are 
lytUuable  pearl  fisticries. 

Candi,  a  country  in  the  interior,  is  very  mountainous. 
Us  chief  town  is  of  the  same  name. 

Columbo,  the  capital  of  the  island,  contains  about  50,000 
inhabitants;  Trincomaly,  15,000. 

PopuUtiioii  of  the  island  estimated  at  1,500,000. 

BIRMAH,  OR  AVA. 

Divisionu  This  extensive  empire  includes  the  ancient 
kingdoms  of  Ava,  Pegu,  Arracan,  and  Cassay  or  Meckley. 

Population.  The  empire,  exclusire  of  Arracan,  contains, 
according  to  Col.  Symes,  8,000  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  & 
14,500,000  inhabitants,  The  population  of  Arracan  he 
states  at  2,500,000  ;  total  17,000,000.  But  Capt.  Cox  doea 
not  estimate  the  whole  population  above  8,000,000. 

Chief  towns.  Ummerapoorat  the  modern  capital  of  tb« 
Birman  empire,  is  situated  on  the  Irawaddy,  400  miles 
above  its  mouth,  on  a  peninsula  between  the  river  and  a 
lake.  Its  growth  has  been  exceedingly  rapid.  It  was 
founded  in  1783,  and  in  lOOO  Capt.  Cdx  estimated  the 
18 


H* 


BlUMAH- 

,  on   or  25  0001  and  tbc  population  a. 
number  01  home*  at  20,  or  2o,W  , 

n5,000.  ...   :„  situated  on  the  Irawaddy, /» 

£;rc?;:rW';.^"S.iufwuU       yea„,  and  co„..,n» 
...i.oiit  1,000  inhabitants.  ijmsdoin  of  that  name, 

16,000.  ,       ^  ,,„_.i,  of  the  Irawaddy,  contains 

-Sir%.ee„„a.eU.e«e„,>j;^^^^^^^ 

*'Sr  Kris' pThe  .OU  .  re,..e  ana  p«» 

duces  abundant  crops  of  rice .  .  ^t  jg  mountain- 

""i&,...  -The  p'^z-sro^^'S'-*";' 

sugar,  indigo,  cotton,  and  various  iroi  ^^^  ^  ^^ 

" V.er«lf    Iron,  lead,  fn,  ani.mouy,^j^  ^.^^^  ^^  ^^^.^ 

t)hur  are  abundant.     There  ar 

silver,  and  precious  stones.  ,  j     ^^8  of  the  Buddhu, 

JnWtoa...    The  B)™'"  "^  .^'  it  and  it.sc.We. 


|l« 


the  population  at 

I  the  IrawatWy,  '* 
is  now  almost  in 

lorn  of  that  namf, 
and  most  splemlul 
ling  was  razed.  " 
cars,  and  contains 

ledom  of  that  name, 
jSt  at  present  only 

.  Irawaddv,  contains 
ncipal  seaport  m  the 
,nlous  than  Rangoon, 
the  Irawaddy,  Arra- 

^  healthy  and  agree- 
•  heat  and  cold.        ^ 
)il  is  fertile  and  prfl»' 

,ern  part  is  mountain- 
,  of  extensive  valleys 

e  rice,  wheat,  tobacco, 

opical  fruits. 

ony,  arsenic,  and  sul- 

so  rich  mines  of  gold, 

hippersoftheBuddhu, 
„  is  usually  called  Go- 
is  despotic, 
lively  and  intelligent, 
impatient  and  irascihie- 
r  than  the  Hindoos. 


MALAYA,  OR  MALACCA. 

Malaya  is  a  large  peninsula  about  700  miles  long,  and  !  50 

^Thief  to-xn.  Malacca,  the  chief  town,  is  situated  in  the 
.traits  of  the  same  name,  and  contains  about  12,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  was  formerly  a  rich  commercial  city,  and  mucii 
larcer  than  at  present.  „♦„„,! . 

Face  of  the   country.      A  range   of  mountains  eKten.U 
throughout    the    peninsula,   giving  rise   to  innumerabh 
streams.     The  country  is  almost  covered  by  a  deep  and 
impenetrable  forest.  ,,  .,„, 

Productions.  The  productions  are  pepper,  other  spice., 
and  betel  nut.  Ivory,  tin,  wax,  and  ratans,  are  articles  ol 
^""^Miabitants.  The  Malays  are  small,  well  made,  of  a 
dark  complexion,  enterprising,  and  brave,  but  treacherous 
and  ferocious. 
Religion.    The  religion  is  Mahometanism. 

SIAM. 

Division,.     Siam  is  a  narrow  kingdom,  extending  7  or 
«00  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Low- 

Towns.     Siam  or  Julhia,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  an  is- 
land in  the  Meinam.     It  is  of  large  extent,  but  now  very 

*"£St Sated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  is  the 

^'^ River.  '^The  Meinam,  which  flows  through  the  country, 

is  the  chief  river.  ,«i.o*«t 

Religion.    The  religion  of  the  Siamese  resembles  that  ot 

'  '  Gotwnmeni.     The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  laws   *► 

Literature.     Education  is  considerably  attended  to,  and 
some  branches  of  literature  are  successfuly  .nltivatod. 


i 


iO\ 


SIAM. 


Climate.  The  winters  arc  dry  and  mild  ;  tlie  summery 
are  hot,  moist,  and  unhealthy. 

Face  of  the  country.  This  country,  like  Egypt,  is  a  wide 
valo  lying  on  each  side  of  the  Meinam,  enclosed  by  ridges 
•f  mountains. 

Soil.  The  Meinam  like  the  Nile,  (iverflow"  its  banks 
and  renders  the  land  in  its  vicinity  very  fertile.  Towards 
the  mountains  the  soil  is  dry  and  barren. 

Productions.  Rice  ir<  the  most  important  production. 
J{ct(!l  nut  and  various  kinds  of  jilants  and  fruits  are  com- 
Dion. 

Jlincrah.  Among  the  minerals  are  diamonds,  sapphires, 
I'ubii's,  agates,  gold,  iron,  tin,  lead,  and  copper.  ^ 

Population.  The  population  was  stated  by  Loubere  at 
J,90",U()0.     Some  have  estimated  it  8,000,000. 

inhabitants.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a  dark  complexion, 
and  resemble  the  Birmuna  in  their  manners  and  customs. 


LAOS. 

Laos  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Mecon  or  Cambodia, 
and  is  a  lovel  country,  enclosed  by  ridges  of  mountains. 
J'lie  country  is  but  little  known. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthy,  and  the  soil  fertile. 

The  productions  are  rice,  cotton,  honey,  wax  &c. 

The  inhabitants  resemble  the  Siamese  in  their  religion 
and  character. 

Population  estimated  at  .-3,000,000. 

CAMBODIA. 

ijambodia,  Camhoja,  or  Camboge,  lies  south  of  Laos, 
and  is  enclosed  on  the  east  and  west  by  ridgos  of  moun- 
tains. The  middle  portion  is  a  fine  plain,  fertilized  by  the 
Mecon  or  Cambodia. 

The  climate  is  hot,  and  the  country  is  thinly  inhabited, 
but  the  4oi7  is  fertile,  producing  an  abundance  of  rice,  le- 
gumes, fruit,  and  medicinal  j)lants. 

The  pi). ):tlation  has  been  estimated  at  1,000,000.  The 
chief  town,  CamWw  or  Levk^  is  Situated  Qii  the  Mecon, 


,ib( 
Inv 


tlx 

SUj 

ve 
Lt 

foi 

ri( 
sit 
er 

oil 


ta 
K 

St 

tr 


COCHIN-CHINA. 


206 


[111 ;  the  summery 

!  Egypt,  is  i\  wide 
inclosed  b}-  ridges 

crdowf  its  banks 
fertile.     Towards 

)rtant  production, 
id  fruits  are  com- 

nionds,  sapphires, 

copper.  ^ 

id  by  Loubere  at 

0,000. 

dark  complexion, 

irs  and  customs. 


ibout  160  miles  from  the  sea. 
t(nvn,  hut  now  .i  menu  phice. 


It  was  once  a  considerable. 


COCHIN-CHINA. 

Cochin-China  consists  of  a  long  plain,  included  betwce» 
tlic  sea-coast  and  a  chain  of  mountains. 

The  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  an  abundance  of  rice, 
sugar,  and  other  tropical  productions.  The  forests  are 
very  fine,  and  produce  a  variety  of  aromatic  woods. 
Edible  birds'  nests,  esteemed  a  great  luxury  iu  China,  arc 
found  chiefly  in  this  country. 

The  commerce  of  the  country  is  considerable,  and  is  car- 
ried on  principally  with  China.  The  chief  town  is  Faifo, 
situated  near  the' bay  of  Turon,  and  is  a  place  of  consid- 
erable trade.  . 

The  government  is  absolute.— The  inhabitants  are  ol 
olive  complexion,  lively,  active,  and  intelligent. 


i 


icon  or  Cambodia, 
^es  of  mountains, 

indthc  soi7  fertile. 

y,  wax  &c. 

e  in  their  religion 


es  south  of  Laos, 

ridges  of  moun- 

I,  fertilized  by  the 

j  thinly  inhabited, 
idance  of  rice,  le- 

1 ,000,000.     The 
i'i  gn  the  Mccon, 


TONQUIN. 

Tonquin  was  formerly  independent,  but  at  present  is  at- 
tached to  Cochin-China.  ,.     tt  ,• 

Cachao,  or  Kesho,  the  chief  town,  is  situated  on  the  Koli 
Kian,  and  contains  about  40,000  inhabitants. 

The  country  is  well  watered  by  numerous  rivers  and 
streams,  is  generally  fertile,  and  is  the  most  populous  dis- 
trict of  country  belonging  to  Cochin-China. 

CIHNA  PROPER. 


China  Proper  is  divided  into  15  provinces. 


I'rovinrei, 

I'e-tche-li 

Kiang-nan 

Kiang-si 

Tche-kiang 

Fo-kien 


Chief  Cities.  Provinces. 

Pekin  Chan-si 

Nankin  Chen-si 

Nan-tchang  Se-tchuen 

Hang-tcheou  Q.uang-tong 

Fou-tcheou  Q,uan-si 


Chief  Citit*. 

Tai-yuen 

Sin-gan 

Tching-toti 

Canton 

Quei-Iing 


IfPv 


«» 


ti 


4 
i 


III 


«06 

I'rovinrti, 
Il(>u-(|uang 

Clian-toiig 


CHINA  I'KOl'F.f:. 


:iiirf  Citits. 
\  oil  tcliiin;; 
t'ai-fttng 
Tci-initi 


Proiinees. 

Ym\-ir.m 
Koc'i-tcht'cu 


Cliiif  CUit$. 
\iin-nun 


Cldef  Cities.     Pekin,   the   capital  «M he  <»"   '     '  .^^^,  ,^ 
*tn.lc.  m  circun.lVr.-nre.     ll  in  .mn.un.  e.l  by  'y^?'    '  '''"^ 
30  feet  liiRh,  ami  '2b  Teet  thick   at    the  Irn-e,  1'-';"'^  J 
gates.     The  HtreetH  are  strai,;ht  •,  Ih^  r.mc.,.al  ones   10 
feet   wi.le,  and   constantly    ll.r.M.ire.l  """'I'f  l''*'" ,  / ''•; 
houses  are  poneraUy  of  o.ily  one  .tory.     'I  he  enq  er.  r, 
palace  com,>?ohend/u  va.t  aLmblage  o'-'r^Th  'p'  I - 
„KH,  extensive  court.,  an.l  masn.ticent  gardens.     ^    J  P"  ' 
ulat  on  has  been  state<l  on  .louhtful  authority  at  .3,000,^1)0. 
"TnnL...  formerly  the  residence  «»  the  e„n-ror  juu 
,s  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  mo.t  ^Pl''"*"'   ""'»  f"!";;'; 
in^.  cities  in  the   world,  but  .s  now   m  a  ^  f  J  °'  f^^^^ 
Its  walls  are   10   miles  in  circumterencc.     It  h.is  but  tew 
public  clitices  of  importance  ;  the  most  «>;'""««  .;^^;°^^J^- 
lain  tower,  whici.  Is  of  octagonal  lorm,  and  ^00  »^et  h  gh. 
The  population  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  1  to 

''7\,ntonl  one  of  the  largest  and  most  wealthy  cities  in 
China,  and  is  the  only  port  to  which  European  and  Amen- 
can  vessels  are  admiUed.  The  principal  article  of  export 
istea  The  popul'alion  is  estimated  at  1,500,000.  Asma- 
nv  as'300,000  of  the  inhabitants  live  in  barks,  regularly 
riuK'ed  in  the  form  of  streets,  upon  the  w-ater. 

Sin-gan  is  said  to  be  inferior  only  to  Pekm  in  beauty  and 

"iy"n^-/cftc..«,  one  of  the  richest  and  largest  cities  in  the 
empins  i.  called  by  the  Chinese  the  Terrestrial  Parad.se, 
and  is  said  to  contain  1,000,000  inhabitants. 

There  are  maav  other  large  and  populous  cities,  i  he 
whole  number  of  cities  in  the  country,  accordmg  to  the 

^^RiiZl!^  The  iloang-ho  and  the  Kiang-ku,  or  Yang- 
tse,  are  two  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Asia.  ■    j-  „, 

Face  of  the  country.  The  face  of  the  country  is  diver- 
sified, though  much  of  it  .s  level,  intersected  by  nmnerons 
rivers  and  canals,  with  occasional  mountam?.     lhe(JTin 


CHINA  I'ROI'UR. 


20! 


lecu 


Chiif  Cltitt. 

Ytm-iiiin 
Ivoci 


llic  cmjiiro,  i^   H 
R«l  by  a  wdll  iduxil 
le  lm<o,  liaviiip  'J 
|iiinc.ii>al  ones   I'Jl* 
v\{\\  |jenj)lc.     ThP 
y.     TIk'  oni|ierors 
of  iiuiHcnHc  Imiltl- 
•aidciis.     Tlic  poii- 
iiority  at  •3,0tU),i.Hi0. 
3f  the  cinppror,  ami 
Icndiil  and  tloiirii=h- 
n  a  folate  of  decay, 
ice.     It  has  but  few 
»st  t'amous  is  porce- 
,  aud  aoO  feet  high, 
imated  at  from  1  to 

)9t  wealthy  cities  in 
uropean  and  Ameri- 
pal  article  of  ex]iort 
11,500,000.  As  ma- 
in balk?,  regularly 
e  water. 
Pekin  in  beauty  and 

largest  cities  in  the 
rerrestrial  Paradise, 


The 


I 


i 


itants. 

opnlous  cities. 

try,  according  to  the 

Kiang-ku,  or  Yang- 
sia. 

the  country  is  diver- 
>rsccted  by  numerons 
lountaias.    The  prin- 


•:\\ia\  moiinlttinoiis  tracts  are  in  the  northern  and  woHtcm 
piovincc". 

Soil.  Tiie  soil  ia  frnnerally  free  Irmn  Mone-*,  and  a  l.ucrf 
proportion  is  very  fertile  ;  though  one  third  or  one  fourth 
is  said  to  1)0  unproductive. 

Lukes  nnd  swunifu  nro  extremely  numerou",  and  are  saul 
to  cover  one  fourth  of  the  country. 

Cliiimte.  Severe  cold  is  felt  in  the  northern  part",  biif 
in  the  southera  the  climate  is  hot;  the  air,  however,  i'^ 
generally  healthy,  and  the  people  commonly  live  to  a  great 

"productions.  The  prevailing  crop,  especially  in  the 
southern  provinces,  is  rice.  Tea,  barley,  millet,  wheat, 
buck-wheat,  maize,  pease,  and  beans  are  common. 

Exports.     The  most  important  exports  are  tea,  porce> 
lain,  sugar,  cinnamon,  nankeens,  silk,  and  camphor. 

Minerals.  The  principal  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  mer- 
cury, copper,  lapis  lazuli,  load  stone,  and  marble. 

A'ricuUure.  The  laud  is  under  very  excellent  cultiva- 
tion." and  agriculture  is  held  in  high  estimation.  The  em- 
peror, yearly,  at  the  vernal  equinox,  performs  the  cere- 
mony of  holding  the  plough  ;  an  example  in  which  he  is 
followed  by  all  the  great  othcers  throughout  the  em|)ire. 
Tea  is  the  most  celebiated  vegetable  product  of  China. 
It  is  the  leaf  of  a  shrub,  which  grows  both  in  mountainous 
and  level  districts,  but  flourishes  best  in  a  light  rocky  soil 
The  shrubs  yield  crops  of  leaves  three  years  after  being 
sown,  but  reipjire  to  be  rencwe<l  every  5  or  6  years. 

Canals.  The  inland  navigation  is  unparalleled.  The 
Imperial  Canal  is  the  greatest  work  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  It  is  upwards  of  600  miles  in  length,  and  intersects 
the  country  from  north  to  south.  It  is  said  to  have  em- 
ployed 30,000  men  upwards-  of  lO  years  in  its  construction. 
The  Chinese  Wall.  The  great  wall,  which  bounds  China 
on  the  north,  is  the  most  enormons  fabric  in  the  world.  It 
is  1,500  miles  lon-j,  from  20  to  30  feet  high,  and  of  such 
thickness  that  6  horsemen  can  easily  ride  abreast  upon  it. 
It  was  completed  214  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

aovernment.     The  government   is  patriarchal  and  de«- 
potic,  watchful  and  jealous,  though  not  violent. 

Relision.     There  is  no  established  religion  in  China; 


'"t 


h!u 


208 


CHINA  PROPEK. 


if 


none  i«t  supported  or  cMCOums?.'.!.  'romiilfs  ;ii».l  p;»K*;"'f  > 
liowcviT,  arc  every  where  coimiion,  im.l  dmly  open  Jor 
the  vi>iil<t  of  tlevotees. 

InhMtunls.  The  Cliiiie>e  are  repfeseuleil  lis  remarlui- 
blv  vain,  tiniiil,  arUul,  jealonx,  and  vindirtivp.  Dninken- 
iicss  is  very  uncommon.  I'olyKainv  is  peniiiltod,  and  t  i.- 
women  are  in  tl»e  mo.it  ahjeit  de>i;ra(hilion.  A  .sin!,'ulnr 
cuHtoin  prevails  of  swatliiiig  their  feet  in  inlaiiry,  to  pre- 
vent their  Krovvin);  to  the  natural  size. 

Lau'ruivc.  The  Chinese  lall<••ua^'e  is  entirely  original 
and  uninue.  The  art  ol"  writing  is  a  modilicalioii  ol  the 
hieroglyphical  mode.  The  numher  of  the  characters  i« 
stated  at  40,01)0. 

t'.ihicatwii.  Kducation,  to  a  certain  degree,  is  much  at- 
tended  to,  and  men  of  lettcix  are  greatly  respected.  No- 
l.ility  and  (lualitication  tor  olVicc  depend  solely  on  literary 

distinction.  . 

hiniuh.  The  principal  islands  l)elonging  to  China  are 
Formo.-^a,  Hainan,  and  the  isles  of  Leeoo  Keeoo. 


COREA. 

Corea  is  aamall  kingdom  tributary  to  China,  but  is  little 
known.     King-kitao  is  the  chief  town. 


^ 


CHINESE  TARTARY. 

This  extensive  country  lies  in  the  central  part  of  Asia, 
north  of  China  and  Thibet. 

Inhabitant.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  various  tribes 
of  Mongols  Manshtirs,  or  Mantchoos,  Kalkas,  Eluths,  Sic. 
A  great  part  of  them  lead  u  wandering  life. 

a^,vernmeni.  The  government  is  administered  by  prin- 
ces, who  are  subject  to  the  Chinese. 

Towns.  But  little  is  known  of  the  towns  in  this  coun- 
try. Among  the  principal  ones  are  Chen-Yang,  Tcitciar, 
Kara-Holun,  and  llami-llotun.  ,    ..       i.     i 

Rivers.  The  rivers  arc  the  Amour,  and  the  neaa 
branches  of  the  Hoaug-Ho,  and  Kiang-Ku. 


rulNCSn  TAHTARY. 


20*) 


I  dnily  open  lor 

hi  Oil  iis  lomarUii- 
tivp.  Dninkt'ii- 
niiiltoil,  unil  tli<* 
ion.  A  .lingular 
I  inluiiry,  to  |>i'e- 

onliroly  original 
udilictiliuii  of  the 
he  diameters  i« 

^rop,  is  much  at- 

resjiected.     No- 

*oleiy  on  literary 

jing  to  China  are 
Keeoo. 


*hina,  but  is  little 


itral  part  of  Asia, 

of  various  tribes 
ialkas,  Eluths,  iic. 
ife. 
ainistered  by  prin- 

)wns  in  this  coun- 
en-Yang,  Tcitciar, 

r,  and    the    bead 

Ku. 


Mouutaiut.  TIh-  Altaian  mnimtain'  lie  on  the  north,  nnd 
ihe  tnomitiiins  of  Tliiliet  on  the  <(iiith  west. 

I'lice  of  thr  coniUnj.  'i'lic  iiio-l  rrmiukaiilo  ffiiture  of 
the  country  i^*  that  vast  flevated  plain  su|t|)ortrd  like  u 
tabic  by  the  niounlain^  on  the  north  and  south.  It  is  genof- 
iillv  barren,  ile-ititiito  of  plants,  and  water. 

Clinuiti.  The  t  lovatiou  of  the  country  renders  the  cii- 
riiule  cold.* 


THIBET. 

Thin  id  an  elevated. and  mouutainoua  country,  but  little 
known. 

Chief  town.  Lassa,  the  capital,  is  a  small  city  with  lofty 
houses,  situated  in  an  extensive  plain.  A  few  miles  east 
of  La.ssa  is  the  famous  mountain  I'uteli,  on  which  is  the 
palace  of  the  Grand  liama. 

Government.  The  government  is  spiritual.  The  Grand 
Lama  is  an  object  of  religious  adoration. 

Hiven.  The  Ganges,  Hurrampooter,  Irawaddy,  Mci- 
nam,  and  KiangKu  rise  in  this  country. 

Mountains.  The  llimmaleh  mountains,  reputed  the  high- 
est on  the  globe,  extend  along  the  southern  pari  of  Thibet. 

The  cli^nale  is  cold  for  the  latitude,  and  the  foil  not  gen 
f;rally  fertile. 


JAPAN. 

The  empire  of  .lupan  is  composed  of  a  cluster  of  isbrndf , 
of  which  iNiphoii,  the  largest,  is  700  miles  long.  The 
other  most  con'<i(l<M-a'  lo  are  Ximo  and  Xicoco. 

Chi"/ cities.  Jt.W.j,  tlie  capital,  is  situated  in  a  bay  on 
the  southeast  side  of  the  island  of  Niphou.  It  contains  the 
emperor's  palace,  and  is  a  large,  populous,  rich,  and  com- 
mercial  city.  The  population  is  eslimatedTrom  500,000  to 
l,t)OO,0OO. 

Meaco,  the  second  city  of  the  empire,  is  situated  on  the 
island  of  Niphon,  IfiO  miles  S\V.  Jeddo,  and  contained,  u 
uumber  of  jieard  suiQe,  upwarUji  of  600^000  iuhabitanls.     It 


i 
I 


CIO 


JAPAN. 


i.  the  Kr«n.l  stor.hou..  ..rnll  Ih.  n.unufarlurM  of  Jni-..-. 
,our  "fn.l  .K  ihe  only  ,u.H  v^t.-.l    y    .-.jn-r  ■  ^,, 

:jo,(  »«)(»,<  •()().  , 

,f  ^r:.r ::;;;;»,  JrlirolTonK  una  thnr  van,.h .  well 

known  '- ""l;V*:^'^:„„tc  i«  variuWlo  tl.rcgl.out  ll.c  year 
C/j/«a(f.     1  iH'  i^"  »'»i^  '  iievere.  were  it  not 

Tlie  heul  in  »*ummcr  wovild  be  very  titvtrt,  w*. 

tive.     U.ce  is  the  mont  imp'>«lant  "''^  ^\°   I'',     ^,:„,  .,re 
iinrra/*.     Gold,  silver,  copper,  sulphur,  and  coal  ..re 

"E:./.     Neither  sheep  nor  ,oats  are  r^.W»  Jap-, 
and  there  are  but'few  horses,  sw.uo,  or  cattle 


ASIATIC  ISLANDS. 


divijiions. 

,.     The  Islks  of  Si-nda,  on  S   matra  Islands. 
This  ,J.vision%clude«  Sumatra,  Java,  Banca,  Timor,  and 

n..        "  others, 

tham  of  nioauUuM  e.lcoJ.  ll>r»»l!h  tbe  « w        B 


ASIATIC  fsl,ANH> 


^11 


nclurM  of  Jnp.ii'. 


nil  ••xctni'nl  It'll- 

Hit  thi!  nuinlitr  ci 
tn   iri,ooo,ouu  n> 

• 

hire,  till' J«l>an''*"' 

iitio  niilion'!.  I 

M  tlu<  iiiiiniit'iicturfi  I 

ifir  varnish  i«  well  I 

•onghout  the  ytur. 
ivere,  were  it  not 

jvcrsiticd  by  moun- 
ered  by  rivers  uiid 

Iv  the  most  fertile, 
liered  very  jiroduc- 
le  of  juoduco. 
Ijihur,  and  coal  arc 

are  fi)uiid   in  Japan, 
)r  cattle. 


S. 


ieroii<t  and  important. 
<ro  are  classed  in  five 

9 


•MATRA  Islands. 
va,Banca,  Timor,  and 


io-,  and  'JOO  broad.     A 
'the  whole  length  oi 


II1(m- 

ver> 


,t.      Mount  Ojillir.  the  IuKl»e*l  lummit,  i«  Ki,"^  »3  fe*l  Hbovt- 
tlif  level  of  llio  ».  .1. 

riie  soil  in  )fi  n.Tally  ffftil*' ;  but  mor.  than  liall  of  U»e 
i-l.iiid  ii  (111  inipeii*'trah|r  fofcM. 

Th<ni((h  Sumatra  lie*  in  the  middle  of  tii»>   <orrid  /on( 
the  ilimutf  i«  not  very  hot,  the  thersnometer  st;ldoin  ri^uij; 
.(l.ove  fir.". 

The  mo«t  important  produt  tion  in  peppif,  which  f^wi* 
in  a  iliniliinff  plant,  resembling  »  vine.     Olhei  inn /n. 
ii-e  caniplior,  mnnben/.oin»  •uwia.  <  otton,  and  ci'IIih'. 
The  inhuliitanh  on  the  c\mnt   are    Malays  ;    in   the 
nor  dilTerent  native   tribes,  wliu  are  canibaU,   ami 
tiarbaroun. 

HinnwUn,  an  inconsiderable  (own,  is  the  only  «>    ilemeni 
of  the  British  on  the  islaiu' 

.']c/i.f)i,  the  capital  of  a  «iopil<.«n  of  tlit-  '•ame  name,  ha« 
'onsiderable  commerce,  and  contains  about  »,0U0  hou'^er 

Java,  belon^mK  to  (h*-  (*atch,  is  OGO  miles  long,  an.l 
nearly  lUO  broad.  The  coi^ts  are  low  and  mar<*ln ,  and 
ihf  climate  very  unhealthy.  The  interior  ix  luoiinlainou'' 
and  the  air  more  salubrious. 

The  productions  are  similai  to  those  of  Mimatra,  pepper 
bcinsj  the  most  important.  The  popuUuinn  amouiiled  in 
llil.j,  to  4,015,<27O.  Mahomei  uiism  is  the  prcvaUinu  rc- 
li(^ion  in  the  island. 

Sura-kerta,  the  native  capital,  is  said  to  contain  U05,000 
inhabitants. 

[ialnvia,  in  the  northwest  pai  of  Java,  is  the  capital  ol 
ail  Dutch  East  India  possession'  On  account  of  its  im- 
mense trade  and  the  splendor  ol  its  buildings,  it  has  bee» 
>tyled  the  queen  of  the  I'.ast.  1'  is  extremely  unhealthy; 
and  within  a  few  years  it  has  grc  .  ly  declined.  About  \0 
years  ago,  it  contained  160,000  .habitants,  but  in  lOlti 
less  than  50,000. 


Ba.vca  belongs  to  the   Dutch,  a 
rich  tin  mines,  which  are  aaid  to  b 


\  is  celebrated  for  its 
inexbavutible. 


n 


m 


Hi 


ASIATIC  ISLANDS. 

''.     BonNTO. 


'"^•^Siai^r^niSPV a  king,,.,  of  .ho  sa»c 
name,  has  considerable  commerce. 

■5      TiiK  Manillas,  or  PuiLimNE  Islands. 
roijper,  and  iron.    '  r-mital  of  the  Spanish 

4,     Celebes. 
CELEBES  U  about  500  miles  in  length,  but  of  very  irreg- 
%  i^mlotainou.,  and  presents  beautiful  scenery,  but  has 

Jbgdom,  and  a  considerable  town. 


in 

'1' 


I 

ii 


ASIATIC  ISLANDS. 


213 


iind,  the  largest  i« 
700  broad. 

The  coast?  are 
or  is  mountainous. 

tricts,  governed  by 
0  European  settle- 

n  between  Borneo 
ports  consist  of  gold, 
sago,  and  pepper, 
resembling  the  hu« 

ngdom  of  the  same 


?iKE  Islands. 

on  of  Ihc  Spaniards. 
;  500  miles  long,  and 

productions,  consist- 
I,  sugar,  cocoa,  gold, 

pita!  of  the  Spanish 
ontain  12,000  Chns- 
w.TCc  has  long  been 
mlco  in  Mexico. 
[0  Lu^ou  in  size. 


Ih,  but  of  very  irrog- 

utiful  scenery,  but  has 

nts  on  this  island,  the 
hich  is  the  capital  of  a 


b.     The  Moia'ccas  or  Spice  Islands. 

<7i7o/o,  the  largest  of  the  Moluccas,  is  about  i;30  miles 
u»  length,  and  produces  sago  and  bread  fruit  in  groat  abun- 
dance. Crrdm  is  the  second  in  size,  and  produces  great 
fjuantities  of  sago. 

.hnbnijna  and  Tcrnatc  are  the  most  important  of  the  Mo- 
iiicciis.     The  chief  production  is  cloves. 

liniuht  island  gives  name  to  a  cluster  of  lO  small  island*. 
They  are  celebrated  solely  for  the  production  of  tlic 
nutmeg. 


AUSTRALASIA. 

\uslralasiii  mcludes  New  Holland,  \  an  Diemau's  Land, 
Sow  Guinea,  New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  New  Caledonia, 
\ew  1  b^hrides,  and  New  Zealand,  and  all  other  islands  lying 
Ijctweeo  :i°  N.and  30°  S.  Lat.,and  from  S:)"  to  195°  E.  Lon. 

New  Hoila.sd  is  about  three  fourths  as  large  as  Europe, 
iiid  is  by  many  geographers  styled  a  continent.  It  is  2,730 
inilus  in  length,  and  1,960  in  breadth. 

This  immense  region  is  almost  wholly  unexplored,  and 
is  but  little  known. 

The  native  inhabitants  are  described  as  destitute  ot  all 
the  comforts  of  civilized  life,  and  as  subsisting  in  a  lower 
form  of  the  savage  state  than  the  natives  of  any  other  known 
rearion. 

At  Port  Jackson,  an  important  English  settlement  has 
been  formed  for  the  transportation  of  convicts  from  Eng- 
land. 

Van  Dieman's  Land  is  an  island  separated  from  New 
Holland  by  Bass's  straits,  about  OO  miles  wide.  The  coun- 
try is  but  little  known,  but  its  productions  and  inhabitants 
are  said  to  resemble  those  of  New  Holland. 

New  Guinea,  or  Papua  is  about  1200  miles  long  and  300 
broad. 

It  is  very  fertile,  producing  the  cocoa  nut,  brp->d  fruit, 
plantain  trees,  and  other  valuable  articles.  Some  of  the 
19 


■J  .   rt.\ 


^i 


M  t 


AUSTRALASIA 


most  boanl.A,!  species  of  the  ieatherod  '^^<:jf "  i;^;;,^;^ 
1,0,0,  i.articularly  the  birds  of  paradise.  1  he  inhahitant» 
are  extremely  barliarous. 

New  Bnm.N,  Nk,w  Iufxano,  «"''  ^.w  Calkhonu,  are 
but  little  known.     New  Hr.tain  and  ^c^y  ^'^^'^^^Z 
to  be  popnlous.     The  latter  produces  bread  fr    t  am    co 
coa,  and  the  nutmeg   is  said  to  bo  lound   m   the  former. 
New  Caledonia  is  rough  and  barren. 

New  Zealand  consists  of  two  large  '^»^"<^''%  ."Jj^^  '";;;!; 

trv  i^  described  as  very  mountamous ;  some  of  the  summits 

i   a  way     covered   with   snow.     Of  the  productions  a 

beautiful -species  of  flax,  resembling  s.lk,  has  excited  the 

most  attention.  ,  /•„„„•-,„ 

The  inhabitants  are  cannibals,  warlike,  and  ferocious. 


la 

so 

a  I 
m 


POLYNESIA. 

Polynesia  comprehends  various  colloclioa'.  of  islands, 
widely  dispersed  in  the  Pacitic  Ocean. 

1.  The  Pelew  Islands  are  numerous  but  small.  They 
Droducc  ebony,  cocoa,  bread  fruit,  sugar  cane,  and  bam- 
boo The  na^tves  a{-;  mild  and  friendly,  stout,  and  well 
made.  Both  sexes  are  nearly  naked,  have  the.r  teeth  dy- 
ed black,  and  are  tattooed. 

2.  THELA,moNEsarcl2orllinnumber.  The  climate  is 
tomperato  and  healtbv,  and  the  productions  are  ^^'n"'^''  *« 
those  of  the  Pelew  island..  The  bread  fruit  tree  was  tirst 
discovered  here. 

3.  The  CAnotmES  are  supposed  to  ^«  ^^'«"\.?f,J"  X 
l,er.     They  are  said  to  be  populous,  but  are  little  known. 

4.  The  Sandwich  Islands  are  11  in  number.  The  pop- 
ulation  has  been  estimated  at  400,000. 

The  climate  is  similar  to  that  of  the  West  Indies,  thougu 
more  temperate 


w 


Pillion  are   fonntl 
Tlie   inhal»itants 


r  Cai.ei>onia,  are 

Ireland  arc  said 

niJ  fruit  aiul  ro- 

]  in  the  former. 


.nds.  The  conn- 
me  of  the  summits 
lie  productions  a 
k,  has  excited  the 

>,  and  ferocious. 


actions  of  islands, 

hut  small.  Thoy 
ar  cane,  and  bam- 
y,  stout,  and  well 
ave  their  teeth  dy- 


I'OLYNESIA. 


216 


The  productions  arc  bread  fruit,  sugar  canes,  cocoa  nuts, 
larrow,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  &.c. 

The  inliabitants  are  mild  and  ingenious,  and  have  made 
somo  advancements  in  the  arts  of  civilized  hie. 

OKlnjee,  the  largest  island  in  Polynesia,  is  8;.  miles  long, 
and  72  broad.  It  is  very  mountainous.  Some  ol  tlic  sum- 
mits are  always  covered  with  snow. 

r,  Thi:  MARfii  fsas  arc  5  in  number.  The  inhabitants  are 
said  to  surpass  all  other  nations  in  symmetry  ol  shape, 
and  regularity  of  features. 

6  The  Socikty  Islands  are  CO  or  70  in  number.  Otaheite, 
which  much  the  largest  of  them,  has  attracted  much  at- 

^  The  jojZ  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  bread  fruit  trees, 
sugar  canes,  cocoa  nuts,  plantains,  and  bananas. 

The  natives  are  of  a  pale  mahogany  colour,  with  fine 
black  hair  and  eyes,  and  a  pleasing  open  countenance. 

7  The  Frikn'dly  Islands  and  Fejf.e  Islands.  Tongata- 
Loo,  the  largest  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  is  about  60  miles 
in  circumference.  It  is  described  as  very  fertile,  and  un- 
der excellent  cultivation. 

8  Navigator's  Islands  are  fertile.  The  natives  are 
stout,  and  very  ferocious.     The  principal  island  is  Maouna, 


■n 


>er.  The  climate  is 
tions  are  similar  to 
d  fruit  tree  was  first 


e  about  30  in  num- 
ut  are  little  known. 

rtumber.    The  pop- 
West  Indies,  though 


r..^-.#/ 


n 

'it 


AFRICA. 

Fcunt      Africa,  one  of  the  four  fyrcat  q":«ft«['' .1*^« 
./rit'liie  tlurd  in  extent  and  probably  ;n  j.opu.aUo^^^. 
less  known  than  either  of  the  others,     u       -», 
long,  and  tGOl),  where  widest,  broad.  of  the  other 

I'  ature..     Africa  is  distinguished  f"*"/;^^^  "f^^eS 
quarters  of  the  globe  by  its  immense  llfJ^'"^J^]Zi 
i  perpetual  desolation,  by  the  fewness  of  its  nvers, 
its  want  of  inland  seas.  .„j  ^ifhin  the  tor- 

Clmatc.     The  greater  part  is  situated  within  the 

urS;  buTmuch  ot-it  is  destitute  of  water  and  entirely  bar- 

''\ountai,u.  Tlie  principal  ranges  of  mountains  are  the 
Atfat  Kong,  Crystaf  Mo-t-^  Mountains  o  Uie  Moon, 
Geesh,  Amid-Amid,  Lamalmon,  and  Niewveiai  m 


Height  of  some  of  the  principal  summits 
Abijs$inia. 


W\  Mountains  of  Go.'sli  estimated  at 

M  Muuut.uui^of  Ainid-Amid    do. 

fJI  Morocco. 

\{\a9,  hiifhf.st  summit 

Cope  of  Good  Hope. 
Niew veldt  Moimtains,  estimated  at 
Table  M'luntaiu 

African  Islands. 
"<.HUorTenerifl>.         12,350     Ruivo,  Madeira 
;,;;LMor;c'Bourl.on    ^tiOO    Pico,  Azores 
Mo'iton  d.!  Tiigo,  i         ^^.joO 
Canaries,  S 


Feel. 

1 5,000 
13,200 


13,200 
10,000 


at  quarters  of  the 
in  ^)opulation,  i« 
It  is  4,98U  miles 

1  each  of  the  other 
,d  deserts  devoted 
1  of  its  rivers,  and 

ed  within  the  tor- 
is  exceedingly  lus- 
ter and  entirely  bar- 

froountaina  arc  the 
itaius  of  the  Moon, 
ewveldt  mountains. 


al  summits. 


ot 


Feet. 

1 5,000 
13,200 

13,200 

10,000 
3,o8'2 


0,  Madeira 
,  Azores 


5,162 
7,0lti 


Al'lllCA. 


2\: 


lU-er^      llu-  Wufiv.l  ruers  ;uo  the  .N.k',  Niger,  Senc 

''TlS".N':/ris-tho  most  cele..:-.a.a  rivr  on  the  ,1,1.  U 
,,,,,;„  two  i.nuci,.al  l>rauches  one  c.m.ng  "•«"' ^  '  . 
nmnt  u.  of  Abyss.l.ia,  the  other  lr.,m  the  Moun  an»  ol 
r  0  ,  soutliest  ofAbyssinia  Ai  er  pas.u.g  hrou,h 
N„hi  I  uui  Iv'Vi.t,  it  Hows  into  the  Me.hterraiieat  by  . 
m  Is  It  t-  .L  e  is  about  2,500  m.les  Ion.?,  but  .t  ..  u"'-; 
ir-u  proportion  to  U.  leusth,  being  only  about  one  thnni 

''The  A-:;^!".bo  other  most  celebratcl  river  of  AA-u:. 

i.-.Vh/tho  weslern  part  of  the  continent,  an.l  How.  hr  a 

.,  .at  distance  to  thi  ea.stward,  but  the  termmat.on  of  U 

::.e      unknown  ;  and  to  ascertain  Uus  .s  now  ejt^emed 

,  ..r  uul  -eoffraphical  problem.  Some  suppose    hat  it  low, 

l.foa   ar^fake  or  sea,  in  the  centre  of  Atnca  ;  others 

tt  S  to  the  southwest  and  discharges  itseh  mto  he 

ju     of  Guinea;  others  that  it  i^  the  same  nyer  as  the 

7  /ire  or  Congo  ;  and  others  that  it  unites  with  the  IS.le. 

Lafcl      The  principal  lakes  that  are  known,  are  Mara- 

"'ci:;:t;;:"'VKSes  of  conm.erce  nu,st  extensively 
obU  e  rom  Africa,  are  gold,  ivory,  and  above  all  Wave. 
T  rrrti.le  in  most  demand  in  the  central  parts,  is   alt. 

1  r^l  Africa  is  distinguished  for  the  multitude  of  .^ 
wild  animals.  Lions  and  elephants  are  numerous.  The 
^^.;;::^h;r,  hyena,  rhinoceros,  g'-"^ -*«  ^P^^  ^ 
virions  kinds  of  monkeys,  are  found.     The  uvcis  are 

;«  ded  vi  h  crocodiles'  and  hippopotami.  Serpents  of 
varbus  dScriptions  are  common.-Of  the  tame  animals, 
(Kr.  r.im('l  is  the  most  remarkable. 

'"/Sll  Africa  is  by  far  the  »east  civdized  M^^^^^^^^ 
of  the  globe.  The  natives  arc  composed  ol  various  tribes, 
bUmav  be  divided  into  two  general  classes.  Moors  and 
Z?l  The  Moors  are  Mahometans,  and  are  mtoleran  , 
peSdLs,  and  sanguinary.     The  Negroes  possess  Ic.c- 

ivitv,  information,  and  vigour  of  mmd;  but  with  the  suai 
1.S  of  barbarous  life,  they  are  simple,  gentle,  hospitable, 

and  affectionate. 

19* 


'ifim 


.M 


^,j3  Ai-'RICA. 

Rrli-wn      TI.C  .v!i!?ion  of  Al.ys*inii^  is  n  cr,rnipt  foiTrt 

an.ltheV.Uio.H  .u  the  mterior  as  fur  «oulh  a.  the  N.gor,  .s 

''Trr:-m!:i"ior  of  the  ..habitants,  so  tar  a.  known,  ave 

^^JJ^S^The  a..nnt  of  the  ,o,n.atu^  is  ve^T^un- 
Cortahi-  the   estimates,  or  rather  va!,'.i<>  conjectuits  con 
Snung  it,  are  exceedingly  .hfi^rent :  --  j;  -'"^  '^  ^ 
low  as  30,Ul)U,0(30,  others  raising  it  to  loO,OUU,UUU. 

.\frica  may  he  comprised  under  6  general  'divisions. 

I      A^Zra  Africa,  comprehending  Egypt  and  the  I.ai- 

^'Z  ^msiern  Africa,  comprising  the  countries  between 
Sahara  and  Benguela.  j.  ^     j 

s      Southern  Africa,  extending  from  the  i.npe  oi  uu 
llJie    o   hrfrontier  of  lienguehi  and  M"/-..bu,ue 

T  l-^rerrv  .^/ncfl,  extending  trom  Mo/.unlM.;UC  to  Nn 

bia  inchisive. 

5.     Central  Africa. 
G.     African  Islamls. 

>       EGYPT. 

Di-nsion,     Egypt  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  tlie 
fort      xrend-^'from  Syeno  to  Cairo ;    the    a   or  irom 

X^^Jn'^Tirpopulationisestimated  from  .,300,000 

'^  t^Ss.    Cairo,  the  -tropolis  of  modern  Egypt  i. 
said  to  contain  a  population  of  3  or  400,000.     It  has 


{a.  a  cr.rnipt  fonrt 
ha«  also  bet'ii  ii>- 

e  I'.arbary  states, 
1»  as  the  Niger,  is 

far  a3  known,  hvu 

ilation  \i  very  ui>- 
!  conjectures  <'on- 
Dinn  reducing  it  '.v; 
iU,OUO,OUO. 

eral  divisions. 
Egypt  and  the  Bar- 
countries  between 

the  Cnpe  of  Good 

[o/.anilii(lue. 
lozainbi-i'ic  to  Nn- 


KGYPT. 


219 


per  and  Lower,  the 
o;  the  latter  from 
id  the  Delta, 
ong  from  N.  to  S., 
to  300  :  but  the  only 
le  Nile  &  its  branch- 
f  land  whose  great- 
3,  inclosed  between 
dth  of  the  Delta  is 

lated  from  2,300,000 

of  modern  Egypt,  is 
10,000.     It  has  a  ve- 


ry extensive  commorcp,  and  maintauis  a  comniimicalion 
with  the  interior  of  \tjica  by  m«'.Mi^  uf  tlirec  gnat  cara- 
vans, wliich  go  to  S(Mu»aar,  Dar  Fur,  and  Mour/.ouk.  'i"lie 
city  contains  upwards  of  ;)0U  mos(nu's,  adorned  with  lol't} 
minarets.  The  view  from  the  raniparls  i-,  described  as  ex- 
ceedingly magnilicent.  One  of  the  greatest  curiosities  is 
the  well  in  the  castle,  called  ./ovr/;/*',?  fVcIl,  which  is  sunk 
270  feet  in  solid  liiit  soft  rock,  with  a  winding  staircase  de- 
scending to  the  huttoin. 

jUfxandria,  once  the  seat  of  learning,  commerce,  am! 
royal  magnificence,  is  new  almost  in  ruins.  Among  the 
celebrated  remains  of  its  ancient  grandeur  are,  l'ompey".s 
Pillar,  Cleopatra's  Nee.I.es,  the  Cisterns,  &  the  Catacombs 
The  lamous  Alexandrian  Library,  containing  400,000,  or 
ns  some  say,  700,000  manuscript  volumes,  was  burnt  in  th(! 
year  G38.  The  city  is  said  to  have  once  contained  tJOO.OOO 
inhabitants;    but  at  present  it  has  less  than  20,000.     hi 

commerce  is  still  consiilerable. 

Damutlu  is  the  great  emporium  of  commerce  jietwccu 

Egypt  and  Syria,  and  contains  about  10,000  inhabilants. 
Roselta  has  considerable  commerce,  and  contains  from 

10,  to  20,UttO  inhabitants. 
A'((C.-,  at  the   northern    end  of  the  Red  Sea,  is  a  place 

of  considerable  note,  and  mi.oh  resorted  to.     I'upulation 

6.000.  ^  o-       4 

'  The  principal  towns  in  Upper  Egpyt  are  Girge,  Siut,  Ae- 

na,  and  Syene.  .    t'        i 

The  Mlc.  This  great  river,  the  only  one  m  bgypt. 
Forms  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  country.  In  its 
ordinary  state  it  is  about  i.',0()0  feet  wide,  but  it  anually 
passes  "its  hanks  and  overspreads  tlie  country  like  a  .sea, 
carrying  with  it  a  mud  or  slime  that  is  peculiarly  fertiliz- 
ing. The  rise  commonly  commences  about  the  middle  of 
June,  and  increases  till  the  last  of  August. 

Climau.  The  climate  is  peculiarly  characterized  by  an 
almost  entire  absence  of  rain.  The  falling  of  a  lew 
drops  is  a  rare  occurrence.  The  heat  of  summer  is  great- 
er than  in  other  countries,  under  the  same  parallel,  and  the 
ravages  of  the  plague  are  frequent.  The  opthalmia,  a  sc- 
vere'disease  affecting  the  eyes,  is  peculiar  to  Egypt. 

The  Simoon.    For  about  50  daya  iu  the  spring  Egypt  is 


!<» 


.,„  EOiPT. 

li.ibl:'  to  thi^  teniblo  wind  Iroiu  the  (leM^il^,   wind,  is  \n 

'"S:?  '  Ti;:'t2'i,.nM>late.l  hy  the  Nile  ure  exce.ain,!, 
IVrlilo'  i.i.M  aiv  cwltivilo.l  willi  vory  liltle  lalmtir. 

J-  o   .cM.M.onl'' /■">'•';  corn  an.l  rice  f^row  ...  e.,u.. 

;,"  ,  Whlat,  hurley,  s,.n.r  c.ne,  i,.d.,o  cotton,  ..ul 
lla,  are  cultivated.  The  fi nits  are  date,  .nelo...,  lemons, 
citi'ons.  oi-ansjeH,  apricot-,  tainan.ids  ^^t^- 

^:^;S^'.lm.^^     l4ypt  ..  .uhject  to  Turkey,  and  .s  govern- 
ed by  a  pacha,  in  the  nan.e  ol  the  rorte. 

[LbLiU:  The  i..hahilants  are  Copt.,  AraU,  Tut ks, 
HHlJ.MV..  The  (opts  are  the  or.-.nal  race,  desce.u  e. 
1  ,i..  ,nosl  aucien'l  iuhahita..ls,  and  have  hee..  e.t.n.ated 
t  .  H)Uno.  Th.;  Arahs  constitute  two  thirds  olthe  popula- 
lior  'tIic  Mameluke-,  a  race  composed  ol  Georgian  and 
Cin-asMai.  .lave-,  and  her-tolore  possessed  ot  -real  power, 
hive  lately  l»een  drive.i  out  of  the  country. 

Ihliuion.  The  Copts  profess  ch.-islianity,  and  arc  ol 
the  Kut.cheau  sect.  The  other  inhabitants,  except  the 
Jewc,  are  Mahometans.  , 

iMUirnnqc.  The  Arabic  is  the  prevailing  lan-uage.  Ihc 
<'i>iiti(  isnolonjirei  spoken. 

'-^t^i.hus.  Kgyilt  abounds  with.the  -f^^f  "F";^-;;' 
jnoonment'^  of  anli-iuitiy,  us  pyram.ds,  obelisks,  temples, 

""The'!wn.»n'.'.v  we're  accounted  by  the  ancierts  as  one  of 
ll.e  seven  wonders  of  the  world.  The  largeBt  of  them  is 
al.out  oUO  feet  high,  and  has  a  square  base  ol  700  leet. 

T  Ic  <il*^  ofthe  ancien*  city  of  7'/.e6es  exhibits  a  space  o 
three  leagues  almost  c.tirely  covered  with  the  rum«  of 
temples  and  other  buildings. 


?,AIIBARY  STATES. 

Dhiuuns.  The  Barhary  States  are  Morocco,  Algiers, 
Tunis  and  Tripoli.  Fe/.,  formerly  a  distinct  kingdom,  is 
now  annexed  to  Morocco. 

ClimaU.  The  climate  is  temperate  and  pleasant.  1  lie 
country  is,  however,  subject  to  destructive  ravages  by  the 


it:;,    which    IS    III 

13  are  cxceiulingly 
(>  laliour. 

)  liolh  of  till!  Iroj)- 
ce  j^row  ill  (miuuI 
uiii'^o,  cotton,  iuul 
«,  meloiif,  lemon?*, 

key,aiut  isg.ivcrn- 

i\tU,  Arabs,  Turk:*, 
111  race,  ilesceinlod 
ive  been  estimated 
lirds  of  the  jiopula- 
d  of  (Joorgian  and 
iodof  i,'rcati)ower, 

try- 

liaiiity,  and  arc  ol 
lilants,  except  the 

ing  lan;;uage.  The 

e  most  stupendous 
obelisks,  temples, 

e  ancierts  as  one  of 
largest  of  them  is 
base  of  700  feet. 
J  exhibits  a  space  of 
d  with  the  ruins  of 


e  Morocco,  Algiers, 
distinct  kingdom,  is 

and  pleasant.     The 
ctive  ravages  by  the 


DARHARY  STATES. 


221 


plague.     The  1h.  rmometor  seldom  sinks  more  than  5  de- 
L'lees  below  the  freezing  point. 

AlountaiiiH.  The  Atbis  mountams,  an  elevated  and  ex- 
tensive range,  form  the  most  striking  feature  of  this  coun- 
•ry.  They  extend  through  the  southern  part  of  Mnroc- 
.0,  Algiers,  and  Tunis.  The  most  lofty  summits  arc  in 
the  western  part. 

Face  of  the  countrii.  The  space  lietween  the  Atlas  raiigo 
and  the  sea,  is  Irorn  60  to  200  miles  wide,  and  is  mostly 
level. 

Soil  The  soil  is  loose  and  sandy,  watered  by  innumer- 
able streams,  and  displays  an  exuberant  fertility. 

Prodnciions.  The  productions  are  maize,  rice,  millet, 
pease,  beans,  lentils,  and  various  kinds  of  excellent  fruits. 

Mintrah.     Salt,  antimony,  iron,  copper,  and  silver  are 

found.  .1.       /•     u 

Water.  Salt  springs  arc  more  numerous  than  Iresti. 
In  the  territory  of  Tunis  there  is  no  water  fit  for  drinking, 
except  what  falls  in  the  form  of  rain. 

Ammah.  The  domestic  animals  arc  nearly  the  same  as 
in  Europe.  The  lion,  panther,  and  hyena,  and  other  fe- 
rocious animals,  are  very  numerous  in  the  mountainous 
and  desert  tracts.  ,  „ 

Insects.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  insect  tribes  in  IJar- 
bary.  The  most  formidable  is  the  locust,  which  often  ap- 
pears in  immense  swarms,  and  commits  the  most  destruct- 
ive ravages.  ,..,,.,    r         i 

Inhabitants.  The  inhabitants  are  divided  into  tour  clash- 
es;  1.  Moors;  2.  Jews;  3.  Arabs;  1.  Hrebers. 

The  Moors  are  the  ruling  people,  and  torni  the  chiet 
inhabitants  of  all  the  cities. 

The  Jcn:3  reside  in  the  cities,  and  have  the  whole  man- 
agement of  trade.  ,  ,•  .     . 

The  Arabs  occu[)y  the  interior  and  pastoral  districts. 

The  Brehers  are  the  ancient  natives,  and  occupy  the 
mountainous  regions. 


Religion. 


The  religion  is  Mahometaniam. 


^'d 


«r 


!{.\rxBAUY  STATES. 


i 


Monocco. 

Division.     The  tMiMMro  of  Morm-.ro  compv.M".  iW  lor 
mn-Hiniill  kmK.lo.m  *'f  Morocco,  I  ez,  laiiuhinl,  Sum,  la- 

;•,./„,/,.,;,;,..     Tlu-  ,,o,.ulalion  is  vory  v'""""'^  ;^,  ♦•^' 
r.l      Juck^on  stairs  it  at  1  .|,aiif.,OU(),Grabeig  at  r,,()  K),UUt). 

OmV/-  Citivs.     Morocco   is  Mtnatr.l  i..  a   |.  ea^unt   |.la.n. 
al.out  KK)  nul.<s  from  the  s.-a.     U  ..  .uno,.n<l«.»  hy  u  wall, 
an.l  contains  a  royal  pah.co,  an.l  nunu-rons  nio;'!"'^'^-       '  ' 
.aiil   to  have  one-  containol   7(Xt,00()  n.hah.taut!.,  but  at 
uio^^orit  not  more  than  lU,  or  .'.OAHUt. 

/>',  the  capital  of  the  ai.cicMit  kingdom  ot  that  name, 
,s  situato.l  on  the  Soboo,  in  a  boautilul  valley,  ami  .s  one 
of  tho  most  agreeable  cities  in  the  empire.  It  contams 
WO  caravansaries  nml  formerly  had  7(iO  mosque.,  and  «^. 
once  very  .amous  for  its  learned  institutions,  some  of  which 
still  rt'inain.     Population  about  l()t.>,UUO. 

Ahunincz  IS  situated  in  a  ph-asant  plain,  ..5  miles  SW 
Fez.     It    containn  a  palace,  and  is  surrounded  by  walls. 
I'doulation  about  1UU,0U0. 

Mo.'udor  or  Suera  is  about  100  miles  W.  Morocco,  and 
.s  one'of  the  principal  seaports.  It  is  well  bu.lt  ot  stone, 
and  has  consid'.^rable  conmieixe.    Population  about  J0,000, 

Other  To'xns, 

Pop. 

i:r),00(»        Tangiers 
<2:»AK)0         Satfct 
HJ.(»W         Tttuan 
ir,,uoo 
Mhn.facturcs.     The   met  celebrated  article  of  manu- 
iacture  i,  Morocco  leather,  of  which  great  quantities  are 
made. 

AiGiKr.s. 

Divisions.     Al-iei-s  is  divided  into  three  provinces.    Tre 
mecen.  Titteri'.'.'a:;'!  r.nMnutiua. 


Tarudant 
Kal)at 
Sallee 
Larachn 


Pop. 
1 5,000 
1^,000 
10,000 


»An.\r{\  >T.\'rK.^. 


.'ji 


compvisf^  llio  lor 
Tanuliinl,  Sus,  T:»- 

V  variously  cutimnt- 
niborg  at  f),()00,UUO. 
i»  II  iileasimt  jilaiii, 
noiiiideil  I'y  a  wall, 
•oil'*  mosmii'H.  ll  !•< 
iiiliabitaiiU,  but  at 

gilom  of  that  name, 
1  valley,  anil  is  one 
Miipire.  It  contains 
(jO  moH<liies,  and  was 
itions,  some  of  which 
JO. 

plain,  :55  miles  SW. 
surrounded  by  walls. 

les  W.  Morocco,  and 
s  well  built  of  stone, 
ulation  about  30,0U0. 


pjiers 
•t 

iiau 


Pop. 
15,000 

i;i,ooo 

10,000 


ited  article!  of  manu- 
h  great  quantities  arc 


I'ovulattnii.  'I'll.'  population  i-<  estimated  at  1,500,000 
Chirf  CitieJ.  .U^Un,  the  capital,  is  a  lar|?e  and  .-..le- 
l.raled'  ritv,  :«><»  miles  W.  Tuni".  It  is  surroun.le.l  by  a 
wall,  and  built  -m  (be  de.livity  of  a  hill,  near  the  coast  ol 
lb,.  Mediterranean.  The  houses  have  flat  roof.,  and  are 
annually  while  .va^hed.  The  streets  are  very  narrow. 
Papulation  estimated  in  lUin,  at  130,  or  i 00,000. 

Conmrxtina,  ou  (he  Uummel,  U'.O  miles  L.  -MK";'%  '"  " 
^tronLTity,  built  on  a  rock,  and  said  to  contain  100,0(M)  in- 
habitant-. It  occupies  the  site  of  ancient  Ciria,  cclebrat- 
...I  as  the  bulwark  of  Numidia. 

Oran,  170  miles  ^W.  Algiers,  contains  15  or  '.'0,000  m- 

'^'riieothcr  principal  towns  are  Tremecon.  Boujeiah,  mA 

Hona.  • 

Tunis 

IHcinom.    Tupis  is  divided  into  two  circuits,  the  north- 

"/vl/«:;:il!"Thc  population  is  variously  estimated  from 

'  r/iiyS:  Tunis,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  rising 
Jund,  on  the  west  bank  of  a  lake,  about  (3  miles  trom 
fhe  5.U.f  the  gulf  of  Tunis,  and  has  considerable  (radv. 
The  h  se,  are  of  stone,  but  of  miserable  architecture, 
an^the Ttreets  are  narrow  and  dirty.     Population  esl.mat- 

"'Aming'theX'^principal  towns  are  Gafsa,  Cabes,and 

'^'"'Sm/aV.  The  country  abounds  in  magnificent  ruins. 
Vari  monuments  of  ancient  g-'n.Hlenr  are  to  be  sc^on 
the  .ite  of  ancient  Carthage,  10  miles  NK.  1  un.  .  1  heie 
a  e  also  magnificent  ruins  at  Spaitla  and  other  places. 


hrcc  provinces.    Tre 


TniroLi. 


Population. 
'5,000,000. 


The  population  is  estimated  at  from  1 


to 


,2.|  bAUllAU\   ST.\TK> 

Chi.f  Citii.     Tripoli,  tlH'  rupitiil,  i«  ••<"'  '••'  ""  »ho  coav 

of  the    MiMl.lc.nn..s»,,  J.i.s   au  »-v.ell.M,l    hi.rlK.ur,  mul  .. 

.«rr..un.lr.l  by  wall^.     Tl...  Hlr..rlH  an-  ..arrow  '«"'''">' 

«„.l  ,h..  I.o,,..^  ...i-u...     'n...  city  .vu.  (..rm.Mly  .....rh  h  rK- 

I  "r  ;..ul  .nor.    ,m^^uii^cmi  tl.u,.  at   present,      l-opulal.n,. 

■  ib,u*)(i,  Of  y<),uoo. 

BAncA. 

Uiirca  .«  nil.j.Tt  to  Trii-oli,  nn.l  i«i  an  fxtciiovo  tract  ly 

,ff  -;„(r  liflwpiii 'l'rii»oli  ai»<l  r.Kypl.      .  .u„  ;„,„ 

'  .  ,V,„7      'rii.'  wesLTi.  pari  i^  toleral.ly  (.Ttilc,  l.ul  thr  inte- 

rior a.xl  111."  wliole  "•«""'  bonlcTiiib'  o.i   l'.>?yi>t  «»  »  uc^c"' 

'.  CW  'iVuwu.     The  cl.icf  lowi.H  arc  DerntmA  Biiurasi. 
Den..,  tUe  capital,  i«»  8il..at.Ml  ...ar  th.-  coaHt  ol  the  Medi- 
II.  icrrai.ea..,  an.l  .^  Cumous  lor  ll.c  exploits  ol  Oe...  hatun, 

?  who  took  it...  ItHi.J. 

BiLEn.Ji.GKHir). 

*  liihdul-trid,  which  Hi^nitieB  a  f  Vmnfri/  0/  /)a(e.,  .s  Ritua. 

lod  on  tilt-  south  of   Algiers  and  Tniii-. 

The  soil  ix  mo».lly  di-y  and  barren,  producn.s  scarcely 
anv  food  except  dal^is. 

The  i,ihiibitunts  are  Hrebers  and  Arabs,  who  arc  undef 
a  kind  of  j-ubjection  t(.  Al^'iers  and  Tunis. 


WESTERN  AFRICA. 

Western  Africa  comprises  a  va«t  extent  of  coast  froin 
Sahara  to  Lat.  IT..  H.,  inclidinpf  the  rounlries  on  the  Senegal 
(laml.ia;  the  Ivoi-y,  Ool.!,  and  Siavo  cmmls  ol  Uuniea; 
Renin,  LoanKO,  Congo,  An<-ola,  and  Renfru<da. 

nivers.  The  principal  nvcrs  aro  the  Senegal,  Oambia, 
(Jrande,  and  Congo  or  Zaire.        ,.,,.,         .      .    .  „. 

Commrrce.  The  inhuman  tr.iflick  ol  the  slave  trade  has 
for  many  years  formed  the  ,.-incipal  part  of  the  commerce 
of  the  western  coast  of  Africa,     Other  articles  of  com- 


WF-STKKN  AFUIiJA 


m 


imU'il  on  tho  Co;l^. 
it  liiirliiMir,  iinil  ii 
iiaiiinv  ami  ilii'lyi 
■iiu'ily  iiuifh  liirK- 
sont.      ropulaliiiii 


cxtcn^-ivc  tract  ly- 

iTtilf,  liul  the  intc- 
I  I'.jjypt  is  a  dcHcr! 

Derne  iind  Hiiigazi. 
roiiHt  of  th»!  M«di- 
oitt)  of  Citiii.  Eaton, 


•1/  0/  Dates,  IS  situa- 

l>roilucing  scarcely 

•libs,  who  arc  under 

Ills. 

\. 

Ktont  of  coa»t  from 

iiliirs  on  the  StMiogiil 

0   cniinu  of  Guinea; 

cnpucla. 

lie  Senogul,  Gambia, 

f  the  slave  trade  has 
jarl  of  tlio  commerce 
ler  articles  of  com- 


.n»rre  boMdon nhvvt,  arc  gohl,  ivory, Oiiineu  pepper,  dye- 
wood,  wax,  and  liidep. 

Saiiaka  or  the  (irrat  iJeicrl.  This  u  a  most  remarkable 
tract  of  i-ountry,  extondini?  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  east 
about  t,(»Ot»  mile-,  and  i'*  aliont  700  nnles  in  hreadlli.  If  is 
ilmost  as  level  as  the  sea,  but  consideralily  .levated. 
There  arc  some  t\)oU  covered  with  vepfelntion,  but  the 
surface  is  mostly  barren,  in  some  parls  sand.v.  in  others 
hard  clay. 

Sikhua  Leone.  The  river  Sierra  Leone  gives  name  to 
i  country,  and  to  an  Knglish  <  olony,  rontaining  about 
12,000  inhabitants.  Several  missionaries  and  instructors 
ire  supported  here  by  societies  in  Kiixland,  for  the  benev 
.dent  purpose  of  pronoting  the  civilization  and  reli<^ious 
improvement  of  the  AtVicans. 

Frettozirt,  the  chief  town  in  the  settlement,  is  situated 
on  the  river,  about  C  miles  above  it^  mouth,  liax  an  excel- 
lent harbour,  and  about  4,000  inhabitants. 

Gi  iNf  A  Puopkh.  This  country  is  divided  into  two  part.J, 
ilic  Cold  ('(Hint  on  the  cast,  and  the  liory  Coosl  on  the 
west;  so  called  from  the  abundance  of  f,'old  and  ivory. 

Elinina,  or  St.  Georgr,  del  Mina  is  the  capital  of  tiie 
Dutch  settlements  in  Western  Africa,  and  the  most  respect- 
able fortress  on  the  Gold  Coast.  It  contains  about  15,000 
inhabitants. 

Cape  Coast  Castle^  the  capital  of  the  Ilritisli  snttlement.s 
onihe  Gold  Coast,  contains  about  C,000  inhabitant!'. 

AsHANTF.E,  or  J}siente,  is  an  extensive  country,  situated 
immediately  behhid  the  slates  which  occupy  the  Gold 
Coast.  This  country,  which  was  till  lately  unknown,  i« 
said  to  be  the  most  powerful,  civilized,  and  commercial 
on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 

Coomaaaie,  or  Cuminazee,  the  capital,  is  said  to  contain 
upwards  of  100,000  inhabitanU.  The  bouses  arc  low  and 
small,  formed  of  canes,  plaistered  with  clay. 

Dahomf.v  is  situated  east  of  Ashantee.     The  soil  of  the 
''ountry  is  destitute  of  stones,  and  exceedingly  fertile. 
20 


220  WESTERN  AFRICA. 

Abonif>u  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  is  built  without  any 
regularity,  and  contains  about  24,000  inhabitants. 

IJENIN  is  one  of  the  most  considerable  kingdoms  in  this 
part  of  Africa,  extending  180  miles  along  the  coast  of  the 

B^nin,  the  .chief  town,  covers  a  large  extent  of  ground, 
and  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce. 

LoANoo  lies  south  of  Benin.     The  soil  of  the  country  is 
tertile,  but  the  climate  is  very  hot.  ■  ^  ,-,    , 

Loango,  the  chief  city,  contains  aboutl  o,000  mhabitants. 

ToNr.o  lies  south  of  Loango,  and  is  watered  by  the  river 
Con^o  or  Zaire,  and  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  countries 

""sV'saSc/or,  the  capital,  is  situated  150  miles  from  the 
ocean,  and  was  said,  a  number  of  years  since,  to  contam 
40,000  inhabitants.  ,■     ■  .     c  n 

Cabenda,  and  Maleml>a,  in  the  district  of  Congo,  are 
♦  wo  of  the  most  important  emporiums  in  this  part  ot  Al- 
ricii. 

\N..o..v  IS  a  small  kingdom  south  of  Congo.  Its  capital, 
St'.  Paul  de  Loanda,  is  said  to  contain  about  5,000  inhabit- 
ant*. , 

ItrNoiiLA.  St.  Philip  de  Benguela,  the  capital  of  this 
country,  i?  the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  UiePortugue* 
on  this  coast. 


i7,( 
/ 

ton 
iel" 
Th 
at  1 

fit  I 

tilo 

J 


ITlg 

the 

cat 

exi 

I 

am 
fei 

bo 

fo. 
dil 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA. 

Colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Extent.     This  colony  embraces  a  territory  about  550 

miles  long,  and  230  broad.     It  is  divided  into  5  districts 

and  is  the  most  important  colony  possessed  by  the  English 

in  Africa.  .„.*».- 

Population.     The  population  is  61?947. 
( Yief  toKii.    Cape  ton^n,  the  capital,  i«  pleasantly  siHiat- 


Ci 
*h 
^v 
in 

tu 

di 

•tr 


30UTHEKN    AFRICA. 


","27 


1  built  without  any 
habitants. 

e  kingdoms  in  this 
ig  the  coast  of  the 

!  extent  of  ground, 
e. 

il  of  the  country  is 

1 5,000  inhabitants. 

itered  by  the  river 
extensive  countries 

1 50  miles  from  the 
rs  since,  to  contain 

rict  of  Congo,  are 
s  in  this  part  of  Af- 

Congo.    Its  capital, 
ibout  5,000  inhabit- 


the  capital  of  this 
:eof  tliePortugue* 


CA. 

od  Hope, 

.  territory  about  550 
vided  into  5  districts, 
sessed  by  the  English 

Jl,  is  pleasantly  siltiat- 


s-ii  upwards  of  30  miles  from  the  Cape,  and  contains  abniil 
J  7,000  inhabitants. 

Face  of  the  Country.  The  leading  feature  of  the  ton  i- 
tory  consists  in  three  ranges  of  mountains,  running  paral- 
lel to  each  other,  and  to  the  southern  coast  of  Africa. 
The  elevation  of  the  third  and  highest  range  i*  estimated 
at  10,000  feet.     It  is  always  covered  with  snow. 

Soil.  A  large  portion  of  the  country  is  barren  and  tin- 
fit  for  cultivation;  hut  there  are  many  tracts  Ihitt  are  Iri- 
lile. 

Produce.     Wine  and  brandy  are  the  staple  commoditK'-. 

Caffraiua  is  the  name  applied  to  a  large  country,  rxtcr.i- 
ing  from  Mozambicpie  and  Benguela  north,  to  the  colony  <  t 
the  Cape  of  Gocd  Hope  soutli. 

Some  parts  of  the  country,  particularly  towards  tlu 
eastern  side,  are  fertile  ;  but  towards  the  west  there  i.; <. 
extensive  deserts. 

The  inhabitants  are  savages,  and  are  styled  Hottentots 
and  Caffres,  but  there  are  numerous  tribes  known  by  <lii- 
ferent  names. 

Leetakoo.,  the  chief  town  of  the  Boshuanas,  contam?  a 
bout  10,000  inhabitants. 

Missionanes.  About  20  missionary  stations  have  been 
formed  in  this  part  of  Africa,  occupied  by  missionaries*! 
differeat  denominations. 


EASTERN  AFRICA. 

Extent.  This  division  extends  from  Caffraria  to  Egypt 
Character.  The  countries  on  the  eastern  coast  from 
CallVaria  to  the  Straits  of  Babelmandel,  are  less  known 
*hati  those  on  the  western  coast ;  but  they  are  very  similar 
with  regard  to  soil,  climate,  the  objects  of  trade,  and  the 
inhabitants. 

These  covmtries  have  been  colonized  only  by  the  1  or- 

tuguese.  . 

Rivers.  The  principal  rivers  which  flow  mto  the  In- 
dian ocean  are  the  Manica,  Sabia,  Sofala,  Zambese  or  Cif- 
uma,  Zebee,  Jubo,  Magadoxn 


i .? 


m 


„ot,  EASTEUN  AFRICA. 

'\:o,n,n.rce.     The  con.merce  of  thee  counlvic.  eon.isl. 
m  (?old,  ivory,  unci  slaves.  oountrv  of  the  same 

To'^ns.     .So/aJa,  the  ^<^'-n"<'^'    '^  ?  J^";,  l^'^  Sofah..  The 
name,  is  situated  near  the  mouth  ol  the  river 

"^Sl^tol^rt'tnLotapa  or  Mocoranga,  are  Sena, 
X.iml. :u.e,  Teto,  and  <-'h'C|>v''-     _  j.  ,     .^^^^  name, 

town,  but  now  rejluced.  ,  .  :  f  towns  of  coun- 

cl<.!,  arc  towns  of  some  importance. 


fc 


ABYSSINIA. 

I   Tigrc  ;  2.  AmharP  ;  3.  Shoa  ami  uai. 
.lidded  into  various  ««nf  f^/'^^^f,^^   metropolis,  is  situat- 
,^'''^(.ur';e.rttf    L    oVDemb1aTundc'ont«insintime 
:;;:ace'lut  50,000  inhabhants.     The  houses  are  bu.U 
"^S;:t^SriSl^;S:Suse.tensive  rmns,  and 

'^^^SS;rSofT,re,2S-^^rSS 
Uants,  and  has  considerable  man  fa^^^^^^^^^      ^^j^^^^^^^,^  ^„^, 

Mtalo  contums  about  10;*^«^  '"^"      ,„rts.     Among 
^rfei/co,  on  the  Red  sea,  aie  ^^e  pn^^l       1        ^^^^     ^^^^ 

the  other  towns  are  Dixan,  bire,  t.n.ua  , 

'^Xm     The  principal  rivers  are  the  Abyssinian  branch 

^'Slf'^bS- -  T™  i.  the  principal  l^e,  and  is 


ABYSSINIA. 


2'2B 


count  lies  consists 

intrv  of  the  same 
river  Sofah..  The 

jrunga,  arc  Sena, 

of  the  same  name, 
amlsome,  hut  now 

ed,  was  once  a  large 

hiof  towns  of  coun- 
>eil  as  large  towns, 

Straits  of  Babelman- 


hree  great  divisions; 
iat.  These  are  sub- 
metropolis,  is  situat- 
1,  and  contains  in  time 
^he  houses  are  built 

extensive  ruins,  and 

ins  about  8,000  inhab- 
ures.  of  cotton  cloths. 
)itants.  Masmah  and 
icipal  ports.  Among 
Lmllas,  Chclicut,  and 

the  Abyssinian  branch 

principal  lake,  and  is 
ircumference. 
illy  fine,  but  subject  to 


^eal  rams.  The  deep  valleys,  from  the  combmed  mflu- 
fnce  of  the  heat  and  moisture,  are  somewha  unhealth>. 
The  rainy  season  continues  from  April  to  September. 

Face  J  the.  country.  Abyssinia  is  a  very  mountamous 
country.  The  principal  ranges  are  the  mountains  ol 
Geesh?Am.d-Amid,  Lamalmon,  and  a  branch  oi  the  Mouu- 

tains  of  the  Moon.  ,         , 

Soil.     The  country  is  generally  well  watered,  and  very 

'^Productions.  The  productions  are  wheat,  tcfT.  and  to- 
cusso  ;  honey  is  abundant.  Balsam,  myrrh,  opooalpasum, 
a^e  produced  along  the  coast  of  the  Red  sea.  South  ot 
Massuah  is  an  extensive  plam  of  salt.  „f.,„:„aU- 

Aaimals.  Abyssinia  produces  a  great  variety  of  animal 
both  wild  and  tame,  and  has  an  unusual  proportion  of  the 
feathered  creation.  .     ,    ^  ,,         ,( 

Government.  The  government  is  despotic,  but  the  pohl- 
ical  condition  of  the  people  is  extremely  disordered,  and 
civil  wars  are  very  frequent.  •      .    •  .•     •.„  .   l.nt 

Reli'rion.  The  professed  religion  is  Christianity  ,  but  . 
as  doctrines  and  precepts  are  little  undei-stood  or  regarded 
Inhabitants.  The  inhabitants  are  m  a  low  state  ot  |,iV' 
dization,  and  many  of  their  customs  arc  extremely  bar- 
barous. Marriage  is  a  slight  connexion,  formed  and  dis- 
solved  at  pleasure.  The  houses  are  mere  hovels  oi  u 
,;onical  form  with  thatched  roofs. 

NUBIA. 

Nubia  is  un  extensive  country  comprizing  several  king- 
doms, of  which  Sennaar  and  Dongola  aie  th.i  piincipai 
It  is  watered  by  the  Nile  and  its  branches. 

Soil.  The  country  consists  chiefly  ol  .^Rudy  deserts,  but 
on  the  rivers  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 

Productions.  The  productions  arc  millet,  sugarcane, 
sandal  wood,  civet,  gold,  and  ivory. 

Sennaar,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  oi  the  same  name. 
,s  situated  on  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Nile.  The  houses 
are  of  one  story,  built  of  clay.  Population  cstinShted  by 
P6ncet  in  1699,  at  100,000.  , ,    .  „  ^. 

Suakem,  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea,  has  ccnsidorable  trace., 
20* 


*:iu 


NUBIA 


ia   oi"  cout^iilerablc   oxlcnt 


Tho   kiiigtioni   of  Seiiniiur 

thoui'li  iiut  liltie  known.  „    ,     •  i 

7>o«go.'«,  capital  of  the  kinplom  so  culled,  is  a  nieanl.v 

built  town,  situated  on  the  Nile. 


n 

111 

'  !l  "15 

1' 


CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

The  greater  part  of  this  vast  division  is  wholly  unex  ' 
Lloied  ;  but  it  is  known  to  contain  some  populous  kingdoms^ 
'  Some  of  the  principal  kingdoms  that  have  been  v.s.ted 
by  European  travellers,  are  Darlur,  Bornou,  Fezzan,  Ka.- 
«ina,  Houssa,  Tombuctoo,  and  Bambarra. 

Religion.'  The  prevailing  religion  m  these  countries,  .3 

^  ThHSnTsituated  further  south  are  entirely  unknown. 

Darfur  is  situated  west  of  Sennaar.     The  inhabitants 
urc  partially  civilized,  and  carry  on  a  considerable   com- 
mf-rce  with  Ecvpt,  by  means  of  caravans. 
%.e  arUclfs^  sent  to  Egypt,  are  slaves,  camels,  iv.ry, 
hide",  horns,  ostrich  feathers,  &.c.  .   •  .    i  •.     * 

tobbiyi  chief  town,  contains  about  6,000  inhabitant 
Popuimon.     The   population   has  been   estimated   at 
'KK',000. 

BoBNor  is  said  to'bc  the  most  powerful  kingdom  in  the 

'"^dlShot,  and  the  .oii  fertile.     The   prir.cipal 
,  vain   is   1^4m   con, ;    fruits  and  domestic  animals   are 

"^''rt1o,n,nerce  is  carried  on  chiefly  by  the  merchants  of 
Ke//an.     The  ctnorts  are  slaves,  gold,  and  civet. 

aSfcitn.  Bol-nou,  the  capital,  covers  a  great  extent 
of  ground,'^b„t  the  houses  are  built  in  a  straggling  manner. 
It  contains  numerous  mosques  built  of  stone. 

Fezzan  is  situated  south  of  Barbary  and  east  of  Sahara, 
and  forms,  as  it  were,  a  large  island  in  the  midst  of  an  mi- 

""/Sen^^ThlSvated  part  of  the  country,  is  a  plain, 
about  300  mUes  long,  and  200  broad. 


cF/NTRAL  AFKIoA. 


231 


riderublc   oxlcnt- 
led,  is  a  meanl.v 


I  is  wholly  unex  ' 
opulous  kingdom!-- 
lave  been  \isited 
nou,  Fezzan,  Ka^- 

these  countries,  is 

entirely  unknown. 

The  inhabitants 
considerable   com- 

IS. 

ves,  camel?,  ivjry, 

6,000  inhabitants. 
)een   estimated   at 

fiil  kingdom  m  the 

le.     The   principal 
Tiestic  animals   are 

)y  the  merchants  of 

,'and  civet. 

crs  a  great  extent 

a  straggling  manner. 

stone. 

and  east  of  Sahara, 
;  the  midst  of  an  im- 

country,  is  a  plain, 


Soil,  iLC.  The  soil  is  light  and  ^;iiidy,  and  produces 
mai/c,  barley,  dates,  and  various  other  vegetables. 

aimate.  The  climate  is  very  hot  in  the  summer,  and 
cold  and  piercing  winds  are  common  m  the  wnitcr.     Kam 

seldom  falls.  .    ,       .   <•      .u ^„f 

Commerce.     Fezzan  is  the  grand  depot  for  the  grea 

commerce  which  is  carried  on  between   Northern   and 

Central  Africa,  and  from  this  circumstance,  it  derives  its 

principal  importance.  .•      .    i  r„„^ 

Populalioii.    The  population  is  loosely  estimated  from 

75,  to  150,000.  .,  ,  .  . 

Cldeftown.  MourzoHk,  the  capital,  is  said  to  contain 
"0,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the  centre  of  communication  from 
Cairo  and  the  towns  of  Barbary  to  the  interior  ol  Africa. 

KvssiN-A  or  Cashna  is  a  kingdom  west  of  Bornou,  and  one 
of  the  most  extensive  in  the  SHenor  oi  Ai^f- 

Soil.  Kassina  contains  tracts  of  gr?at  fertility,  intes^ 
spersed  with  arid  wastes.  ,,    ,    *        «,  „   ..i«.»,c 

The  exports  consist  of  slaves,  gold  dust,  cotton  cloths, 

troat  skins,  aud  senna.  , 

Kassina,  the  capital,  is  said  to  be  a  .arge  city. 
A^cules,\  large  town,  and  a  centre  ot  trade,  is  the  cap- 
ital of  Asben,  which  is  independent  of  Kassina. 
ToMBUcToo,   situated   10  miles  from  the  Niger,  is  the 
.niH   of  a  populous  kingdom  of  the  same  nam.'.     Ihe 
lu  Itl  hSWi  estiimued  on  very  doubtful  authority 
tLaX  200,000.     Other  estimates  are  much  lower.     But 
mile  is  known  with  certainty  respectmg  this  famous  city. 
HoussA  is  the  capital  of  a  large  kingdom  on  the  Niger, 
and  is  satd  to  be  lai'ger  than  Tombuctoo,  and  to   have  an 

extensive  "mmercC;  ^^heard  of,  is  said  to  be  twice 

Wassanah,  a  city  till  laieij,  u""^^'  '     '  .,      ,■  .     j 

as  large  as  Tombuctoo,  from  which  it  is  700  roiies  aistani 

to  the  southeast.  ■    t\  ^ 

Bambauka  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  ^mgdoms-in  Uie 
interior  of  Africa.    It  is  situated  on  both  sides  ot  the  JN. 

^"s'  '*"\i?c\^TalV"tSed  on  the  Niger,  and  contains 
m^rJl^eTSSout  30,000.^^^^^^^^^^^  ^-and.n, 
contains  a  population  of  about  1 1,000. 


2J2  CENTRA!,  AFhICA. 

Tribes,     riomc  of  the  principal  tribes  of  people,  inlmln- 
.ng  the  interior  of  Africa,  are  the  Tibboo,  f  uank,  Man- 
dingoe"*,  and  Foulahs. 

AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 

The  prmc.pul  islands  on  the  western  coast  are  the  A- 
.orcMadeiri,  and  Cape  Verd  Island.,  ^-^'^S^^^iojor- 
tuj^al ;  the  Canaries  belonging  to  bpain  ;  and  St.  Helena, 
beloneinu:  to  Great  Britain.  .  . 

o"  the  eastern  coast  are  Madagascar,  Bourbon,  Mauriti- 
us, the  Comoro  islands,  and  Socotra. 

The  Azores  or  Western  Islands  are  9  in  number,  and  are 
situated  about  midway  between  Europe  and  America. 
~    The  soil  of  the  islands  isjrery  fertile,  and  the  chma  e 
healthy  and  pleasant,  but  !Rey  are  extremely  subject  to 
violent  earthquakes. 

The  populalion  is  stated  at  160,000. 
ToJs.    Jhgra,  the  capital  of  Terccra,  is  the  seat  ot 
<rovernment,  and  contains  about  12,000  inhabitants. 

I'onca  delGada,  the  capital  ot  St.  Michael,  contains 
'27,006  inhabitants. 

Madeira  is  a  fertile  island,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  wine. 
The  population  is  al5out  80,000.  Fmchal,  the  capital,  con- 
tains about  15,000  inhabitants. 

Canaries  or  Fortunate  Islands.  These  islands  are  13  in 
number,  very  fertile  and  valuable,  producing  wine,  grain, 
a.Tfru'ts  The  largest  is  Teueriffe.  The  population  is 
btatcd  at  196,000. 

St.  Helena  is  a  remarkable  island,  28  miles  in  circuit, 
surrounded  by  hi«h  precipices  of  basaltic  rock  It  is  ren- 
deredfamous%y'berngth'e  residence  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, who  was  placed  here  us  a  prisoner,  in  1815,  alter 
the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Madagascar  is  about  900  rnii^s  long,  «nd  220  broad. 
The  surface  is  greatly  divernihed  by  mountams  and  plains. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  producing  sugar,  tobacco,  cocoa,  pep- 
per, rice,  &ic. 


iW 


of  people,  inhiilii' 
00,  i^ uarik,  Man 


n  coast  are  the  A- 
belonging  to  Por- 
;  and  St.  Helena, 

Bourbon,  Mauriti- 


ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 


n  number,  and  are 
and  America. 
e,  and  the  climate 
;treniely  subject  to 


era,  is  the  seat  ot 
inhabitants- 
Michael,  contains 

ibrated  for  its  wine, 
ju/,  the  capital,  con- 

le  islands  are  13  in 

ducing  wine,  grain, 

The  population  is 

28  mdes  in  circuit, 
tic  rock.  It  is  ren- 
of  Napoleon  Bona- 
ner,  in  1815,  after 

mg,  and  220  broad, 
lountains  and  plains 
)bacco,  cocoa,  pep- 


Tut  knowledge  of  geography  possessed  by  the  ancients, 
wal  conS  chfefly  to  ESrofe^the  -uth-western  part  of 
Asia,  and  the  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  Africa. 

They  had  little  knowledge  of  the  coun  nes  '«  E^o  P 
north  of  Germany,     in  Asia  they  knew  httle  of  the  com- 
S  north  of  the  Euxine  and  Casp  an  seas,  and  east  of  the 
G  uiffcs      In  Africa  they  knew  little  beyond  Lat.    0.  JN . 

The  countries  with  which  sacred  and  general  hteratue 
is  moHtly  connected,  ore  Egypt,  Palestine,  Greece,  Italy, 
and  Asia  Minor. 

Comparative  View  of  Akcient  and  Modern  Geogbavhv. 

The  following  view  exhibits  the  names  ^.^ J'^^  P^^'P'^l 
countries  in  ancient  geography,  together  ^ith  the  corrcs 

ponding  modern  names. 


it 


EURori:. 


.Innenl. 

Scandinaviii 

Chersonosus    C;iinl»ricii 
or  Cimbri.i 

European  Sannittiu. 

Germano  Sannatia 

Britannia 

Caledonia 

Hibernia 


Mudtrn. 
Sweden  and  Norwav 
Jutland 

(  Russia  in  Europe  and  par; 
^      of  Poland 

i  Tart  of  Russia,  of  Poland, 
(      and  Prussia 

Ureal  Britain 

Scotland 

Ireland 


Gallia 

or 

Gaul 


Bclgica 


Germany 
Helvetia 

Rhactia 


Noricum 
Vindelicia 

Pannonia 

Dacia 

Mucaia 
Thrace 

Ulyricum 


{Holland,  Netherlands, the  N. 
of  France,  and  the  W.  part 
of  Germany 

Celtica  or  Gallia  )       Central  part  of  France 
Lugdunensis        ^  .    rr      „„ 

Aquitania  South  west  part  of  France 

I  Gallia  Narbonensis     South  east  part  of  France 
Germany  north  of  the  Danube 
/     Switzerland 
i  Tyrol,   part    of  Bavaria,   and   of 
(      Switzerland 

Part  of  Bavaria  and  of  Austria 

Swabia 
i  Part  of  Austria,  of  Hungary,  and  of 
\      Sclavonia 

i  Transylvania,  Walachiii,  MoMaviii, 
\     Bessarabia,  and  part  of  Huii!,'ary 

Bulgaria  and  part  of  Servia 

Romania 
kPart  of  Croatia,  Bosnia,  Sclavoni:«, 
'     and  Dalmatia 


Si*. 


)iudtrn. 

and  Norwav 

1  Europe  and  par; 

land 

Russia,  of  Poland, 

rnssia 

rituiii 

1 

fetherlands,theN. 
;e,  and  the  W.  part 
nany 


LUKOI'i:. 


236 


jli->pania  i  TarraconensH 
or       '  Bajtica 
Spain     f  Lusitania 


Italy. 

ilneieni  Diriiiont, 

Cisalpine  Gaul 

Ktruria 

Umbria,  Picenum,  i 

partofLatiuin,&ic.  ^ 

Somnium,  Apulia, 
Campania,  Luca- 
nia,  and  part  of 
Latium 


Greece. 


Mode'-n. 
North  part  of  Spain 
South  part  of  Spam 
Portugal 

Italv. 


Modtm  Divuioni. 
i  Savoy,    Piedmont,    Milan,  GeDoa, 
I      Venice,  Mantua,  &ic. 

Tufcany  and  Lucca 

Popedom 


Naples 


irt  of  France 

Macedonia 

t  part  of  France 
t  part  of  France 

Epirus 
Thessaly 

ai  the  Danube 

iEtolia 
Locria 

o 

u 

Phocis 

'  Bavaria,   and   of 

Doris 

o 

Boeotia 

Megaris 

and  of  Austria 

a 

.Attic.i 

of  Hungary,  and  of 

3 

'  Achaia 
Argolis 

a 
a 

Arcadia 
Laconia, 

^alachiii,  Moldavia, 

id  part  of  Huii!,'ary 

3 

Messenia 

irt  of  Servia 

en 

.Elia 

Part  of  Tckkev  in  Kuropk. 

Macedonia 

Albania 

Thessaly  or  J  aiina 


Livadia 


Morea 


,  Bosnia,  Sclavoni:', 


lU 


i 


\ :'! 


ASIA. 


AncMUl. 

Mysia,  Lydia, 
A'-olia,  lonin, 
Ciiria,  riirygiii, 
BiUiynia.  (ialatia, 
;S  J  PniihlaRonia,  i.yciu, 
.2  I  Fumpliylia,  I'lniJia, 
<      Ciliciii,  Uycaonia, 
1  Citpi>aJocw, 
(^  Pontu", 


Syria,  Tulmyrf  no, 
Phttnicia,  .luiloa, 
ijam-.uia,  Ualilee, 

Armenia 
Mesopotamia 

Assyria 

Babylonia  or  Chal^dca 

Arabia 
Arabia  l'etra;a 
Arabia  DeserU 
Arabia  Felix 

Persia 
Meiba 
Parthia 

llyrcania 

Susiana 

Persis 

Bactria 

Sogdiana 

rirangiana 


Modern. 
Tvniitv  IN  A'lA 


Natolia 

\  Cnramania 

Houin 

Pachalukt. 

(  Aleppo 
\  DainaHCui 
Syria     <TripoU 
VAcre 

Armenia 
Diarbekir 
Curdistan 
Irak  Arabi 

Arabia 
Arabia  Petra»a 
Arabia  Deserta 
Arabia  FeliK 

Persia 

Adirbeitzan,  &ic. 

Irak  Agemi  ^ 

cpart  of  Chorasan  and  Ma- 
\     zanderan 

Chusistan 

Faraistaa  j  u.^ 

BaJk,Sable»tan,  andCandahir 

mi  Part  of  Great  Bukhana,  ana 

~  J     of  Choraaan 
SegMtan 


>ry, 


'-^^ 


A"U 


ASIA. 


rj7 


Annfiit 


Colchis,  Ihcrin,  and  Alhiuiia 

AMiitir  Siinnatiii 

.■"•ylhia  NW   <J'  the  imaus 


Modern. 

UrssiA  IN  Attiv 
(  Georgia,  M  inp;rplii»,  Imirettu, 
'      DaKliostaji,  and  part  ol"  Cir- 
(      cassia 

Ai'trachnn 

^iheria 


:\h 


AFRICA. 


chalukt. 
ppo 
mascus 
ipoli 

re 


ir 
n 
ibi 

Descrta 
^clix 

RSI  A 

izan,  &io- 

1   Chorasan   and  Ma- 

eran 

an 

able»tan,andCan(lah«r 
•  Great  Bukharw,  and 
ihoraaan 
sn 


l.iliya 

AiVicrt  Propyl 

\iimidia 

Ifniiritiiiiia 

(ialiiliil 
Klhiopiii 


Egypt 

Barca 

Tripoli  and  part  of  Tunis 

Part  of  Tunis  and  of  Algicri 

Morocco  and  part  of  Algiers 

Bilcdulgerid 

Nubia,  Abyssinin,  Abex,  iic 


EUROPE. 


Almoftt  all  thfi  countries  of  Europe,  with  the  exception 
of  (iieecc  and  Italy,  wore  in  anciciii  times  in  rt  state  of  l»ar- 
liarisin.  A  great  part  of  the  inhiuiilants  lived  a  wander- 
i.ig  and  unsettled  lifi',  and  built  no  large  citief. 

BRITAIN.  .  ^ 

Little  is  known  of  Britain  before  its  conquest  by  the  R0- 
iiiiins,  about  55  years  before  the  Christian  era.  It  was  then 
inhabited  by  various  barbarous  tribes. 

After  it  became  a  Roman  province  it  was  formed  into  5 
divisions. 

Towns.  Among  the  towns  of  ancient  note  were  Londi- 
ntlm,  Camelodunum,  Rhutupw,  Portus  Dubris,  Eboracum, 
and  Luguvallum.  When  invaded  by  the  Romans  Britain 
had  no  large  towns. 

Uadrian'i  wall^  a  great  work  of  the  Romans,  was  built  by 
21 


"%. 


.1 


.^,;  ur.KMANV 

!„•  Union-  iV.m  IIm-  il.n|rr......^  ..I  the  (  al.'.|..n.M.,< 

GAL'I.. 

|„.(irr.'k^  (ii.liiln.,  com,.reI..-n.lr.l  !■  n.mr,   NHlu'ilun-N 
Holliiml,  Swil/.oilaiul,  iHi.l  itmt  "I  (urmiiiiy. 

l)ivm.o,s      It  mxn  orijr.nally  .I.V..I..I  i.monjr  ll.rf<-  i<r.'''t 
nations  the    Belffa",   fella>,    luul   A.|Uit:un  ;  ot    thi>.'  Ih. 

(■„.|..,.  tlu-   Hom;u.^  .1   v.a.   .liNiao.l  .nto  the  lullowmg 
,rrcat  i.rov....-',..     I»  lalor !.«.<«  th.-e  ,.iov.ncrs  wcto  .lylr.1 
•he  four  C}auN,un<»  were  subihviil.<.»  into  17  others. 

Prorineti. 

<lialh;i  I  ugrhinonfii",  ) 

or  Ct'ltirii  S 
■\(|iiilani:i 

OalUii  NailKinrn-'i-'.  < 

01  I'roviiiciii  S 


Augn«ta,Pivo(hinini,'Vcroilununi 

LiiifiliinMin,  Lutctin,  Hihracte, 

Agiihncum. 

Hunliffah",  Avarirum,  Limonum 

Vienna,  MassiUa,  Atpix  Scxliir 


GEUMANY 

Kctcnt.  Ancient  Germany  extcn.le.l  from  the  Rhin.  tv 
tho  Vistula,  an.l  from  the  r.altic  to  the  Danube. 

iJivhions.  It  was  divideil  amoi.K  three  pni  .,..il  iiation?, 
the  Suevi  in  the  north;  the  Hermiones  lo  <h,  south;  and 
-he  Uta^vonos  in  the  west.  Beside,  these  theu  »*  ere  various 
others,  as  the  V.ndih  or  Vandals,  the  Fns,,.  or  tn*ons. 
the  Kranci  or  Franks,  the  Alen.anni,  t;.*-  >axons,  ice. 

Countries  suuth  of  the  Dai.ubt. 
Towni. 
Khaet.u  Biigantia,  Curia 

Vmdelicia  AuguMa  Vmdehcorum 

Npriuni  Boiodurum,  Launacum 

(  Sirmium,  Carnunlum, 
Patiaonia  i  Vjndebona 


TIlUACr,. 


V30 


alciloiiiiiiiA 


,,,  i  l.ilniniiii 

Mvnwx  ami  Du(  i>> 


Si'tiin 

l',|iiiliitinH,  Sr.odru 
^  V  imiiH mil,  S.irtlic.i,  Marcinn. 
(  <i|i<ili»,  hmnidumim,  JNuis'*u« 


'rans4»l|iiiiii.  .iii<l  I'V 

iniT,    NctlHTllUliI'- 

laiiN . 

aiiionfr  lliriM-  i^rcnt 

tiun  ;  «'t    tlioc  tin 

nln  tin-  lollowiiig  I 
ovincfs  wtTf  «tylri1 
o  n  lUlier!-. 

iiel'  loivns. 

ulunini,'Veroiluiun:i 
lUtctin,  Hiliiacte, 

varicum,  1-imommi 
silia.  Ati'ix  bcxliir 


■tl  from  the  Rhin.    tv 
Ilanwbo 

riic  pri!  ,,,al  nation?, 
08  in  Uu  south ;  and 
5eth€V(  vx  ere  various 
li^  FriwH  or  Frisons. 
,W  Saxons,  SiC. 

k. 

vni. 

\,  Ouiiii 
Vindt'Ucorum 
im,  Lauriacura 
I,  Caniuiilum, 
na 


TIlKACi; 

Tliracp,thonRh  a  barbarou'*  country  iii  tlio  interior,  had 
iiany  (irctk  rolunit's  on  itf*  coast. 

7';,v(M.  \mnni;  the  towns  ni're  Hyzantinm,  Adrianopi) 
lih,  I'iiilii.pop.dis  TrajanopoliH,  Abdcra,  Callipolii,  and  he^. 

'of.  I 

li,i:<tniin,n  wa«  fixed  on  by  Conslantinc  thf  (Jreal  a-  lln 
ii..at  ollbc  Uoinan  empire  A.  D.  330,  and  Irom  hin.  called 

Constantinople.  ,.,11,1  .    „„ 

Sestos  Blood  on  llu>  wpstrrn  hhoro  of  the  Hellespont,  op- 
nosite  to  Mudos  on  the  eastern  ;  famouH  for  the  lov.'S  ol 
l,oander  and  Hero,  and  also  fer  the  bridge  of  boats  buiU 
here  by  Xerxes 

SPAIN. 

Mine.  Spam,  m  Latin  Hispania,  was  also  called  Ibeiiu, 
;md  llcsperia,  or  llesperia  liltima.  ,    ..,     . 

iJmJons.  Spain  was  originally  divided  into  two  prov- 
inces, Hispania  Citerior,  or  Hither  Spain,  and  Hispania 
llt.nor,  or  Farther  Spain  It  was  afterwards  divided  in- 
to three  parts,  Tarraconensis,  Bittica,  and  Lusitaiua.  1  li« 
last  embraced  the  country  now  called  Portugal.      ■ 

Touns. 
i  Tarraco,  Uerda,  Saguntum, 
\  Numantia,  Cu:sar  Augusta, 
I  Calagurris,  Sigovia 
(Corduba,  Hispalis,  Malacn, 
^fiados 
Lu^itania  Olis.ppo,  Conin.briga 

Tarraco.  n>>w  Tarragona,  the  capital  of  Tairaconcn 
MS,  was  ou..:  a  very  large  ^and  populous  city.  U  has  now 
int  few  re'uaiiis  of  its  t'.ncient  gruuclcnv. 


Pruviucei, 
Parraconcnsi* 

f'.Ktica 


m 


'*-'*•'' 


-M^ 


'It* 


•240 


gPAlN. 


A'.. 


'•ules. 

ITALY. 

Scut;  Kaa  0?"c.a,iul  Jnam.  «  no,  l.ng  re- 

tained. 


Divisions, 

Liguria 

Taurini 

Insubrcs 

Cenomaoni 

Euganci 

Veneti 

Histria 

Ligoncs 

Bari 


Etruria 
Unibria 


Cisalpine  Gai'l. 

Towns. 
Genua,  MontBCU? 
Aiigusta  Taurinorum 
Me<liolaiHim,  Ticinum 
Brixia,  Cremona,  Mantua 
Triilentum,  Verona 
Patavium,  Aquileia 
T»  rgeste 

Ravenna 

Bononia,  Mutina,  Parma,  Placentia 

li'ALY  PaorER. 

Pisa',  Florentia,  Veii 
Armmum,  Interamna 


IS  for  a  siep:e  by 
jse  of  the  second 

town  of  Soria,  is 
gainst  the  Koinans 

luced  to  the  great- 
siege  B.  C'.  71. 
liar,  in   t?liain,  and 
;e  sliore   in  Africa, 
the  rUlars  oj  Hcr^ 


name  of  Italy,  was 
Ausonia,  (Enotria, 

ilpine  Gaul,  and  the 
)d  the  southern  part 
ftc  was  not  long  re- 


[lorum 
icinum 
la,  Mantua 
rona 
ileia 


na,  Tarma,  Placentia 


I  Veil 
ranina 


Picrnnm 
lialiuni 
Cainii:ini!t 
Samuinni 

\])iilia 

r;;!;ibria 

J.ucaiiiu 

(irutlii 


ITALY. 

A-c\)iiiin.  Amo\ia 

Homo,  'l'il)iir,  Tusculmn.  AvvleH 

CiH)ua,  (Jiiina!,  Nf.>i'olis 

Mcneventum 

Aqii,  Canu-iiuni,  \  anusia 

Mnindiisinm,  Tarontum 

I'a.-tiim,  Svl'aris 

Kh(>gi«ni,"Crolona 


141 


Mantm.     ^Vith  thin  town  is  associated  the  name  of  Vir- 
tril,  Avho  was  born  in  its  vicinity. 
'■^  Palavium,    now-   l\uluci.  a  large  town,  wn.  the  birth- 

"X^cl^^L  on  account  of  its  ^--"1-^,  called  the  ..c- 
ondlio,ne\  and  was  often  the  residence  of  the  emperor^ 
It  is  famous  for  an  obstinate  resistance  agamsL  Attila,  k  n„ 

"'"  ^^.^  for  some  time  the  seat  of  the  Western  Em- 
inrc.  and  had  an  excellent  harbour.  It  is  "O"' f^^-^^t  J/" . 
duced,  and  ti,c  harbour  is  so  filled  up  that  the  town  is  left 

^  miles  from  the  sea.  r„.^nrlv  vprv 

Ph^v,  now    Pisa,  an  ancient   city,  was  lormerly  veiv 

;lourishing  and  powertui.  ,„.-,„th 

fiome,  Situated  on  the  Tiber,  12  miles  from  .t  mouUi^ 
was  built  on  seven  hills,  and  founded  753  B.  C  t  was  the 
capital  of  the  Uoman  empire  the  '"'«trc^s  of  the  wor Id 
and  the  seat  of  arts  and  arms.  It  was  ^""^j"^*;*^ .%;;"  f 
having  27  gates,  and  64-1  towers.  In  the  time  ot  Ir.ijan, 
whe?the  Roma'n  empire  was  the  "^o^t  extensive  the  crty 
.t  is  said,  was  50  miles  in  circumference,  and  contamed 
G,000,000  inhabitants.  Ouia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  libei, 
was  the  port  of  Rome.  r  r    .     „ 

At  Pmncste  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  fortune 
m«r,   now   Ti.oH,  was  famous    or  the  vllas  m  ,  s^- 
c.nity.     At   Tmculmn,  now  FrascaU,  was  the  celebrated 

"''^1,?:^  An..,  the  capital  of  the  Volsci,  had  a 
'  elebrated  temple  of  fortune.  . 

Andea,  the  capital  of  the  Rutuli,  was  a  PO««;t"'. ^'7^- 
jhyinnm,   now   Arpim,  was  the  birth-place  of  Cicero 

;(nd  Marius. 


242 


ITALY 


Cup.o.  the   caimal  of  C;i.npama,  was  a  lusunous  ciU  , 
;,n,l  uiic.^  so  oiHilput  ;<s  to  riviil  Home. 

( •«„.<«  was  the  n.>ulcnce  of  the  Cu...a.an  Sylnl. 

AV.n;./.-.v,  lii-st  cMoM'arthawpe,   no^v  JN «;>'«,  '«  ^elt 
bratoil  lor  its  beautiful  situation  an.l  l>ay 

i'«er.?»,  now    i^o^cuo/..,  wa.  a  n.agu.ticent  city,  famous 

for  its  hot  baths  and  mineral  waters*.  ,^K„ni 

!^crm<m,  now  ISalcruo,  is  ia.uous  ior  its  medical  school 

i^Ke  miiliUe  ages.  .i,..i.i„  fnp  bavinff 

Ilcrculanciun  and  Ponipen  are  ^^'""'^''"'^  f„,[°V;f';^ 
been  overwhelmed  in  A.  D.  79,  by  an  C"U,'  .on  of  Mount 
Vesuviu".     Thev  remained  undiscovered  till  l  aJ. 
'X"e...«,  now    /i.ucvn.o,  contains  -ore  reman, 
ancient  sculpture   than   any  other  city   ot   Italy   except 

^Tann.  is  Aunous  for  the  ,.  ■   '    -d  g^atest  victory  over 
the  Romans,  obtamed  by  h    ■        •  i>-  ^  •  ;*"• 

iin,,K/.«.;,n,  now  Brindi  -  uncienUy   ^  "g/^^^^J  J.' 

remarkable  for  its  excellent  harbour.     The  Romans  usu 
ally  embarked  at  this  place  ior  Greece.  .  .     „ ,  ,,,„. 

Tarcnuun,  now    Tarento,  was  formerly  a  rich  and  lux- 
urious  city,  and  the  capital  of  a  republic.  p  .,  ^^^as 

Crotona  is  famous  for  being  the  place  where  Pythagoras 

'''Iw/' The  principal  Roman  roads  were  Via  Appia^ 
from  Rome  to  Rlurtdus'ium  ;  the  Via  Fla.ninia  from  Rome 
o  krminium  ;  the  Via  Aurclia,  by  the  coast  of  LUu  a, 
to  Liguria  and  Gaul,  near  Nice;  and  the  Via  ^'^W 
which  "ranched  oflVrom  t^- Via  Flamm.a,  nj  ^oni^ 
and  proceeding  through  the  more  mland  part  of  Etruria, 
joined  the  Via  Aurelia  at  Lucca. 


Ge 


th( 


ai 


ITALIAN  ISLANDS. 

The  Italian  islands  were  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Corsica,  Mel- 
ite,  the  Aeolian  islands,  and  llva.  •„„„,♦ 

Sicily,  called  also  Sicania,  the  largest  and  most  »mport- 
ant  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  was  on  account  of  its  Icr- 
tility,  esteemed  one  of  the  graaaries  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire. 


I  a  1  usurious  cilv 

in  Sybil. 

I  j\'ui)l(s^  is  cek- 

tkent  city,  famou? 

its  medical  school 

rkable  for  liaving 

eruption  of  iMounl 

:dtilini3. 

s  more  remains  oi 

y   of  Italy   exceiit 

reatesl  victory  over 
:.  216. 

cntly   a  large  town, 
The  Romans  usu- 

erly  a  rich  and  lux- 

ic. 

e  where  Pythagoras 

Is  were  Via  Appi^i 
laminiu.  from  Rome 
le  coast  of  Etruria, 
d  the  Via  Chudia, 
aminia,  near  Rome, 
md  part  of  Etruria, 


ITAIA 


243 


(•it,c..  Suntcu.n^  was  a  Vi-ry  o\m\i.id  and  |ioworful  city, 
the  metropolis  of  Sicily,  nnd  one  of  iho  most  tamous  chos 
of  anti-imtv.  2-  .niU-  u.  oircn- ft  rmce.  it  tol  mto  the 
hands  of  the  Romans  I!.  C. '-1  J,  arie.  a  s.ege  o  .5  years 
memorable  tor  tlie  exploits  o!  Archunedcs.  Ihe  city  i^ 
now  gnnitlv  reduced.  .  •      i 

^■ni"eni:„n.  now  Girgenti,  is  .aid  to  have  contained 
■JOU"OUO  i"bn''it:'n'-  It  now  exhibits  many  venerable  re- 
mains of  antin'utv-  „ 

Lihbuuun,  now  Ahrsalo,  was  a  stron,^  ,o,vn  famons 
for  a  «io-'o  of  10  years,  which  it  sustained  asjainsl  ihn  Ko- 
mans  in  tiie  first  i'unic  war.  Some  niins  of  temples  and 
aqueducts  now  remain. 

The  other  considerable  towns  were  Messana,  I.eoiitim, 
Gela,  Drepanum,  Kryx,  I'anormus,  i.nd  Catana. 

Mount  JKlna.  Tlii*  great  volcano  was  famous  iimong 
the  ancients,  as  it  is  among  the  moderns. 

Scvlla  and  Char,jhi]h.  Scylla  is  a  iorm.dable  rock  on 
theMdeofhaly;  and  C'barybdis,  a  whirlpool  on  the  op- 
posite coast  of  Sicily.  The  passage  of  the  straits  between 
These,  was  represented  by  the  ancients  as  very  formida- 
ble.    But  in  modern  times  the  danger  is  small. 

Sardinia  was  celebrated  among  the  ancients  for  its  fer- 
tility, but  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  unhealthy.  Cakns,  now 
CaHiari.  was  the  capital.  .,     ■  i 

MditL  now  Malta,  is  generally  supposed  to  be  the  isl- 
and on  which  St.  Paul  was  wrecked  on  his  .P-'/n^^y  J" 
Rome.  It  is  famous  in  modern  times  for  being  ihe  resi- 
dence of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  .lerusalem. 

Utrongrjle,  one  of  iEolian  islands,  was  represen  ed  by  the 
ancients  as  the  residence  of  ^olus,  the  god  of  the  winds. 


)S. 


rdinia,  Corsica,  Mel- 

est  and  most  import- 
m  account  of  its  fcr- 
3  of  the  Roman  em- 


GREECE. 

Name.  Greece  was  called  by  the  natives,  IhUas,  and  l.e 
inhabitants  Hellenes.  By  the  poets,  the  peop  e  are  callea 
Danai,  Pelasgi,  Jlrgivi,  Argei,  Achivi.Muet,  kc. 

Division,.  Greece  comprehended  Mncechma,  Eptrus, 
ThessahH  Greece  Proper,  ani  Pchponnems.  ihe  Romans, 
after  ha;mgconqucied  it,  divided  it  mto  two  provmces, 


i 


<*'  I 


MArEDOMV 
Vein.,.     .nci,ul.,.«   l'elo,,or,nosu.an,iCJL-ccro  y.oi.or:  a,ul 


MACEDONiA. 
/J^.,.i,mv      Th..  i.rn,cii>al  divisions  oi   Maco.lo.ua  won, 

'^^'nii.     rW/a  >vas  Ihe  capital  of  Macedonia  irom  Uh- 
tuno  onMulip  to  the  co.uiuest  of  tl.e  country   l.y   the   Ko- 

'"S«a  wa.  the  cap.tal  belbre  t'elb.obtai.K.d  that   rank 
Tlusmlonicn,  now  .Sm'o,u/:.-,  was  ancn-n  ly  a  place  ol  con 
so.inenco.     It  is  now  the  chioi  town  '"^'''.'--'^'''e";'  ■,.,.,;„„, 
\mono-  the   other  towns  were   ApoHouia,   I'y'aclnum, 
AnSohs,  Olynthus,  Antigonia,  I'olidxa,  I'ydna,  btagira, 
'.Mulippi,  anil  Ficiiva. 


ElMRUS. 


Ckifj  towns. 
Lcucas,  Actiuin 
Amliracia,   Biithrotutn 
Dodona 
Oncum.  Panormus 


Divisiom. 
Acarnania 
Tlicsjn-otiu 
Molcs-is 
Chaouia  ' 

Aclhm.  now  .4^,0,  is  iamous  for  a  "»v »» j'^^^'-^J^^^^^'^c 
An-nstus  obtained  over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  Jl  B.  O. 
Tl."^s  out  an  end  to  the  Roman  commonwealth. 

RnS     Vc"  cro.  and  Cocytus,  classed  by  the  poets  among 
♦l>o  iiifiMMial  rivers,  were  in  Epirus.  . 

""j;t:;;t  />...,.,  an  eJated  r-iro^Uveen  Epjrj^ 
Macedonia,  and  Thessaly,  was  sacred  to  the  Muses.  1  he 
Ctrmiuan  mountains  were  ui  Chaonia. 

TIIESSALY. 

Divmon'  Thcssaly  m  Inter  times,  was  divided  into  5 
panrPhthiotis,  Pelaigiotis,  TbessaUotis,  Est,^ot.s,  «nd 
Mdcnesia. 


TIIESSALY. 


2ib 


ccr.c  Vioiior ;  anil 
iiin]  MniTtlonia. 


ii   Macedoiii.i  wcrr 
,  Pallcnc,  Chalci- 

acetlonia  i'rom  the 
luutry  l>y   the   Ho- 

)btuine(l  that   rank, 
'iitly  a  place  of  con- 
Macedonia, 
louia,   Dyrrachium, 
aiu,  I'ydna,  Stagira, 


Tozvns.  Uns.a,  on  the  Poneus,  was  among  the  mos. 
con.ido,al.le  to«ns  in  ancient  Thessaly.  It  M.ll  rota.ns  .H 
name,  and  i.  .unv  one  of  the  larRest  towns  m  Ihe  r.-ovn.co 

Vlarsab',  n.nv  t'arsa,  wa.  a  town  oi    Thessaly,    ...  th. 
vicini?;  of  which  were  the  plains  of  I'harsahn,  fan.ons  for 
a  battle  in  which  .'alius  Ciwar  obtained  a  great  v.ctory 

(iver  l*on.l)eV)  'It*  I'-  ^  •  ,  i   i 

Among  the  other  towns  wore  Heraclca,  Lnm.a,   lolcos, 

Demetrias,  Mclibcea,  Magne^-.a,  and  (.onni. 

Zuntains.  On  the  west  side  of  Thessaly  was  I'vuh^- 
In  the  NK.  part  wa..  0/vmyn<-s  the  lop  ot  wh.ch  is  descr.b- 
cd  by  the  ancient  poets  as  reaching  the  to  heavens  and  as 
hoing  the  residcnc'e  of  the  gods,  and  the  ^"-tf  .■"';'';;  1 
Ossa,PclioH,<2:iu,  and   Oihrys  are   all  celebrated  m  an- 

"11!^!%  vale  on  the  Peneus  near  its  mouth,  between 
Olvmpus  and  Ossa,  5  miles  long,  and  of  unequal  breadth, 
wrvery  famous  among  the  ancients  for  romant.c  and 
beautiful  scenery. 


Chifj  lotons. 
}ucas,  ;\ctium 
iihracia,    Buthrotum- 
odona 
ricum,  Panormus 

naval  victory  which 
Cleopatra,  31  B.  C. 

inwealth. 

'J  by  the  poets  among 

ingc,  between  Epirus, 
to  the  Muses.     The 


i,  was  divided  into  5 
iliotis,  Estijeotis,  and 


GREECE  PROPER. 

Chief  towns. 
Athens,  Marathon,  Eleusis 
Megara,  Nisffia 

Thebes,  Platsa,  Cheroncea,  Leactra 
Delphi,  Eiatia,  Anticyra 
Amphissa 
Cvtiuium 
Calydon,  Chalcis,  Naupactus, 

Zhens,  now  Athiiiw,,  or  Sctiucs,  the  capital  of  Attica,  and 
the  most  famous  city  in  Greece,  was  tor  many  years 
ho  most  celebrated  school  in  the  world  for  po  ,te  learn- 
ng,  arts,  and  sciences.  It  gave  birth  to  some  oi  the  m..st 
eminent Vlulosopbers,  poets,  and  statesmen  ot  antu,u.t^ 
The  city  was  adorned  with  many  magnihcen.  ed.hces.  ii 
IS  now  greatly  -educed  from  its  ancient  grandeur,  ami  con- 
tains about  10,0Q0  inhabitants. 


DaUiom. 
Attica 
Megaris 
BiKtica 
Fliocis 
Locris 
Doris 
yEtolia 


u 


'?»1^, 
',.»^ 


vl   ill 
i 


.'.(»■ 


M 


m 


l;ig 


ITALi 


Marathon  is  lamous   lor  a  great  defeat  of  (he  Pcr^inn^l.' 

Miltiiuk's.  ,,..,■  . 

/;/.  i/sa',  now  /    /is»if«,  \*  f;<inous  ior  thf  KluMuuiii  niysU.- 
Tic-.  cclchraled  m  honour  of  Ceres  and  I'roscrinnc,  every 

r/ul.i',now  7Vut'o,the  nipiti.l  of  liu-otia,  was  one  of  the 
i,.;.-,t  (•o.!<iil(M"ible  riuo*  in  iMcoa:  It  i<  nowu  Mnull  town, 
bnt  'xlultits  i.ianv  vostia;es  of  its  ancient  srrandenr. 

Platim  is  celehnilcd  for  the  defeat  oi'  the  Fersian-^,  I'.v 
the  Grecians;  Leuctra,  for  the  .lefoat  of  the  l,acedam.'.r..- 
ansbv  the  Thebans;  and  Chr.nmm  for  the  deleat  vi  tn( 
Athenians  and  Thebans  hy  Phifip. 

Ihln'n,  now  C«srri,  the  capital  of  IMiocis,  situated  at  llu/ 

foot  of  mount  i'an.as.u.,  and  near  the   Castahan    f«""">'": 

r,  famous  for  the  temple  and  oracle  ot   Apollo,      i  he   ty 

thian  i,'ames  were  celebrated  near  this  temple  m  honour  ol 

■\pollo,  in  the  second  year  of  every  Olympiad. 

Mounlains.     Parnamts,  a  high  mounlam   in  Fhocis,  was 

.sacred  to  the  Muses,  Apollo,  and  Bacchus.     Helicon  ^ud 

Pin.pla,  in  Hucotia,  were  sacred  to  the  Muse.s.     In  Attica 

were //,yme«i/s,  famous  for  honey,  and  Pf,ue/u'N,s-,  lamous 

for  marble,     in  I.ocris  was  the  southern  pan   ot  mount 

'ThennopiiU  was  a  narrow  pa=s  between  mount  ^Eta  and 
the  Maiian  -ulf,  leadin-r  from  Thess;ily  to  Locn«  and  I  ho- 
,;is.  It  is  famous  f6r  the  <lcfeat  of  the  Persian  army  by 
300  Spartans  under  Leonidas. 


J'F.Lul'ONNESUS 


Divisions. 

Acliaia 

Eli« 

Messenia 

Laconia 

Arcadia 

Ar^oli^' 


Tmons. 


Torinlh,  Picyon.  Palr<r 
Kli<,  Olympia,  Lepreum 
Messcnc,  Pylos,  Mcthone 
Sparta  nr  Lacedicmori 
Tcg^a,  M«galopolis,  Mantinea 
Argos,  MycensB,  Epidaurus 


(.illTX'E. 


'J4V 


.  ollhc  rcrsiniwbv 

•  Klu*iui;iii  niysU;- 
I'rosci-pine,  every 

lia,  was  one  of  the 
s  iiowu  Miiall  town, 

crnnileur. 
f'Uie   Forsians,  I'.v 
I'  Uie  l.acei'.ani' r.i- 

tlic   ilel'eat   df  the 

ocis,  situated  at  the 
Caslaliaii  I'ountaiti. 
Apollo.  The  Py- 
temjile  in  honour  of 
ympiail 

tain  in  Phocis,  was 
xhuti.  Helicon  and 
2  Muses.  In  Attica 
I  Pe)Hdiai!>.  fanmous 
lern  pan   of  mount 

een  mount (Eta  and 
V  to  Locri«  ami  Pho- 
ic  Persian  army  by 


'/'(/U'iii.  Coriiitit,  situated  on  an  isthnui'^  ol'  J'lO  Minn 
name,  was  one  oi  the  principal  cities  of  Greece,  and  di'^ 
iini,'uis[ied  for  roinmerco,  wealth,  and  the  arts.  The 
Isthmian  cjames  w<  le  <  ilchrattid  on  the  isthmus  ofCorinlh 
in  the  vicuiityof  the  city,    ('urinth  i"^  now  a  small  town. 

Siciinn.  now  BuuHcct,  capUal  ot'tlu-  small  dislrirl  of  Sic- 
yonia,  is  celebrated  as  heiug^  the  most  ancient  city  in 
(ireece. 

Otympia,  now  Laugaiiicr,,  was  famous  for  the  Olympic 
ijames,  which  were  celebrated  here  willi  ti;reat  splen- 
dour in  the  1st  month  of  every  fiUh  year,  and  couiin.ied  5 
days.  From  these  games  the  Greeks  adopted  th,;ir  com- 
putation by  Olymitiads. 

.Vciit'id,  in  AriTolis,  was  famous  for  the  Nema^an  ^nmes. 
S/iarUi^  or  Laccdouaoii,  the  capital  <^(  Laconia.  one  of  the 
most  powerful  cities  of  Greece,  was  celebrated  tor  the 
institutions  of  Lycuro^us.  Tlie  inhal)itants  were  temperate, 
hardy,  and  warlike.  Some  ruins  of  Sparta  arc  to  be  seen 
at  Paleo-Chori,  near  the  town  of  Misitra. 

•  Jrfo.s,  now  Argo,  the  chief  city  of  Argolis,  -till  exists, 
.iiouerh  greatly  reduced. 

Myctna',  the  residence  of  king  Agamemnon,  was  laid  in 
ruins  H.  C.  .'iCO. 

Laken.  Lerm,  a  small  lake  not  far  from  Argos.  was  fa- 
mous for  the  hydra  slain  by  Hercules.  Styinphalus,  a  small 
lake  and  fountain  of  Arcadia,  was  infested  by  voracious 
I'irds. 


S 


Ti/wns. 

Picyon.  Patr<r 
npia,  Lepreum 
Pylos,  Methone 
r  Lacedicmori 
il«galopolis,  Mantinea 
yccnse,  Epidaurus 


ISLANDS  OF  GREECE. 

In  the  Ionian  Sea  were  the  islands  of  Corcyra,  Paxus^ 
I.eucas  or  Leucadia,  Ithaca,   Cep:  alenia,  and  Zacynthus. 

Corcyra  is  famous  for  the  shipwreck  of  IJlysses,  and  the 
gardens  of  Alcinous 

On  the  SVV.  part  of  Leucas  was  tlie  celebrated  promon 
tory,  called  the  Lovers"  Ltup. 

Itliaca  is  famous  for  being  the  residence  of  Ulysses. 

Ciithera^  an  island  south  of  Locojiw,  was  sacred  to  Vcnus.^ 

S'alamis,  an  island  in  the  Saronic  gulf,  on  the  coast  ot 
Attica,  is  famous  for  the  defeat  of  the  Persian  fleet  by 
the  Atheni  ins. 


the  soa,  uixl  annoxo.Ho  Asjn.  ^.p^,,^ 

ami  Amlros-  i.irlh-i.lar.c  of  Apollo  ami  Diana, 

"7]*;::  r/c'XC'a  r™  „.  ..c».„if.a »!..«  „.„.mo. 

The  <,U,er  «,»..  no.e,l  ■''-'Vro'C-S:':"-^""'. 
.cvr..,  belonging  lo  t'-'JJ"  •^  '  XbLu.'  I"  A.i».         . 

„,  ,1,0  mWlc  of  'l."  i»'™'' ",::;°"'; ,  .''i"  ,„ua  no«t  in  size  t. 
'I'Uc  i>rUiciral  town  ol  buli.i  a,  "n 

',;rru\rr;.w:^xrof  ...,o,  »i.o>.»a  he. 

50  which  St.  John  was  banished,  an.l  wnt. 

ReveUaion.        ,  ,     ,   ,  .,^.„,,  the  ancients  lor  its  beau- 

■"rrSfoeS!:;ea..h.vri,.,>,,,nd  was  ..creJ  .0 
Vulcan. 


n  Crpto  nnA  'I'd'- 

ler  tno    division-. 

I  Hclcs ;  tlie  Sjmr- 
-   eastern   »uk  ol 

,01  c   Dclo?,  Cco>f, 
,  Myconiis,  Zcnos', 

Apollo  ami  Diann, 
■ckoin'il  one  ol"  tii<' 

vliitc  maiblc. 

Crete,  F.ubcra,  and 
,  Teiiedo«,  Lesbo?, 
"•liii^  to  Asia. 
\Mub,  is  tamons  lor 
,r  its  huntlretl  cities : 
Goityua,   CyHonia. 

island  next  in  size  to 

nower  l«y  sea,  and 
dedicated  to  the  sun, 
.I'sofllK"  world, 
luno,  who  had  here 

le  for  being  thv.  place 
where  he  wrote  the 

mcients  lor  its  beau- 
ind  for  the   dissolute 

h,  and  was  sacred  to 


ASIA. 


ASIA  MINOR. 

Asia  Minor,  especially  the  western  part,  was  ouupitd 
hicfly  by  Grecian  colonies. 

Toirns, 
i  Cyzicns,  I'ergamus,  Lampsa- 
i      chus,  Abydos 
Troy,  Adraniyttium 
Elea,  Cumx 
^  Kphesus,  Smyrna,  IMiocxu. 
i      Miletus 
Sardis,  Philadelphia,  Thyatira, 

Magnesia 
llalicarnassus,  Cnidiis 
I'atara,  Xanthus 
Perga,  Selga,  Attalia 
Icoiiium,  Derbe,  Lystra 
Tarsus,  Issus 
Mazaca,  Melitene 
Landicca,  Colosss,  Apamoa 
Ancyra,  Tavium 
C  Nicomedla,  Pi'usa,  Ileraclea, 
I     Nice 
Amastris,  Sinoi>e 


'Jitiiionr. 

Mysia 

I'roiis 
Kolia 

Ionia 

Lydia 

('aria 

I,\cia 

I'isida  and  Pamphylia 

I.ycaonia  and  Isauria 

(.'ilicia 

f'appadocia  &. 

nia  Minor 
Phrygia 
G  alalia 


Arme- 


Piithynia 

Paphlagonia 
I'oiitus 


Aniasia,  Trnpezus,  Amicus 


ol'  a 


rcra-amns,   now  Pergamo,  was   once  the  capital 
langdom,  and  containel  a  celebrated  library  of  200,000 
vdliimpK      It  is  now  a  small  town. 

"t"    -the  capital  of  Troas,  was  situated  on  the  Xr.n  hu 
4  miles  from  the  sea,  and  near  Mount   Ida      1     is    amo'-^ 

for  a  memorable  seige  of  10  y«='";;^^' :'W"'tr8 
against  the  Greeks,  who  at  last  took  the  city  B-  C  Uiil. 
No  vestigca  of  this  city  are  now  to  be  seen. 
22 


,5    » 
1 


iili 


.,„j  AMA  MINOI! 

Ephnu.  w»-  ono  r,r  tl.p  most  h,.1..o,1.1  r.t,,..  of  AMri  My 
nor,  a.ul  l.;ul  a  cel.bralcnl  l....,.!.  -.1  £).m..,  wh.rl.  «• .  -. 
.-ounU-il  .)!..•  ot  til.-  seven  won.lern  ol  the  «urUI.     U  «,. 
J-if,  feet  in  length,  an.l  JOO  in  l.rriulth,  snpporte.    I-.V     -T 
marl>le  ,,.llur.  70  feet  h.^h,  an.l  .s  sn.l  to  have  ...on  J., 
years  iu  l.u.Ulinb'— >^l'»'^»"«  '^^"'"'"-  ""''  ""'^  "^  ' 

now  the  mo«t  ,M.pnh.u.  and  ccnmercm     «7  '"Natol 

Haliamnissus,  now  Ho</r.uAi,  the  capital   ot  tana,  is  1. 
mourfor.tH  Mausoleum,  the  tomb  o«' "^"'S  ^  ->-'-;,^';:^ 
was  reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders  ol   the   umld.- 
Here  i«  now  a  scattered  village,  with  many  r.im^. 

.  •.rnmc./u.,  now  /.,  .N-icfe,m./,Mtuated  on  the  eastern  a un 
.,r  th..  I'roponti.,  the  capital  of  B.thyn.a,  was  i  lar^- 
, 'nd  heantiCul  cUv,  and  the  residence  ol  (  onstantmc,- ( 
now  contains  abont  .50,000  mhal-.tants. 

.Sar./<v.  now  Surt,  was  a  r.ch  a.Hl  spl'.nd.d  c.i>,  th  c.  p 
„al  of  Lydia,  and  the  residence  ot  km^  Crtcsu-.— U  now 
contain*  only  a  few  mean  honses.  .  ,      .      „.  ,i 

mZu.  was  a  larc^e,  wealthy,  and  commerc.al  c.ty,  and 
had  a  celebrated  temple  and  oracle  ot  Apollo. 

Tardus,  now  'r.r...,\he  capital  of  C.hc.a,  was  once 
rival  of  (th.M.s  and  Alexandria  in   arts  and  science.  ;    and 
;;Vamous  as  the  birth-place  of  .St.Panl.-U  is  now  a  mean 

'^  At /luv"c;il.cia, Alexander  gained  a  greatvictory  ovrt 

^Tl^c'uU  wa«  a  i>romontorv  opposite  to  the  island  of  Sa- 
,uos,  wl  ere  til"  Ver-.aii  fleet  was  destroyed  by  the  Creeks. 
'  V;  .  ,.ow  hnik.  IS  memorable  0,r  the  '^'^l^'';;^'*^'^ <;";;;- 
cil,  which  w:..  hela  here  in  .i25,  and  wlucb  Iramed  the 

"^r!^ ';!>^n  chunl..  0,- .Lfa,  mentioned  by  St.  John  iu 
ihellevelalion,  v./.  Kphesus,  t^myma,  l'«^''g''";''>  .^^  '1' ' 
ra,  Sardis,  I'hiladelpli.i,  ana  I.aodicea  wore  all  in  the  wes- 
tern  nart  of  Ania  Minor.  i    „  ,„ 

Rivtr-  The  principal  r.vcrs  were  the  Halys,  Lycus, 
San.'arius,  Granicu.s,  Hermus,  Pactolus,  and  M^Bander 

On  the  bank,  of  fhe  Granicn^  Alexander  ohtu.nod  his  hr?^ 


ASIA  MIXOH 


^'il 


1  f  iiicM  of  A«i!\  M'- 
mill,  whicli  wii!?  »<• 
he  uoiUI.  It  w,»' 
siipporteil  l>>  I -T 
to  have  hvcn  ',".'<» 
)w  only  a  It'w  poo'. 

wrrl'iil  <ilv,  iumI  is 
tl  town  ill  Niilolia 
itui  of  Ciiriii,  is  ln- 
iiig  Mausolus,  wliicli 
rs  ot  the  uKilil. — 
many  riiin^. 

oil  the  eaittern  arm 
hvnia,  was*  a  large 

ot'  Constaiilinc.— I' 

il-mliil  cily,  the  rap- 
iijr  Cr{csu''.--lt  now 

ommeriiiil  cily,  ami 
r  Apollo. 

.'ilicia,  was  once  tln' 
a  ami  sciom'es  ;  ami 
1. — U  is  now  a  mean 

I  a  great  victory  ovTt 

to  the  island  ot'  Sa- 
iroycil  by  the  Greeks. 

the  celt'lirated  coun- 
id  which  framed  the 

ioned  hy  St.  John  iii 
a,  I'cigamos,  'I'hyati- 
iiw.  re  all  in  the  wes- 

•e  the   Halys,  Lycus, 
lus,  and  Msander. 
inder  obtained  his  fir?^ 


nrtory  over  the   I'erHian^  H.  C  UJl.     Th.    Maandir  i». 
•■.mioii*  fi)r  il»*  winding*. 

'I'he  Pnctolus  k  Ucnnv)^  according  to  the  anciontp,  tlow 
.il  tiver  golden  Rami. 

MmmUiim.  TaiiriH  ii  tlir  principal  chain  o(  moimtam* 
,n  X^ia  Minor.  Olympus  Tmohi-,  and  Ida  are  celebrated 
inoiiiilaiii-.  The  highest  summit  of  Mount  Ida,  was  called 
iiargani«i. 

/v/<(ii(/«.  The  ({reek  islands  in*Eg«an  sea  have  been 
Jreadv  nienlioned.  . 

ry/.n/*,  a  large  island,  was  celebrated  lor  its  fertility. 
,mple  population,  and  especially  for  the  gaiety  ot  its  m- 
Il  iltitai..-*.     7^/'"*  "'"'  *"'""''^  were  the  duel  towns. 

There  were  '6  celebrated  temples,  'Z  sacred  to  Venus 
jnd  1  to  Jupiter. 


COLCHIS,  IBERIA,  &  ALBANIA. 

These  contries  were  situated  between  the  Euxine  anc! 
Caspian  seas,     riums,  in  Colchis,  is   famous  for  the  expc 
dition  of  the  Argonauts  in  search  of  the  Golden  Fleece 


ARMENIA. 


Chief  cities.     The  chief  cities  were  Artaxata,  iwid  Ti 
lanocerta. 
Mountains.  T 
Taurus,  Ararat. 


granocerta. 
Mountains.  The  principal  mountains  were  Taurus,  Anti 


MESOPOTAMIA. 

This  country  was  situated  betwceo  the  rivers  Euphm 
«os  and  Tigris,  south  of  Armenia,  and  above  Uabylonia. 

Clii,  f  timns.  L'(/ewa,  now  Onrhi.  was  the  capital. — It 
f  now  a  considerable  town,  containii  g  about  10,000  in- 
iv.ibitants. 

('(irnr,{l!aran  and  Cknrran  in  the  Scripture*,)  mw  Ueren, 
was  a  Mvv  ancient  citv,  fmm  which  Abr.iham  de^.artod  tor 


ih2 


SVUIA. 


thnlamUfCuoann.     U  .  -No  i«mou,  for  .h.   .Icn.h  o. 

'■'S.   uo.  Au6i«,  «a.  once   u  cclcbvatca    .M  ."v 
^lo^tullt  city. 


Chnf  tomni 
SsiiiMi^atii 


C  Ai»tioc.li,  Apamoii, 

r)ainii"*ciiy,  I'almjrii 
Tyre.  Siilon 
Jerusalem 


SYRIA. 

Cominat;(!iic  ^ 

.     Scleiicis  or  Syria  Tropf  r 

Ca*lo-Svria 
Phoenicia 

c'f ''"moc/.,  .ituate.1  on  the  Oronte^,  l" -^^  »J^ 

I      lf.,„<.  history  —It  is  Mill  a  lar^'c  city, 
aiul  i.rotar  o  l"«t«ry        i  ^^^     Damascus,  in 

ra<mi/r((,or  JaJmnr,  US  n ules  we"\"'  *  VKhil.its  the 

-  jl:i^irsr:?,^:;r.;n  {5- ■ ^■ 

l.al.ilc.l  ••l'"''l.';'.V.I''«''"""'''-.  „„,,,„, „„i  c!  11.0   M«.li- 

■•■"^;i:;;r'S;:';;;s;.  ...„ , »« i,cw„„„ .. 

I.ibanus,  aiivl  Anti-L.hauus 


clcbruteil  ;""'  if^ 


nftnrrni. 

iino'<alti 

Uioch,  Apaincn, 

llcliiipoli'',  Kmcsii 
ainiiscuf,  I'iilmyni 
yie.  Siilon 
•rusniem 
ntcd,  18  miles  above 
ml  profane  history, 
chidc'iicooltho  Mac- 
I  tiiiit'  acrouiited  the 
1(1  iiopiilalion. — It  is 

than   20,000  jnhahi- 

a  very  ancient  city, 

jious  in  both  sacreil 

c  city. 

:^NW.   Damascus,  i:* 

enttemph'ofthesun. 

if  the  EuphratPS  wns 

ml  now   j'xhibitM  the 

liic  sun,  otlitT  build- 
|iiilcbi»-'. 

ul'  I'luiuicia,  loiMulcd 
iiM  of  Ibe  Me.lit.rrn- 
m-c  cclcbtatfd  lor  iH 
miserable   village,  in- 

le  coast  of  the  Mcdi- 
i  vi-TV  ancient  city  »it 
ominorcp.  It  is  now  the 
M-able   trade,  ami  cm- 

it  i:ns  arc  Lebanon  or 


PAI.K^TIM.. 

.V.,fflt>,  Thi*  c.unlry  was  lir*t  called  the  Lan.l  of  Ca- 
n«a,„all.,Mv.rd.  the  l.wul  '>(  IT.n.i^e  or  the  1  rormMMl 
l,„ml,  the  Laiu!  .f  l-ra.  1,  Judea,  I'ukMaK-,  and  the  Holy 
Lund. 

])a'i>ian,.  The  country  «as  uncienlly  divided  into  If 
parlor  tribe.;  aft.rwanis  into  th-'  two  k'"!?''""'; /' •'»; 
dab  and  Israel ;  and  bi-tiy,  under  the  Homan*,  into  thre.' 
l>rovinct"*. 


J'romicti. 
(Jalilee 
."iamaria 
Judea 


Clii/lownf. 
N'n/.nrclh.  Tiberias,  Capernaum 
Siinmiia,  -Jirsarca,  Shccheni 
JcruHal     \,  Hebron   Jcric'io,  .loppa 


Chief  taz>:us.  Jeniuilan,  the  capi  .  o  Judea  and  the 
d.ief  c.tv  of  Palestine,  was  built  .  ■  -  bills  /ion,  Moriuh, 
Acra,  nul  Hezeta.  Mount  Calvary,  another  hH,  wa^  with- 
out tiie  ancient  walls  «  •  U  :■  nflvth  Mde.  U  .  cebbraled 
iM-vond  all  other  citie«  m  i.  red  history,  and  is  rendered 
memorable  by  the  death  and  resurrection  ot  our  blo.scd 
Saviour.— It  is  still  a  con^derable  town. 

Sumaria,  situated  'M  miles  N.  Jerusalem,  was  the  caiu- 
tul  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel.— It  is  now  m  ruuis. 

demrea,  situated  on  the  coast  ol  the  Mediterranean,  .52 
nules  NNW.  Jerusalem  was  anciently  a  maBuihcent  city, 
and  the  scat  of  the  Roman  governors.— It  is  now   a  heap 

"'  Hahlehm,  G  miles  SW.  Jerusalem,  is  memorable  as  the 
birth-place  of  our  Saviour. 

Uehron,  now  /:/ K7<a/i/,  22  miles  SSW.  Jerusalem,  near 
the  plain  of  Mamre,  was  for  seven  years  the  royal  resi- 

deuce  of  David.  ,  ,  . 

Jerkh:  '  miles  ENE.  Jerusalem,  situated  on  a  pl.un 
abound!..^'  -  ;  palm  trees,  was  once  an  important  city,  butia 
now  reduced  to  a  mi^eralde  villupc. 

Jopva,  now  Jojfo,  the  port  oi  Jerusalem,  trom  wb  c 
citv  It  is  34  miles  WWV.— It  is  now  much  reduced,  Cut 
'till  contaius  G  or  7,000  inhabitants. 


#' 


HI      :»,* 


v 

St  " 


.     .  T  (..,;„    .1".  X  |)v  K.  Ji-nivalcir.,   ■^'iuW- 


after  Hie 


the  capital  of  thoSamamans.  ^'^"'-—^^,,^^,a   on   ti.e 
Becrsheba.,  a  town  ol    -^^ , f    ^^  ■"„,i  ^  the  nmlh 

soutLon.  border  "^  ^^t' w  s  le    Uy  ol  Dun,  afterward, 
border,  15G  mdeyk^aut,  was    -.^  c  )  ;^^  ^ 

called  Cxsarea.Fkihi.pu      1  lc"tc  i  c   i  ,    ,,    -, 

the  lunitsof  the  country,  "  1'  om  ^^"^    '^"'j^^  ,^,    ,•,   is  at 
,,cco,  or  Ptokm.»,  now  ;^-;;.^^  „"    rcoai'and  con- 
present  the  mo.t  'niporlan  J^eapo     on  ^  ^.^ 

[f\^',l;;rc"^u"S;t■Jlc.;  i:.^ .- . ,... 

n..;.,  A'..i.^',  -i.t".«.  k"^  ^■;'f»;l""' """""  "' "" 

lU  wal/r  is  cle»r  and  '■'^'''•''"'.^[hTa^y  other  hUWr- 

'»'?;rL*:/\o».».^.^ca»c,|^so.|.e.^«^^^^^ 

„f  great  celebrity  in  the  •»""  ""''K|,„  Merom  aod 
SaSi:^JSr"".^=  ratut'to  ™iie„  So.. 
,„to  the  Dead  Sea  „„arkDble  moanUin'  were  Ub- 

jrifron.  rnraiTK.  Ephr.i,„,aad  Ehal. 


I'Al.KsTlNL. 


-.'LiJ 


■i,  w.is  I'ot  a  loiiij 
yr  ;iiul  iini'Oi'liiul 

uiukal.lc  for  tho 
ic  sec  ofiiu  arcb- 

nilt^s  ^^.  Saiuunii, 
tnanc/.cr,  b«;amc 
oiis«i(le ruble  town, 
i  -tiluutcd  on  tilt; 
iuul  on  the  noilh 
r  Dan,  ufterwartls 
,hrnse  to  expri'-- 
)  Beershel)ii."' 
ilcs  b.  Tjvo,  is  ul 
lie  coa-'t,  and  con- 
amous  lor  a  sii-.' 
UO,UOO  live*  wen 

the  country  of  the 

:a,  Lake  of  Gouos- 

ydom,  Salt  Sea,  and 
,  ami  10  or  lij  broad, 
[imonly  salt  and  bit- 
n  any  other  liither- 
weight  consists  of 

the  Sea  uf  Tibcrios. 
and  0  broad.  U  i^^ 
1  a  beautiful  and  pic- 

river  in  Valentine,  i= 
ings.  It  rises  from 
Th^lakes  Merom  and 
'out  150  miles,  flows 

mountains  were  Leb- 
lim,  and  Ebal 


Face  of  the  co,m'H.     The  iaco   ol  .he   couulrj   .-  I'Ci.u- 
tifiiliv  vurieguKHi  l.y  moiintans  hill     valk-v-,  ami  y\^^u<. 

S.  The  Scni.iures,  in  .le.cnhms  the  i;n  at  irmllui 
nt^s  of  this  country,  cha.acleri/.e  it  as  "  a  land  lio»vmg 
with  milk  and  honey."  In  modern  l.mes  the  r ..-.v.  ..,u 
of  the  "^oil  ha>  been  Jrrrai.y  ne-Ucte.l,  hul  where  v.ell  at- 
tended to,  n.  ,n  .'^omc  j.arts  of  it  in  Ihe  v.cm.ly  ol  Jen;-a,en. 
un.!  .Nablous,  the  country  is  very  j.n)ductive. 

rroiluctlans.  I'alcstine  abounds  with  ahne-t  eyevy  arti- 
cle tl.at  i^  necessary  or  useful  for  the  lile  oi  man ;  a.s 
wheat,  barley,  pulse  of  all  kinds,  fru.t,  wme,  oil,  tobacco, 

-ctton,  aud  silk.  ,.     ,  ■      i.      i  i    „ 

Clhiate.  The  climate  is  exceedingly  good.  It  seldom 
rains  here,  but  the  detkiency  is  supplied  by  the  mo^t  al,un- 
riant  dews.  The  cold  is  never  excessive  ;  and  a  though  the 
.summer  heats  are  great,  yet  they  are  mitigated  by  a  peri- 
odical breeze  which  renders  them  supportable. 

yoiudaiiva.  The  land  of  Canaan  conlaiiud  a  grea 
number  of  cities  and  villages  at  the  time  it  was  invaded 
by  the  Israelites,  and  in  after  ages  it  was  very  popu- 
iL!  In  the  time  of  David  there  were  M 00,000  corn- 
butants  in  the  kingdom  of  Israel ;  am  fiom  this  the  total 
po[.ulation  has  been  computed  at  8,000,000. 

ri:H.EA. 

reran.,  more  anciently  called  dead,  lay  beyond  the 
.lordan,  between  that  river  and  Arabia.  A  part  ot  the 
country  belonged  to  the  Israelites.  It  was  generally  rough 
and  barren,  and  divided  into  various  districts. 

.Mountain.*.  The  principal  mountains  were  Pisgah,  ^e- 
bo,  aniTthe  mountains  of  Gilead. 

Idamea,  or  Edam,  lay  south  of  Palestine  and  the  Dead 
Sea;  and  east  of  the  Dead  Sea  was  the  country  of  Moab 
«nd  Midian. 


Divisions. 
Arabia  Deserta 
Arabia  Fctraea 
Ari'.bia  Felix 


ARABIA. 

Town*. 
Thapsacus 
Petra,  E/ion-geher 
Subo 


-M 


^.»4- 


roG 


AUAWA. 


ir.,nt(.»u.     The  moMMtain.  Sinai  an.l  lloreb,  s.tuutcd 


S.I'IM'U 


-torv 


ORIENTAL  KINGDOMS 


Assyria 
lliibvlciu:i.Pi-ChaUlea 

Mo.ii.i 

l>.irtlii;i 

Vcr^i.i 


Chirf  Cities. 

Ninevoii,  or  Ninus 

Riih^lon 
Kcl)atiuui 

llccitoiu-i.ylos  ClGsii.hoii 
I-'er=epolis,  Susa,  Pasargada 

Xi-v-rh  a  voivai.cinnt  and  splcmlid  rity.  situated  on 
the  Ti-'S  c-^i>ilil  of  the  powerful  kiMf^dom  ot  AHsjr.a, 
was  !  ^;;.i;s  S  circit,  surrou.ul<.d  by  a  wall  «OCHeet  u^j, 
on  the  tot.  of  which  three  chariots  could  ride  abreas  . 
Son  e  of  its  ruins  are  to  be  seen  at  Nunia,  opposite  iMosu  . 

Thibl     one  of  the  most  renowned  c.tios  .n  the  ^^orld, 
stc^S!:^.;;^  -,es  of  the  Euphrates     ^i  v..  surroun  o 
by  a  wall  which  was  GO  miles  .n  circuit,  .7    '^^\'-»»;^''  "J 
•Vk)  feet  high,  and  was  accounted  one  of    ho  ^even  won 
den  if  the^vorld.-EKtensive  ruins  of  this  city  are  now 

";S^;:;;c:Xl^;^ofMedia,wasacityof..at^.^^^ 
dour  and  was  surrounded  by  seven  wall:.  Hamad.in,  a 
c  Sile  city,  is  supposed  to  stand  -  the^me  ^^ 

Hecatom-vvloL  now  Damegan,  was  the  capital    ol  far 
thif  trcO-N  r^o^yModain,  was  the  winter  residence 
of    he    in-.     At  Ctesiphon  was  a  palace  described  as   he 
Ifnitgnitkent  work  in  the  East.     Us  ruins  are  .till  to 

""" Spoils,  a  splendid  city,  was  destroyed  by  Alexander. 
It  row  exhibits  extensive  ruins  near  Lstachar. 

W,  n  the  scriptures  ^nuskan,  was  a  very  -^'^f '  '^n 
and  sp  eudid  city,  and  the  «^nter  residence  of  he  lers.an 
kir.-s  Tostar  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  ""  't^.^'<^\' .^J 
olliers  the  extensive  ruins  of  SUus,  25  miles  further  >vest, 
arc  thought  to  indicate  its  situivtion. 


lloreh,  Pitiiutcd 
ire  celtl'i'iUeil  iu 


F 


AFRICA. 


25'^ 


Fasargada,  now  Pasa,  was  a  royal  c.ty,  and  the  burial 

.gieat  battle  fought  Dear  .t,  between  Alexander  and  Da 
lius. 


in  us 


AFRICA 


,  Cle!sii>hoii 
i-.i,  Fasargada 

rity.  situated  on 
i<rdom  of  Assyria, 
wall  100  feet  high, 
ould  ride  abreast, 
ia,  opposite  Mosul. 
:itics  in  the  world, 

It  was  surrounded 
G7  feel  Uiick,  and 
of  the  seven  won- 
'  this  city  arc  now 

city  of  great  si)len- 
vall'-:.  llamadan,  a 
)n  the  same  site. 
he  capital  of  Par- 
he  winter  residence 
ce  described  as  the 
;s  ruins  are  still  to 

oycd  by  Alexander, 
tachar. 

very  ancient,  large. 

cncc  of  the  Persian 

)  be  on  its  site  ;  by 

miles  further  >vest, 


Lower  iEgypt 
Heptanomis 
Upper  iEgypt  or  ? 
Thebaid  $ 


jEGYPT. 

Totcnt. 
AlexHndria,Canopus,On  or  Helicpolis 
Memphis,  Arsinoe,  Hermopohs 

Thebes,  Abydos,  Ccptos 


Memphis,  the  metropolis  of  all  Egypt,  «;a«  «  ^f^^f^^^ 
city.  It  was  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile,  a  lew 
miles  southwest  of  Cairo.  ^.,„n;rirf-nt 

'i7,e6«,  tlic  capital  of  Upper  ^.gypt,  was  «  magmficen 
city,  lamous  for  its  hundred  gates,  the   heme  ""'l  ■"''  ""^ 
tion  of  ancient  poets  and  historians.     The  site,  v h.ch  ^  -^ 
n>iles  m  circuit,  is  covered  with  splended  rum.,  and  contau.s 
several  villages,  the  principal  oi  which  is  Luxor. 

;," La^riJ'was  at  m.^  time  the  greatest  -mmorcjaU^ 
in  the   world,  and  before    the  discovery    ot  ^  ';^  P^^^..'^^ 
around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,was   he  groa    m.n t  o,  a 
thp  merchandise  between  Kurope  and  the  1...  i  inrtie.. 
Is  now  reduced  to  a  small  town,  anj  exhibits  many  ma,, 

'''tt'sL'lf  the  extreme  town  of  Upper  .Egypt,  there  was  a 
.etbr?  0  utlC'he  bottom  of  which  at  the  ^mnmer  sols, 
tit,  was  exactll' Illuminated,  the  sun  being  perpendicular 

"l^^riies.  ^gypt  w..  an  *ocienl  and  celeovaled  .chool 


258 


AFRICA. 


.^1 


of  learning,  ani\  it  now  abounds  with  stupendous  monu 
inents  of  ancient  art  ami  magnificence. 

The  mjmmids,  are  the  most  celtt-rated  of  those  monu- 
ments, ami  were  reckoned  by  the  ancients  one  oi  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world.  The  principal  ones  stand  nearly 
opposite  to  Cairo.  The  perpendicular  height  of  the  largest 
one  is  about  500  feet.  Tlio  pyrajnids  ar^  ofso  remote  anti- 
quity that  their  foundation  is  unknown.  They  are  thought 
to  have  been  intended  for  royal  sepuhhres. 

The  Catacn.nbs  or  nivinmij-pits  are  subterraneoiis  galler- 
ies of  prodifrious  extent,  appropriated  to  the  reception  of 
the  dead.  I'.mbalmed  bodies,  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion, supposed  to  have  been  deposited  here  3  or  lOOOyeara 
ago,  are  obtained  from  these  vaults. 

The  Lahyrintk  was  a  famous  edifice  near  Arsjnoe,  built  ot 
marble,  under  ground,  consisting  of  12  palaces  and  3,000 
chambers,  commuuicalmg  With  one  .uother  by  innumei-able 

windings. 

Lake  Moris,  an  immense  reservoir,  about  220  miles  in 
circuit,  is  si.id  to  have  been  dug  by  a  king  of  the  same 
name  in  order  to  contain  superfluous  waters  during  the  in- 
undation  of  the  T^ile. 

The  T'.-i-er  of  Pharos  near  Alexandria  was  built  ot 
white  marble,  and  could  be  seen  100  miles.  It  is  some- 
times reckoned  among  the  7  wonders  of  the  world. 

The  l.undof  (JoiJitn  was  in  the  eastern   i>art  of  lower 

Egypt. 

Other  principal  coitnirie:   ui  the  north  oj  .?//•«£/ 

To^'-ns. 

\,y\Hn  Cy. .  :  e,  I'tolemais,  Berenice 

AtVica  i'roper       Carthage,  Utica 

Numidia  Cirta,  Hippo  Regius,  Vacca 

Mauretania  Ca'.sarea,  Tingis 

Carth,i-c,  an  ancient  and  celeb.-ited  city,  w,:s  nee  the 
rival  of  Rome,  and  i«  said  to  have  contained,  durmg  the 
Funic  w.irs  700,000  inhabitants.  Us  site  10  miles  NK.  1  u- 
nis  and  is  covered  with  various  ruins.  The  most  splendid 
monumeut  i-  the  great  cistern,  by  which  water  was  convej 
cd  to  the  city  from  the  distance  of  50  or  GO  milci. 


?tupeii(lou8  monu 

'a\  of  those  monu- 
Is  one  nl  the  seven 
mes  stand  nenri/ 
ight  of  the  largest 
5  ofso  remote  anti- 
They  are  thought 
res. 

terraneous  galler- 

0  the  reception  of 

stiUe  of  pre^ervrt- 

ire  3  or  4000  yeara 

ar  Arsjnoe,  huilt  of 

palaces  and  3,000 

ler  by  innumerable 

about  220  miles  m 

king  of  the  same 

■aters  during  the  in- 

idria  was    built  of 
miles.     It  is  some- 
f  the  world. 
;cra   ['art  of  lowei 


jrtfi  oj  .'Ifrica. 

.s. 

lis,  Berenice 

gius,  Vacca 


city,  w,:s    nee 


the 


jntained,  duruig  the 
ite  10  miles  NK.  Tu- 
The  most  splendid 
;h  water  was  convej 
or  GO  milei. 


AFRICA. 


'JuH 


Uiica,  now  Bon  Shuttrr,  was  20  miles  N'.  oi"  Tunis  antl  is 
memorable  for  the  death  of  Cato.  The  ruins  of  the  city 
ari'  luiw  >isiblf. 

Ciria,  now  L'onstantina,  was  the  capital  of  Numiilia,  a 
largo  city,  Imilt  upoh  a  high  rock,  and  celebrated  as  the 
ancient  bulwark  oithc  country      It  is  now  a  largo  town. 

L'<M(frffl,  now  Shersheil,w7\<*  a  principal  town  of  .Maureta- 
nia.  Its  ruins  'a-e  said  not  to  be  inferior  to  those  of  Car- 
thago. 

ilippo  Regius,  situated  near  where  Bona  now  stand.-,  was 
the  episcopal  seat  of  St.  Augustine. 

Znma  is  tamous  for  the  defeat  of  Hannibal  by  Scipio  AIn- 
:anus. 

>b'i(/da/u,  now  SpoHL,  .a  a  large  town,  and  its  Mto  now 
t:\hibits  extensive  ruins 


llxUnt  of  some  of  the  most  cor.ndcrallc  Empires  of  An 
tiquUij  according  to  Tytler. 

The  Km])ire  of  Assyria,  under  Ninus  and  Semirainir 
.iliout  2200  I).  C,  comprehended  Asia  Minor,  Colchis, 
Assyria,  Media,  Chaldea,  Egyiit. 

The  r.mpire  of  Assvhia,  as  divided  about  820  B.  C, 
formed  throe  Kingdoms,  Media,  Baby lo-Chaldea  (Syr'U  and 
Chaldea,)  Lydia  (all  Asia  Minor.) 

The  Empire  of  the  rtasiANs,  under  Daimus  Hystaspe*, 
.■j22  B.  C,  comji-ehended,  Persi.%  Susiana,  Chaldea,  As^^yr- 
ia,  Media,  Bactriana,  Armenia,  .\sia,  Barthia,  Iberia,  Alba- 
nia, Colchis,  Asl,^  Minor,  Egypt,  part  of  Ethiopia,  part  of 
Scythia. 

The  Empire  of  Ai  v.XANDF.n  Tim  great,  330  B.  C,  consist- 
ed of,  1,  all  Macedonia  and  Greece,  except  Peloponnesus  ; 
'?.  all  the  Persian  Empire,  aa  aUove  de.scribcd  :  3,  India  f» 


.-«Mi|PMMM 


^^,,,  ANCIENT  EMl'lllES. 

'•'"''':''■■'''',  .,„.s„„, ....!,«. i.vij.-.i,3«''- ^■ 

.e'"' c'S",:',  C»-S  ^>"-'-"  """  '"""" 
Empire  of  ]•("'<""¥• 
Lvl.i.,ArablH,C.clo-Syna,rule.tme. 

Empire  of  Casmnder- 
Macedonia,  Greece. 

Empire  nf  Lydmac'^'^- 
Thri.."e,  lUlUyum- 

Empire  of  Sckucus. 

.     •         .,  Ml  the  rest  ol  Alexander's  empire, 
^vria,  aiul  all  m'  »^  "■ 

....   140  13  C.  comprehend- 

il', '„;„un;ia;u,cli„  .0  .be  Win-- 

I      .1,0  KiiK---*    was  conlmed  to 

lie,  Proper  ^.-...t  1-      „,>  '^;,!  J,,,'  M,»i>,  Thrace, 

KrAr.n*;:'^»s<^''-»'^^"'''^^"" 

V„,,ermcn,npe..r....efoU.,«i„BCOun.™'-«- 
c1„r,c.l  inc  l<'""™.!'''°";Simr,  Piclmcnl,  S:c,.  Uhlli», 

K^j^ii:fi-:-r:;.'^siu..,Ar..c„.,A..,-.. 

Arabia,  Egypv 

to  Ea^tkun  and  W'  -•  -^n  j  i.  ,^f     vernmeut. 

pii-e  had  a  disUnct  c;-i.ital  or  .eai      n 


!  laxartes  or  Ta\) 

ividoi!,  30G  K.  C 
8,  and  tfelcucns. 


1  empire. 

B.  C  compreheud- 
actriuna,  Babylonia, 


ANCIENT  KMriRF.S 


'JG 1 


llu'  extent  of  i>;.ch  diviMon  vva^  flnrtuaimp;  lioni  lime  to 
nn.'  i  l>ut,  in  gonLial,  Ihr  Wi  sti.un  V.npiro  compirhmdod 
'l.ily,  lllyriii,  Afn.a,  ^pain,  the  (i.iuls  linlam, 

1  The  EA'-TniN  Empire  rompnli'inlcd  Egypt,  'I'hriire, 
k  Duf  in,  Macedonia,  Asia  Minor,  ronlu.i,  Armenia.  Assyria, 
Media,  v^c. 

The  EMr.ar.  of  rMAni.F.MA,.NK,  A.  D.  Coa,  comprehended 
France,  Marca  llispimica  (or  Navarro  and  Catalonia,)  Ma- 
loica,  Minorca,  and  Ivica,  Corsicn,  Italy  ■■'^/'»r/;'«.t>i  =»^Na- 
,W'>,  Istria,  Eibnmia,  Palmatia,  Uhaitia,  Vindellcia,  Nori^ 
•„m,  Germany,  iVoin  tlie  Rhine  to  the  Oder,  and  to  the 
liimks  of  llie  Ualtie. 

France  contained,  1.  Neustria,  comprehending^  Britany, 
Sormandy,  l^le  of  France,  Orlrannois ;  2,  Austria,  roni- 
nrchendinL'  Ficardv,  and  C:hampagnc  ;  :J,  Aipiitania,  com- 
l-ieliending  Guienne,  and  Ga^cony  ;  t,  Burgnndia,  coniprc- 
luMKiini?  Ihirgnndy,  Lyonnois,  Languedoc,  Danpliim-,  1  lov 
pre. 


rj(.  was  conllned  tc 
ad  it. 

the  Repuhhc,  com- 
1  part  of  Britain,  Af- 
ria,  Istria,  Liburnia, 
ua,  Mtc'^ia,  Thrace, 
I,  Egypt. 

r  countries  were  re- 

icdmrnt,  kc.  Uhactia, 
us,  Armenia,  Assyria, 


divided  the  Empire  m      ^ 
.  Constantine  each  ec: 
•vovernmeot. 


S3 


i. 


lit 


TABLES 

Kxhib.tii.K  the  ancient  names  of  the  cities,  t(--^»*,  rxvcrs,  m- 
aur/v,  &:c.  together  with  ihc\v  promnciation.  and  the  cor- 
v...,.oruh..g  modern  names ;  also  the  ancient  country  oi 
,,roi'i»cc  ii.  which  the  cities  and  towns  wem  B.tuated 


.•/nClt/^^ 
\b-de  ra 
\h-el-li'iiuni 
A-bes'te 
A-ljy'dos 
A-by'dos 
Acb-c-run  ti-a 
Ac'li-um 
,\d-ra-rpyt  ti-uin 

.'E'gi-  im 

\l-ba-Lou'ga 

A-le'si-a 

Al-cx-an  dri-u 

Al-f'K-an'ilri-a 

Al-cx-an  di'i-a 

Al-ex-aii'dri-a 

Al-ex-aii'dri-a 

A-ma'si-a 

A-mas'trirt 

Am-braci-a 

A-mi'da 

A-mi'sus 

Am-ph  ip'o-lis 

Amphi  s'sa 


Cities  and  Towns. 

Country  or  province. 
Thrace 
Cami)ania 
Persia 

Mysia 

Auplia 

Epirns 

Mysia 

^Vchaia 

Lativim 

Gaul 

Syria 

.^•.gypt 

Mysia 

Sogdiana 

Aria 

Pontus 

Paphlagonia 

Epirus     near 

Mesopotamia 

Pontiis 

Macedonia 

Locrts 


.Modern. 
Astrizza 
Avellino 
Bost 
Madfiine 
Nagara 
Acerenza 
Azio 
Adramiti 
Vortitza 
Albalio 
Alise 
it  Alexandretta    or 
f      Scanderoon 
Alexandria 
Eski-Stamboul 
Termed 
Corra 
Amasia 
Amasreh 
Arta 

Diarbekir 
Samsoun 
Emboli 
Salona 


*3    Ai 


CITIES  AM)  TOWNS. 


90;- 


toiiUh.   riven,  1st 
■itiwi,  and  tlic  cor- 
tncient  foinilriy   or 

were  situated 


Modern. 

istrizza 
Uellino 

:5ost 

\agara 
\ceren/.a 
Azio 
Adramiti 
Vortitza 
Alhalio 
AHse 

Alexandretta    or 
Scanderoon 

Alexandria 

Eski-Stamboul 

Termed 

Corra 

Amasia 

Amasreh 
,rta 

Diaibekii 
Samsoun 
Emboli 
Salona 


.Intitni. 
An'a-thoth 
An-co'na 
An-cy'ra 
An-ticy-ra 
An'ti-och 
An  ti-och 
An-ti4)'a-tris 
An-tipo-lis 
i\nti-um 
Ap-a-me'a  or  Ce- 

ItE-ne 
Ap-a-me  a 
Aji-a-mea 
A|)he-fai 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap'pi-i-Fo'rum 
A-fpii-lei-a 
A-qui'num 
Ar  be'la 
Ar'de-a 
'ir'gros 

Ai-i-ma-the'a 
Ar'o-er 

Ar-siii'o-e,        or 
Croc-o-di-lop'- 
o-lis 
Ar-sin'o-o,orCle- 

op'a-lris 
Ar-tax'a  ta 
Ar-t«;-riii  la 
Ash'dod  or  A 
A?'''c-lon 
.*  .-pa-dona, 
As'sos 
Atli'ons 
At-tali-a 
\t-ta'li-a 


Counlry. 

Judea 

Picelimn 

Galiitia 

IMiocIh 

Syria 

I'isidia 

Palestine 

Gaul 

Italy 

>   Phrygia 

Syria 

Babylonia 

Thessaly 

Epirus 

Macedonia 

Thrace 

Bithynia 

Italy 

Venetia 

Latium 

Assyria 

Latiurr, 

Argolis 

Palestine 

Palestine 

/Egypt 


.^gypt 

Armenia 
Armenia 
zo'tus  Palestine 
Palestine 
Persia 
Troa.' 
Attica 
I,ydi;i 
Panaiihylja 


Modern. 
Jeremiah 
Ancona 
Angiira 
Aspro-Spitiii 
Antinch,  or  Antakr.i 
Akshehr 

Antibes 
Anzio 

Aphiom-kara-hissai 

Famieh 

Coma 

Fetio 

Polonia 

I'olina 

Sizeboli 

Abouillona 

Fossa  Nuova 

Aquilcia 

Aquino 

Erbil 

Ardia 

Argo 

Ramla 


Medinet  Fars 

Suez 

Ardesh 

Van 

Ezdoud 

Ascalon 

Ispahan 

Asso 

Athens,  or  Sefine* 

Itaiah 

Satalia 


»^< 


^ll 


■iOl 


CITIES  ANO  TO\VN>. 


m 

'mi: 


Cuwilry. 
l,il)yu 


.Ineicnt. 
\ii-li-(l<'"" 

Aii-i,Mi>lii     Tail-)    (,,,iy 

ri-ixMUni  ) 

\u-«usti\Vm-tlc-;   j;|,a.i,;i 


s 


'hU<-i 


h-co'rvitn 

Auli-i 

Ans-iiiiu: 

\v-;i-iicnni 

.\-/.(ttU'.-lV 

r.ac  ir.i  <n'  /iii-i- , 
as  pa  ! 

Bai-ix! 
Fari-um 
Ikn-e-vcnlum 
f.er-c-ni'cc 
Hr  r-c -111  ce 

Ho-ia'ii 

tic-rifia 

Bc-ioBU 

lie-ri  -a 

l'.Ol'.V-tllr 

V.otlia-iiy 

I'.olli  Ic-lwiii 
r.cth-si  i-»1a 

r.oz't  111 

I'.ri-ijai.  II  i» 
jiris-oll'iiii 
I'lrixi-a 
|',iim-ilM.v.-ui» 

iiur-<lit;'a-l  ^ 
|!ii-5iii'^ 
r.iitli-i'otiiii. 
i'.v-z-.iiriiiiui 

t\r-ar-.\>i  g"- 
(  a-.-.-a-re'a 
c'a^s  a-n'a 
rir«-a-rfj'.!     I' 

'4' I" 


l^a'otia 

/KtliioiMa 

Caul 

Clialtlia  near 
.    Ijactiiaiui 

'    Hilly 
Ualy 
Italy 
liiliya 
Arabia 
Hyria 
Macedonia 
Tlnaco 
I'ontiis 
I'haMiii  II 
I'alostinc 
'    I'aleMiuo 
I'alcstiiui 
l'!\WM   -e 
Syria 
lUia'i  I 
Italy 
Italy 
Italy 

,\.;ilii:ii'.  • 

.Kif.v'i't 

.r,[Miii- 

Tiirac" 
;a       ^iiaiii 

l*al(>e1iti»'' 
(  apiuiilu*  ia 


"1 


Pale-tiiUi 


J^lodsrn 

AirKl*""!* 
Aii^ila 

Turin 

Aiip^burg 

Mcgalu-Vallii 

Axuiii 

nonrgf'.!" 

I  [dial. 
Balk 

Baia 

Hari 

lieiicviMito 

HiiijXazi 

Atcaba 

Aloj>\io 

\  cria 
|>Ui^,nlra 

'I'oc  it 

Bairont 

Uclliaiiy 

lictlul 

l',itlil<'li*'ii» 

liailfiilii 

]\o*ra 

I!rc2;riit/. 

r>.M>i'llw 
I'.i-i-cia 
r.rimli-i 
Ikiui^li'ii'iv- 

Abui*ii" 

r.iilriuto 

(•  ,u^talltinol)le 

Saragosi«a 

Cjp?arcii 

Kaisarieh 

I'aneas 


T 


(jrnE>  AM.  TOWNS. 


'^o& 


Modtrn  ■ 

Ui'.;ilci 
ruriii 

.\n-;*burg 

Mi't;alo-Viilhi 

Axniii 

r.ourg'!" 

ilhil. 

Uulk 

Baiii 
IVari 

lienevtMito 
Biiigiizi 

•KC'.iIki 

AU-pi'O 

\'eriu 

lirtiront 
l'.clli.uiy 
lU'thcl 
I'litliU'liciu 

i;r(  ccpii''' 

|'.rimU»i 

Mnlsll• 
l;lll^il.U) 
(•  ,ll^t■.llltinol)le 

(.>«iUl'il 

Kuisarieh 
i'iineas 


J /If  ten'. 
C;i-i-o'tii 
('.il-ii-;furris 
(Jill  u-risi 
Ciillo 

(,"al-li|>o-li? 
('iil-li|)(i-lis 
(,'iinna! 
("ii-nu'si-um 
Cii-|ier'na-iiin 
Capsii 
Cipu-ii 

Car'clie-rni»h  «>i) 
Cir-ce'si-nm  y 
(Tiirili-ii  or  I-y«-? 
i-irm'chi-a  ) 
Carthage 
Cartilage,  (New) 
Ca-rys'tus 

Cat'a-na 

Ce-lcc'ne     sec  Aj 

Ce-le'i-a 

Cen'chre-a 

Ccii'tum-CeriaB 

Ceph-a-lcEtlis 

Cer'a-mu9 

Cer'a-9U8 

Chal-ce'don 

Chalcis 

Chalcis 

Chem'mis 

Chcr-o-nas'a 

Cho-ra'zin 

Chry-sop'o-lis 

Cib'y-ra 

Cir'ta  or  Cir'tha 

Citi-um 

Clan-ili-op'o-lis 

Cla-zom'e-na 

Cle-op'a-tris  see 

riusi-um 

Clyp'e-a 


Country. 

Mndtrn. 

Italy 

Gaota 

Spam 

Calahorra 

•Sanliiiia 

Ca^liari 

Spain 

Oporto 

Thrace 

(iailipoli 

Italy 

(lallipoli 

Italy 

Cannaj 

Italy 

f'anofla 

raU'Stiiio 

Libya 

GaAia 

Italy 

Capua 

Mesopotamia 

Knrkisia 

Hoxamila 

Thraco 

Africa 

Spain 

Carthagena 

Lubuea 

Caristo 

Sicily 

Cataiiiu 

)-a-mc'a 

Noricuin 

Cilley 

Achaia 

Kcnkri 

Italy 

Civita  Vecchia 

Sicily 

Cofi.lu 

Caria 

Keramo 

Ct'ppailocia 

Koresoun 

Bithynia 

Kadi-Keni 

Eubcea 

Negroponl 

Chalcidene 

Old  Aleppo 

^^gypt 

Achmin 

Boeotia 

Palestine 

Tell-oui 

Bithynia 

Scutari 

Phrygia 

Buruz 

Numidia 

Constantlnti 

Cyprus 

Chodi 

Cappadocia 

Eskelib 

lottia 

Vourla 

Arsinofi 

Etruria 

Chiusi 

Africa  Proper 

Clybca 

23* 

r 


It 


1  rriij  »■■  'rowN-^ 


',  *■'{ 


i'^Sfe' 


( '■i-loiii-.i  < 

('ill  i'-j'li"i' 

( '()-lt»--ii' 

«   ii-llillli:V 

C'oiJi-l'liil""' 

C'li'inuin 

('(.ii'ilii-t'" 

Coii-tuii-tiMit'li-  ^ 

(\)ti-lhi-«  111''" 

Co-«'nti-a 

(.'oi>'tos 

Corihi-t'a 

Cor  mill 

Co-rmu" 

(,"or-toiia 

Cro-tonii 

Cu  nui-' 

Cv-.'.oui-ii 

C'vl-lt.'iK: 

iV-Vo  lie 

CyU 

l"\/'i-cii^ 

Han 

1)a[iliiio 

nariii' 

l)oli'l>i 

Ucrl.e 

Oi-o-(Ja;s-ii-re  a 

Di'im 

Dubri'^ 
Dyr-riidi'i-U'T) 

VUior'ii-cum 
EcbaVa-na 


I  'nunlru. 
(iiriiriiiy 


liiiiia 

OiHHiailoii.''' 
S|iaiii 
ltal> 
eiaul 

«cr  Hj/i»ntiuii> 

(iiM'mai>y 
Italy 

/i'W>i'' 

rmulilivliH 

^j.aiii 

Acliaia 

Mt'sM'uia 

riiuria 

Italy 

Campiiiii.i 

l.il.ya 
I  I'dklii-s 
My-ia 
S\  rill 
I'aleslint 
Syria 
Uiliya 
liiocis 
Lycaoiiia 
?alc.«(ine 
Macedonia 
I'iilcf'Unc 
?<  icily 
V.ritaiii 
Maceilouiu 
lliheniia 
Britain 
M<iUa 


('ulii'^li" 

l'li(iii'i« 
I'.l  |',i)-i.iti 
Alcal,. 

CoHH) 

Ut'nni'' 


C'oscn/.ii 
Krft 

AlanieU 

I'orilova 

Ciiriiilli 

Coron 

Cortona 

rrntiuri 

(an.  a 

ChiariMi/.i 

Curcn 

Colati'' 

Cy/.icn* 

Ijamilscu^  ■ 

I'illlCUf 

I'.altclnia 

Dcru*^ 

Caslri 

A!ali-Diig 

Scjilioury 

Stamlia 

Tartura 

Traiiuiu 

Dover 

I)iiraz/.c 

Dublin 

York 

HainaJati 


IIIK 


\'.U 


TOWN- 


.Voaur; 


olfijjin' 


.1  |;<)-l.ni 
.Kill." 

OHIO 


'oMi'Ut/ 

KrCl 

Al;iliii'l> 

(.'dl-ili'Nil 

Cnlillllt 

Coron 

Cortoua 

(■  ;in>  a 
Curcn 

Cy/.iciw 

IJiimiiscu; 

I'illlCUfi 

Alitli-Dup; 

Sophoiiry 

Stamlia 

Tiu'tiu-i 

Trapani 

Dover 

Duraz/x 

Dublin 

York 

Hamudau 


innmt. 


I'.li  roll  , 

r,l;illi  "I   .-lil-laiii 

IvItMi-llii'-ri'iio-li'* 

K  llH 

I'.l-y-tnai-* 
|'-ni('^>i 
^■Inlna-ll^ 
Kiii-lio  ri-a' 
r,|ili  I'.-m* 
Cji-i-ilau'riH 
I'.ji-i-.l.iu  riH 
Eli-i-ilaiiru-' 

r,u-iia-tori-i» 

Kzi-oii-fTe'l'i'? 

Fa  Vii-la? 

Fu.\('iili-ii 

Fcltri-a 

Flo-rciili-a 

Formii-Juli-i 

daila-r.'. 

(iath 

tiau-ga-rn{:lu 

Gazu 

(ic-nt'va 

tUii'ii-a 

Uorili-uin 

(iy-tlic'um 

Hadri-a 

Ha-dri-an-op'o-lis 

Ual-i-cnr-nas'suH 

Ha'ran,  or  Cliar  ran  Mfsopotanii;-- 

Hebron  I'aleMmf 

H<'C-a-Uirn'(iy-lo.s 

lli-li-op'o-li» 

IIc-11-oii'o-lis 

Mer-a-cle':k 


Maci'doiii'i 
M«!!*u|)ot:Um  1 

rbii.Mit 

Aiabi  A 
.\tti>  .1 

i'lllustilU- 

Kli^ 

-M'ia 

Palotiii' 

Spain 

lollUl 

\rgolM 

l/.ii'oni  > 

illyncnm 

Ionia 

I'onln-, 

Arabi.i 

r.lniiia 

Italy 

Italy 

Etrurii 

Caul 

;-yria 

Spain 

I'liilihti.. 

Asuvria 

I'liihstia 

Gaul 

Ligariu 

Cialatia 

I.aconi.i 

Italy 

Thracf 

(^aria 


I'artliia 
Syria 
.=i:irypt 
Bithvnia 


.■'U'.en 
Onii' 

\il,il. 
l,i'P'<ilu 

DcUt'diru- 

Aiuoa't 
AinpuM  V 

Aja-«ili;.; 
I'ldami 
Malva"<i,i 

I'.rt'tlin 
Tclicnul.*!' 
\ct:iiba 
KU'-oli 
Faen/.a 
Feltri 
Florence 
FrcjiH 
Kcdar 
Cadiz 
Jtbna 

(iaza 

(ii'ne\ft 

(.lenoa 

Colokilhia 

Adria 

Adrianoplc 

I'.odnini 

llortn 

lIcliron,orFlKlialil 

Damegan 

lialbcc 

Matarea 

V.ri'kU 


2«8 


CITIES  A.vD  TOWNS. 


.incient. 
Her-a-cle'ii 
ilcr-cu-la'ae-um 
Htii'-ini'o-tie 
Hcr-mop'o-lis 
llesli'bon 
Hippo 
Ilis'pa-lis 
Hyb'lii 
Hy-druiitum 
Hyr-cu'ni-a 
l-co'ni-um 
I-cu-lis'ina 
l-gu'vi-um 
F-ler'tla 

Il'i-um  see 

I-re-nopo-hs 
Is'sus 
Jer'i-cho 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Jez' re-el 
Jop'pa 

Lac-e-dap/mon  see 
Lamp'sa-chus 
La-od-i-cc'a 
La-od-i-ce'a 
La  ris'sa 

La-top'o-lis 
Leb-a-de'a 

Le- on-tin  i 

Lep'tis 

Leuc'tra 

Lil-y-ba^'um 

Lon-di'nura 

Lu'ca 

Lu-cen'tiim 

Liig-du'num 

Lu-gu-val'li-uro 

Lu-te'ti-a 

Lyd'da 

|y\8-i-ina'chi-a 


Tlir.icc 

lUly  iie;»i' 

Aigolis 
^scypt 
Palestine 
Numidia        near 
Spain 
Sicily 
Italy 

Hyrcania 
Lycaouia 
Gaul 
Italy 
Spain 
Troy 
Babylonia 
Cilicia 
Palestine 
Palestine 
Palestine 
Palestine 
Sparta 
Mysia 
Phrygia 
^yria 
Thcssaly 
.Egypt 
Boeotia 
Sicily 

Africa  Proper 
Boeotia 
Sicily 
Britain 
Etruria 
Spain 
Gaul 
Britain 
Gaul 
Palestine 
Tbrace 


Modern. 
Iferakli 
Porlici 
Castri 
Ashmunein 
Hesbon 
Bona 
Seville 
Paterno 
Otranto 
Jorjaa 
Cogni 
Angouleme 
Gubio 
Lerida 

Bagdad 

Aias 

Jericho 

Jerusalem 

Esdraelon 

Jaffa 

Lampsakt 

Eski-hissar 

Latakia 

Larissa 

Asna 

Liodias 

Lentini 

Lebida 

Livadosta 

Marsala 

London 

Lucca 

Alicant 

Lyons 

Carlisle 

Paris 

Lod 

Hexaraila 


>ifi 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


:S9 


}IoderH. 

feraklj 

'orlici 

'astri 

^shmunein 

lesbon 

Jona 

Seville 

^aterno 

)tranto 

forjau 

;;ogni 

\ngouleiiie 

jubio 

Leiida 

Bagdad 

Aias 

Jericho 

Jerusalem 

Esdraelon 

Jaffa 

Lampsaki 

Eski-hissar 

Latakia 

Larissa 

Asna 

Liodias 

Lentiiii 

Lebida 

Livadosta 

Marsala 

London 

Lucca 

Alicant 

Lyons 

Carlisle 

Paris 

Lod 

Hexaraila 


.QneUni, 
(.ys'lra 
Mag'da-la 
I\la-co-raba 
Alag-ne'si-a 
Magnesia  Mwandri 
Magnesia  Sipylia 
Man-ti-nc'a 
Mnu'tu-a 
Mar-a-can'du 
Mar'a-thon 
Mnr-ci-a-nop'o-lis 

Ma-ri'a-bii 

Mar-o-ne'a 

Mas-sil'i-a 

Mc-di-o-la'num 

Meg-a-lop'o-lLi 

Meg'a-ra 

Mem'phis 

Mes-se'ne 

Mes-sa'na 

Me-thum'na 

Mi-le'tus 

Mos'cha 

Mun'tla 

Mu'ti-na 

l\lyc'a-le 

My-ce'nw 

My'lai 

My-las's;i 

Myt-i-le'ne 

Nur'ni-a 

Niui'c-.'a-lis 

Nau-pac'tU'5 

Nau'pli-a 

Naz'a-retii 

Ne-ap'o-li? 

Ne-mca 

Nice 

Ni-co-me'di-a 

Ni-ce-pho'ri-um 

Nin'e-veh 


Lycaoniu 

r.ilegtinc 

;\rabia 

Thessaly 

Lydia 

Lydia 

Arcadia 

Italy 

Sogdianu 

Attica 

Moesia 

Arabia 

Thrutc 

Gaul 

Italy 

Arcadia 

Greece 

/Egypt 

Messenia 

Sicily 

Lesbos 

Ionia 

Arcadia 

Spain 

Italy 

lunia 

Argolis 

Sicily 

Caria 

Losbcs 

Italy 

/Egypt  n.: 

.'Kloliii 

Argolis 

Palestine 

Campania 

Argolis 

IVithynia 

Bithynia 

Mesopotamia 

Assyria 


Modern. 


Jlecca 

Gn/.cl-bisar 

I^Iagnisa 

TrapoliziTA 

Mantua 

Sanuircand 

Marathon 

MavcenopoU 

Mareb 

Marogna 

Marseilles 

Milan 

Lcontari 

Megara 

Maura-masia 

Messina 

Molivo 

Milels 

Mascat 

Monda 

Modena 


Melazzo 

Mc^s:■o 

C'asli  -J 

Narni 

Faoua  - 

Lepanto 

Nar>oli 

Nazareth 

Naples 

Isnic 

Is  Nickinid 

Rirxa. 

Nunia 


I* 


1 


,1   ^ 


#'^ 


270 


CTTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


.ineitnl. 

Country^ 

Modern, 

Nis'i-bis 

Mesopotamia 

Nisibin 

Nola 

Italy 

Nola 

No-rnen'tum 

Italy 

Lamentana 

No-va'ri-a 

Italy 

Novara 

Nu-man'ti-u 

Spain              near 

Soria 

0-des'sus 

Moesia 

Varna 

(E'a 

Africa  Proper 

Tripoli 

Ol'bi-a 

Sardinia 

Terra  Nuov 

01-cin'i-nm 

Ulyricum 

Dulcigno 

Olisipo  orOlisiponaLiisitania 

Lisbon 

0-lytn'pi-a 

Elis 

Langanico 

On'o-ba 

Spain 

Mogucr 

Os'ti-a 

Italy 

Ostia 

Pa!s'tmn 

Italy 

Pcsti 

Pal-my'ra 

Syria 

Palmyra 

Pa-nor'mus 

Sicily 

Palermo 

Pa-nor'inu9 

Epirus 

Panormo 

Pa'phos 

Cyprus 

Baffa 

Par-x-to'ni-um 

Libya 

Bareton 

Pa-ris'i-i 

Gaul 

Paris 

Parma 

Italy 

Parma 

Pa-sar'ga-da 

Persia 

Pasa 

Pat'a-ra 

Lycia 

Patera 

Pa-ta'vi-um 

Italy 

Padua 

Par-then'o-pe 

, Campania 

Naples 

Pa'trae 

Achaia 

Patras 

Pril'la 

Macedonia 

Jenitza 

Pe-lu'si-um 

.Egypt            near 

Tineh 

Per'gd 

Pamphylia 

Kara-hissar 

Per'gu-mus 

Mysia 

Pergamo 

Per-sep'o-lis 

Persia            near 

Estachar 

Pe-ru'si-a 

Etruria 

Perugia 

Petra 

Arabia 

Krac 

Phar'sa-lus 

Thessaly 

Farsa 

Pha-sc'lis 

Pamphylia 

Fionda 

Phil-a-ilel'phi-a 

Lydia 

Alah-Shehr 

Phi-lip'pi 

Macedonia 

Phi-iip-pop'o-lis 

Thrace 

Filippopoli 

PIio-c»'a 

Ionia 

Fochea 

ri^^a-. 

Etruria 

Pisa 

Pis-to'ri-a 

Etruria 

Pistoya 

CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


a7i 


Modern, 

Nisibin 

Nohi 

Lamentana 

No  vara 

Soria 

Varna 

Tripoli 

Terra  Nuova 

Diilcigno 

Ijisbon 

Langanico 

Mogucr 

Ostia 

Pcsti 

Palmyra 

Palermo 

Panormo 

Baffa 

Bareton 

Paris 

Parma 

Pasa 

Patera 

Padua 

Naples 

Patras 

Jenitza 

Tineh 

Kara-hissar 

Pergamo 

Estachar 

Perugia 

Krac 

Farsa 

Fionda 

Alah-Shehr 

Filippopoli 
Fochea 
Pisa 
Pistoya 


Ancienl. 
f'la-ren'ti-a 
I'o'la 

I'o-ten'ti-a 
I'ra?-nes'te 
Prusa 
Ptol-e-ma'is 
Ptol-c-ma'is 
Pu-te'o-li 
Pyd'na 
Py  los 

HagCH,  er  Ra ga; 
Hamah 
Ka-ven'na 
Kc-ate 
Rhe'gi-um 
Khi-no-co-ru'sa 

Rome 

Rhu'tu-pi-a"- 

Pa-guii'tum 

Sa'is 

Sal'a-mis 

Sa-la'pi-a 

^!a-ler'num 

■Sal-man'ti-ca 

Sa-lo'na 

Sa-ma'ri-a 

Sa-mos'a-ta 

iSar'diii, 

Sa-rep'ta 

Sco'dra 

Scjj-n-ce'um 
I  Se-gob'ri-ga 

Se-ari-  ,"-a 

Sel-eu'ci-n 

Sel-eu'(  i-a 

Spl-euV,i-a 

Sepli'o-ris 

Ses  tos 

Se'ni-a 
j  she'chem  orSy'ohn 


Cnuntn/. 

Italy 

Istria 

Italy 

Italy 

Bithyiuii 

Palestino 

Libya 

Italy 

Macedonia 

Messeiiia 

Media 

Palestine 

Italy 

Italy 

Italy 

Egypt 

Italy 

Britain 

Spain 

Cyprus 
Italy 
Italy 
Spain 
Illyricum 
Palestine 
Syria 

Lydia        » 
Syria 
Ulyricum 
Italy 
Spain 
Spain 
Cilici.) 
Syria 
Assyria 
Palestine 
TH  "i.e 
Liburnia 
r  Palestine 


Modem. 
Piacenza 
Pola 
Potcnza 
F^alestrina 
Bursa 
Acre 

Tolometo 
Pozzuolo 
C'hitro 
Navarin 
Rai 
Rama 
Ravenna 
Rieti 
Reggio 
El  Aris^h 
Rome 

Jlichborough 
Morvicdro 
Sa 

Constanza 
Salpc 
Salerno 
Salamanca 
Salona 
Sebaste 
Samisat 
Sart 
Sarfend 
Scutari 
Sqiiillace 
Segorbe 
Segovia 
Selefkc 
Kepse 
Bagdad 
Sephoury 
Zemenic 
Segna 
Nablous 


*H 


u 


m 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Counlri/. 
Achaiii 
Plutnicia 
Moesia 
Vontus 
Fannonia 
li.nia 
«ec  .lenisalcm 

Spar'tiiorl-ac-e- j    Laconic 
dce'mon  > 

Spo-le'ti-\im 

Sta-gi'rii 

Su'sa  or  Sliu'shan 

Sy'e-ne 


Ancirn!. 

SK'y-''i» 

Si'iloii 

Sin-p;i-<lii'Tmin 

Si-no'pe 

?ir-tni'um 

Smyr'na 

Sol'v-ma 


Syr'a-cuse 

Ta<l'mor 

Ta-ren'tiim 

Tar'ra-co 

Tar'sus 

Te-ge'a 

Ten'ty-ra 

Ter-ges'te 

rer-ra-ci'na     or 
AnK-«r 

Thap'sa-cUE 

Thebes 

T  holies 

Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca 

Thy-a-ti'ra 

Ti-be'ri-as 

Ti'bur 
Tip;-ran-o-cer'ta 

Tin'gis 

To-le'tum 

To  ro'ne 

Tra-pe'zns 

Tri-den'tum 

Troe-zc'nte 

Troy,  or  Ilium 

Ttis'cu-lum 

Tyre 


Italy 

Macedonia 
Persia 
A^gypt 
Sicily 
see  Palmyra 
Italy 
Spain 
Cilicia 
Arcadia 
A:gypt 
Italy 


\ 


Italy 

Syria 
jEgypt 
BoeotKi 
Macedonia 

Lydia 
Palestine 

Italy       ■ 
Armenia 
Mauritania 
Spain 

Macedonia 

Pontus 

Italy 

Arcrolis 

Tf.  .v^ 

Italy 

Phoenicia 


Basilica 

Saida 

Belgrade 

Sinob 

Sirniich 

Smyrna 

Paleo-Chon 

Spoleto 
Stauros 
Tostar 
Syenc 
Sy  racuse 

Tarento 

Tarragona 

Tarso 

Moklia 

Dendera 

Trieste 

Terracma 

El  Deif 

I.uxor 

Thjva 

Saloniki 

Akhisar 

Tabaria 

Tivoli 

Sered 

Tangiers 

Toledo 

Toron 

Trebisond 

Trent 

Dam-tla 

Frascab 
Sitf 


1w 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS, 


S7' 


;usilica 

iiiiilii 

kltcradc 

iinob 

Mrniich 

Smyrna 

Paleo-Chon 

Ppoleto 

Stiiuros 

Tostar 

Syene 

Syracuse 

Tarento 

Tarragona 

Tarso 

Moklia 

Dendera 

Trieste 

TerraciU'! 

El  Deif 

Luxor 

Thiva 

Saloniki 

Akbisivr 

Tabaria 

TivoU 

Sered 

Tangiers 

Toledo 

Toron 

Trebif-ond 

Trent 

Dam'ila 

Frascat> 


,']Hcttnt. 

Country. 

Vo-naTrum 

Italy 

Vc-ini'si-a 

Italy 

Vcr-ccl-lw 

Italy 

\  p-ro'na 

Italy 

Vi-ceii'ti-a 

Italy 

Vi-en'na 

Gaul 

\'in-dcb'o-na 

Pannoniii 

Vo-la-ter'rai 

Etruria 

\'ol-sin'i-um 

Etruria 

Vr 

Chaldea 

U'ti-ca 

Afrca 

Za'ma 

Nuinidia 

Zo'la 

Poiitus 

Zou<,''ina 

Mesopotamia 

Zo'aa 

Msyft 

Moitrn. 

Venafro 

Venosa 

Vercelli 

Verona 

Vicenza 

Vienne 

Vienna 

Volterra 

Bolsena 

Ourfa 

Boo  Shatter 

Zainah 

Zeleh 

Zegma 

San 


r- 


RIVERS. 


Ancicnl. 

J^odern, 

Ancienl. 

Modtrn, 

A'bus 

H  umber 

A'rar 

Saone 

Ach-e-lo'u9 

Aspro-Potamo  Ar'a-rus 

Siret 

Ad'du-a 

Adda 

Ar'nus 

Arno 

A-donis 

Ibrahim  Bassa  As'pa-pus 

Abawi 

A-gri-a'nes 

Ergene 

As-trae'us 

Vistriza 

A-lau'nus 

Tweed 

Atax 

Aude 

Al'bis 

Elbe 

Ath'e-sis 

Adigc 

Alex 

Aleco. 

A-tu'rus 

Adour 

A!-pbe  lis 

Alfeo 

Au'ii-dus 

Ofanto 

A-ion'ta 

Terki 

Ax'i-us 

Vardar 

A-mar'dus 

Kezil 

Bac'trus 

Dchasp 

A-inisus 

r-s 

Ba;'tis 

Guadalquivir 

A'nas 

Guiiliana 

Bo-din'cus 

Po 

A'ni-o 
\-ni'su3 

Tevf!rone 
Enns 

Bo-rys'the- 

i  Dnieper    & 
"'^^  \     Prypiec 

A-pid'a-fiU» 

Apidano 

24 

Bag'ra-da 

Mejcrdah 

f"  ,    : 


T       I 


%1\ 

',>        s 

.-y-cad'nus 
,  a-riim-bu-cis 
Cays'ter 
Clho-as'pes 
Chro'nus 
Cla'riis 
Cy-rus 
Da'ix 

Da-nu'bi-us 
Dar'a-dus 
De'las 
Cra'vus 
Dri'lo 
Dri-nus 
Dru-en'ti-a 
Dru-na 
Du'bis 
Du-ra'ni-u3 
Du'ri-a 
D«'ri-us 
E-leu'the-rus 
E-rid'a-nus 
Et-y-man'der 
Eu-lffi'us  or  \ 
U'la-i         < 
Ku-phra'tes 
Eu-ro'tas 
E-ve'nu3 
Ga-runVna 
Glo'ta 
Gr^ni'cus 
Ha-li-ac'mon 
Ha'lys 
He'brus 
Her'mus 
Hy-das'pes 
Hyp'a-nis  or 

Bo-gus 
Jax-ar'tes 


UlVElls. 


Modern, 
Germaisti 
Kclikdoni 
Dwina 
Minderscare 
Choasp 
Pregel 
Chiana 
Kur 
UraJ 
Danube 
Senegal 
Diala 
Prave 
Drino 
Drin 
Durance 
Drome 
Donbs 
Dordognc 
Doria 
Duero 
Nahar  el  Be 
Po 
Heermvind 


Ancient. 
l-beru9 
,]o-ma-nes 
Jordan 
Iris 
Is'u-ra 
Inter 

Licus 

Liger 

Liris 

Ly'cuf 

Ly'cus 

Msc-an'der 


Karasu 

Euphrates 
Basili 
Fidari 
Garonne 
Clyde 
Ousvola 
Jenicoro 
Kizilemiak 
Mariza 
Sarabat 
Behat 

^Bog 

Sir 


Mar'gus 

Mar'i-su3 
3la-trona 
i\le-do'a-cu3 
Me-tau'rud 
3lin'ci-us 
MiiVi-u3 
Jloe/nus 
rdMon'da 
Mo'sa 
Mo-sel'la 
Myg-do'ni-us 

Nar 

Na'ro 

Na'va 

Ni'cer 

N  i'ger 

Nile 

(E'nus 

(Es'cus 

Oi'li-u3 

0-ron'te3 

Ox'us 

Pac-to'lH3 

Pa'dus 

Pe'ne-us 

Pha'sis 


Modem. 
Ebro 
J  umnah 
Jordan 
Jckil-crmak 
Isere  and  Oite 
Danube 
Lech 
Loire 
Garigliano 
Tosanlu 
Nahr-el-Kelb 
Meinder 
C  Morava      and 
I     Margab 
Maros 
Marne 
Brenta 
Metauro 
Mincio 
Minho 
Maine 
Mondego 
jNleuse 
Moselle 
Hermas 
Nera 
Narenza 
Nahe 
Neckar 
Ni-ger 
NUe 
Inn 
Esker 
Oglio 
Orontes 
Jibon 


Po 

Peneo 

Rione 


'0h^ 


RIVERS. 


27- 


■Mi 


[\l-US 


53 


iH3 


Modern. 
Ebro 
Jumnah 
Jordan 
Jckil-ermak 
Isere  and  Gift-- 
Danube 
Lech 
Loire 
Garigliano 
Tosanlu 
Nahr-el-Kelb 
Meinder 
C  Morava      and 
I     Margab 
Maros 
Marne 
Brenta 
Metauio 
Mincio 
Minho 
Maine 
Mondego 
jMeuse 
Moselle 
Hermas 
Nera 
Narenza 
Nahe 
Neckar 
Ni-ger 
Nile 
Inn 
Esker 
Oglio 
Orontes 
Jihon 

Po 

Peneo 

Rione 


Ji  ncient. 

Plavis 

Porata  or 
Poretus 

Pvr'a-inus 

Rha 

Klie'nus 

Rhe'nus 

Uliod'a-nus 

Ru'bi-con 

Unbo 

Sa-bri'na 

Sa'grus 

Sam'a-ra 

Sa-vus 

Scal'dis 

Se'nus 

Seq'ua-na 

Sic'o-ris 

So'nus 

J^on'ti-us 

Sta'chir 

Stry'mon 

Tain'c-sis 


Modtrn 
Piave 

Pruiri 

Geihoun 

Volga 

Rhine 

Rheno 

Rhone 

Pisatello 

Niemen 

Severn 

Saiigro 

Soinine 

Save 

Scheldt 

Shannon 

Seine 

Segra 

Soane 

Lisojizo 

Gambia 

Strimon 

Thames 


•K-nari-a 

A'-o'ii-an  Isls. 

A-moi'gos 

,\r'a-du^ 

Ana-jihe 

An  drof' 

A 


.indent- 
Ta'gus 
Tiin'a-is 
Tan'a-ru9 
Tarn  is 
Ta'rus 
Ther-mo'don 
Ti'ber 
Ti-bi»'cvis 
Ti-ci'nus 
Ti'^is 
Tina 
Ti-ma'vus 
Tre'bi-a 
Tru-en'tus 
Tu-run'tus 
Ty'ras 
IJ'la-i 
Varus 
Ve-li'nus 
Vi-a-drus 
Vis'tu-la 
Vi-sur'gii 
Vul-turnus 


ISLANDS. 


.Modern. 
Linosa 
I'^chia 

Lil'a''  !*:"-• 

Amorgo 

Larek 

Namphio 

Andro 


Modtrn. 

Tajo 

Don 

Tanaro 

Tarn 

Taro 

Termoh 

Tiber 

Teisse 

Tesino 

Tigris 

Tine 

Timavo 

Trebia 

Tronto 

Dwina 

Dniester 

Karasu 

Var 

Velino 

Oder 

Vistula 

Weser 

Volturno 


ty-pa-'lae'a    Stanpalia 
i  Majorca 
I  Minorca 
( I  vita 


Bill-c-;\'rA^s 


.indent. 
Ca-lym'na 
Ca-pra'ri-a 
Cap  re -as 
Car'pa-lhus 
Cpph-a-le'ni 
Ce'os 
Chi'o* 
Ci-mo'lus 
Cis'sa 
Cor-cy'ra 
Cor-cy'ru 


Modan . 
(.'almina 

GoiTKM'a 

Ciipri 
I'-carpanto 
■a  Ccfalonia 
Zia 
Scio 

Argentiera 
Pago 
Corfu 
CurzoHi 


270 

Ancient. 
Cor'ai-c;i 
Crete 
Crep'sa 
Cyprus 
Cyth'tius 
Cy-thc'ra 
Cos 
Delos 
Eo'u-su3 
Eu-boe'ii 


ISLANDS. 


Modtrn, 
fJorsica 
Caiiilia 
Chcrso 

Cypr'is 

Tliermia 

Corigo 

Sttinchio 

Delo3 

Ivica 

Negropont 


Fortunate  Isles  Canaries 
llcs-per'i-ilcs  15issa.!?os 
Hi-ber'ni-a 


Hi'e-ra 

Hi'e-ra 

I-ca'ri-ft 

Iin'bros 

il'va 

I'os 

Uh'a-ca 

Lem'noa 

Les'bos 

Lip'a-ra 

Leu-ca'(li-a 

Mel'i-te 

Mel'i-te 

Me'los 

Jto'na 


Ireland 

Volcano 

Stratti 

Nicaria 

Imbro 

Elba 

Nio 

Tcaki 

Stalimeoe 

Metelin 

Li  pari 

St.,Maura 

Malta 

Meleda 

Milo 

Anglesea 


Aneient. 
Mo-n   ")i-a 
Myc'o-ne 
Nax'os 
Ni-sy'rus 
0-li'a-ros 
Pa'ros 
Pat'iaos 
Pha'vos 
I'ho-lc-gan 

(Iros 
lib^dcs 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sa'mos 

Sa-mo-thra'ce 
Scy'ros 
Sc-ri'phus 
Sic'i-ly 
Si-ci'uus 
Siph'nos 
Sta^ch'a-des 
Stroph'a-des 
Ten'e-dos  _ 
Te'nos 
Tha'sos 
The'ra 
Tliu'le 
Vec'tis 
Za-cyn'thus 


Man 
Myron  i 
Naxia 
Nis.iri 
fAnti-Paro! 
Paros 
Patino 
Lesina 

'"  \  Policandro 

Rhodes 

Sardinia 

Samoa 

Samothraki 

Syra 

Serplio 

Sicily 

Sikino 

Siphanto 

Hie  res 

Strivali 

Tenedos 

Tino 

Thaso 

Santorin 

Shetland  Isles 

Isle  of  Wight 

Zante 


LAKES. 


^*.i:t 


Ancient.  Modern. 

Ar-sis'sa  Van 
As-phal-ti'tes  or  Dead  bea 

\.ver'hus  Averno 

Be-na'cus  Garda 

Brig-an-tVnu3  Constance 

Ce-re'si-us  Lugano 

Co'pi-ai  Limne 


Ancient- 
Fu-ci'nus 
La'ri-r.9 
Le'man 
Thras-y- 
me'nus 
Ti-be'ri-as 
^■o^-ba'uu8 


JVfoc'crii.    • 
Celano 
Como 
Geneva 

Perugia 

Tabaria ' 
Maafgiora 


m 


ace 


es 
lies 

9 


iUS 


Modr 

Man 

Myron  i 

Naxia 

Nisari 

fAnti-Faroj 

I'aros 

Patino 

Lesina 

i  I'olicaiulro 

Rhodes 

Sardinia 

Samoa 

Samothraki 

Syra 

Serpho 

Sicily 

Sikino 

Siphanto 

Hie  res 

Strivali 

Tenedos 

Tino 

Thaso 

Santorin 

Shetland  Isles 

Isle  of  Wight 

Zante 


Jh:.g»m  Sea    Archipelago 
Ariiitanian     i  j^      ^f  [>i^cay 

ucean        ) 
Atlantic  do.      Atlantic 
Caspian  Caspian 

Eiixinc  IJliick  Sea 

(icnnanOcean  GormanOcean 

liyperbore-  K-pozcn  Ocean 

;\n  Ocean  S 
Hibernian  Sea  Irish  Sea 


.incitnt. 


Ionian  Sea     I 

Mediterra-     i 
nean  S 

Palus  MoRo'tis 

Propontis 

Tuscan  or  ^ 
Tyrrhene  > 
Sea.  ) 


Modern, 

South  part  o! 
theCiulf  oi" 
Venice 

Mediterra- 
nean 

Sea  of  Azoph 

Marmora 

Part  of  the 
Mediterra- 
nean 


Ancienl. 
Arabicus  Sinus 
Adriaticus  Do. 
\Tgolicu8  Do. 
Codaous  Do. 
Corinthiacus  ) 
Do.  S 

Oallxus  Do. 


GULFS. 

Modern.  Ancient. 

Red  Sea  Gangeticus    ? 

Gilf  of  Venice     Do.  S 

Gulf  of  Napoli  Ligusticus  Do. 

T.    !,•      o__  Porairiis  T)0. 


Baltic  Sea 
Gulf  of  Le- 

panto 
Do.  Lyons 


Modem- 

Bay  of  Bengal 

Do.  Genoa 
Persian  Gulf 
Gulf  of  Engia 
.Do.  Tarento 


Persicus  Do. 
Saronicus  Do. 
Tai  enticus  Do. 
Thermaicus  >  ^     Contessa 
Do.  i 


'i*.i, 


I. 

Moc'erii-    ■ 

s 

Cclano 

Como 

Geneva 

18 

•  as 

\  Perugia 
Tabaria 

lUS 

AIa;?giora 

Ancient. 
Gallic  Strait 

Strait  of 
Hercules 

Fossa,  or 
Taphros 


STRAITS, 

Modem.  Jlncient. 

i  Straits  of  Do-  Sicilian  Strait 
\     ver  Hellespont 

i  Straits  of  Gib- Thracian 
\      raltar  Bosphorus 

i        „      r    •    Cimmerian 
J  Do.  Bonifacio     Bosphorus 

'  24* 


Modern. 
Do.  Messina 
Dardanelles 
Straits  of  Con- 
stantinople 

Do.  Caffa 


m 


QUESTIONS 

ON  THE  MODERN  MAI'S. 


MAP    OK    THli    WOULD. 

1  Which  arc  the  two  laiRcst  quarters  of  She  globe  ? 

2  Which  is  the  smallest  ? 

3  Which  contains  the  most  laud,  the  Eastern  or  Westcin 

4  On"which''iae  of  the  Equator  is  there  the  most  land, 

northern  or  southern  ?  ,  u    .i     r  .„  .»m-  '> 

5  What  quarters  of  the  glohe  are  crossed  by  t  '^- ^  ^'^  °«  . 

6  What  quarters  and  islands  are  crossed  by  the  tro^iC  ct 

Capricorn?  „  ^     „^„t 

1  What  countries  aro  crossed  by  the  trop.c  of  Cancel  . 

8  What  large  islands  does-the'  Equator  mterscct  i 

9  How  is  Amerita  bounded? 

10  How  is  Africa  bounded? 

1 1  How  is  Europe  bounded  ? 

12  How  is  Asia  bounded?  ,,  r,-u„  a  r,.tif 

13  How  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  situated  .'     W   ^he  Arctic 

\  5  How*^S  Pacific  Ocean  ?     16  Tlie  Indian  Ocean  ? 

n  Wh^t  parts  of  the  globe  are  included  in  the  tornd  zone  ? 

18  What  parts  in  the  northern  temperate  zone  I 

19  "What  parts  in  the  northern  frigid  zone  . 

20  What  parts  in  the  southern  temperate  zone  : 

21  Is  there  any  land  in  the  southern  frigid  zone  J       - 

22  Wbftt  countries  on  the  globe  lie  between  10  and  20 

•3  Whaf  countries  tetwcen  20  and  30  N.  ?    Sil  Between 

30  and 40?  --•' 


f>l 


<iUKsTIONS 


W7»' 


\l'S 


of  !he  globe? 

Eastern  or  Western 

here  the  most  hind, 

setl  by  the  rctniitor  ? 
jcd  by  the  tropic  cf 

tropic  of  Cancer? 
ir  intersect? 


ed  .'     1  I  1'he  Arctic 

e  Indian  Ocean  ? 
ed  in  the  torrid  zone  ? 
;rate  zone  ? 
zone  ? 
rate  zone  ? 
frigid  zone?        •' 
e  between  10  and  20 

50  N.  ?    '-ii  Between 


ij  n<'tweon  lu  imd  fjO  ?  '  20  Krlweeu  50  aiul  GO  " 
'^7  Wliiit  coiintrif.'-  north  ot'  dO  ? 
SO  \Vh;U  Heii  lies  between  Kmope.  uid  Africa 
i!0  VVh  U  sen  brtwcfn  AlVicn  nnd  Asirt  ? 
')  \V''>  »l  npin  ln'twocu  Kurope  and  Asia? 

Wh  tt  part  of  Kiirope  approaches  noiirc-'t  to  Airi.-a  ' 
•  '    lui'  -itraii  connects  thu  M<'<lil(rraiieun  wiih  the  At 
tic? 
.1o  llu!  two  continents  approach  nearest  to  -      !• 

lit  separates  \merira  from  .\«iia? 
.i,  .^'     s  mc't  northerly,  lltidson'^  Hay  or  H  itTv.i's  Pay  " 

36  Ulial    trails  conneci  thcni  with  the  Atlantic? 
:il  How  i-  Crceulaiiil  sjitiiatod? 
38  What  is  the  soolhern  Cape  of  Greenland  ? 
30  What  i'^lands  arc  lliere  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 

40  Which   is  most  southerly  Cape   Horn  or  the  Cape  ot 

(iood  Hope  ? 

41  What  are  the  5  largest  islands  south  and  southeast  ot 

Asia  I  ,  ,. 

42  Which  way  is  New  Holland  from  the  soulhirn  part  ol 

Africa  ? 

43  Where  is  Madagascar?  M   Where  is  St.  Helena? 

4,')  Which  way  is  Amsterdam  island  from  the  Cape  of  Good 

Hope?  i, 

4C  What  is  the  latitude  of  Kerguelen's  I/ind  /  . 

47  What  is  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  New  Zealand? 

48  What  strait  sepamtes  tiie  two  islands  of  New  Zealand  ? 

49  Which  way  from  New  Zealand  are  New  Caledonia  and 

the  New  Hebrides?  '  •  ,      ,  , 

f)0  Wiiich  are  most  easterly   the  Friendly  islands  or  the 
Society  islands?  , 

51  Whicli  way  from  Otaheite  is  Pjtcairn's  island? 

52  On  which  side  of  the  Equator  are  the  Marquesas? 

53  Which  way  from  Mexico  are  the  Sandwich  islands  ? 
64  What  is  the  latitude  of  Owhyee  ? 

55  The  latitude  of  St.  Domingo  ? 

oG  Wliat  islands  are  south  of  Behnng's  straits  ? 

57  Where  are  the  Gallipagos  ?  the  Azores  ?  Cape  Verd 

islands?  ,    r  /^         ■   i 

.'.a  Which  way  froia  Cape  Horn  ia  the  island  of  Georgia . 


].;. 


j.r> 


!«,>   I 


*) 


^l^&i 


.•30 

CO 

Cl 

(it; 

61 


(tUV-STION!^ 


H'J 
70 
11 


.s;,::;;;':;:;'"'^"^'f=''^^ *" 

rvl;:;l;^/,■.;■n»■.^.-;l.^ul;..|;■lj..;.;■|'-'•■' 

W  U„t  1^  tl.c  moHt  ci.Mcil.Y  o!il' ■ '-»  AIM... 
W     U'ulllu-^outhof  NorlhAnu;nra?. 


MAI'    OK    NOMIl    AMEIIU- 

into  Hudson's  liiij  ?  i.  t'..v'? 

0  What  other  rivers  IW  naoHmlHOi.9L3.y- 
10  la  what  latitude  is  Slave  Lake  i  -  , 

rivers  llow  into  CoKiml.ia  river  ?       - 


H?i 


;  fiom  Uoxloii  10 

r  III  ikiiilinx  fi'Oiu 

I-  It)  r«ailiiig  Irom 

> 

o  Calil'oriiiii  ? 

mildii  ? 

or  |{om«!  f 

I 

wci.tc!ly  port  o) 


irn?- 


r  Nortli  AtnciRii 

iiulscn's  Bay? 

lununicntcf 

..  Gull'  of  St.  l.-.nv- 


Ciiiirof  f.'alif'ornisi'f 
h  Amcricu  .' 
rivers  How  from  i' 

'stay? 

[>/en  Ocean  'I 

iiat  latitutJe  1   Wlial 


to  what  does  it  flow' 
abrador? 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


7 


^ 


/y 


A 


4. 


'A 


1.0 


I.I 


6" 


lu  Kii   |2.2 


1.8 


1.25  III  1.4  1 1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


■;nmsmsrmims&ms'^!^mfi^'ims^^^^^^^^M 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


-'^mm^^^m^^^^M 


f4^»' 


20 


a.-   •)'.:' 


r4.v 


QUESTIONS. 


CP.l 


1 7  W'hpre  is  Cape  Fare\/ell  ?  .    ,   ,      ,     , 

18  In  what  part  of  North  America  is  Labrador  f 

l;)  Where  is  NewfonmJland  ?  By  what  strait  is  it  separat- 
ed from  Labrador  1  ,        -..t      r       t 
20  h.  what  direction  is  the  great  bank  Irom  Newiound- 

land  ?  r,     I  1    '   ) 

M   In  what  ptirt  of  Newfoundland  is  St.  .lohn  s  t 
':■>  What  i-shind.  are  there  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
'J  5  Between  what  is  Cape  Breton  situatea  ? 
J I  Is  Nova  Scotia  an  island  or  a  peninsula? 
25  In  what  direction  is  it  from  Boston  ?  .  .    xr  ,.., 

2G  How  is  New  Biunswick  situated  with  regard  to  Nova 

Scotia  ?  ,       ,  f  •      1 

27  How  is  it  situated  with  regard  to  Maine  f 

28  On  which  side  of  Nova  Scotia  is  Ha'ilax  ! 
'^9  How  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  situated? 

30  Where  is  Alaska?  What  is  its  longitude  7 

31  Which  is  piost  westerly,  Cook's  Inlet,  or  Prince  Wil- 

liam's Sound? 

32  What  is  the  latitude  of  Mount  St.  t.lias  .  _ 

33  What  IS  the  latitude  of  Quadra  and  V;mcouve^r  s  islamU 

34  Which  is  most  nortfcerly,  Nootka  or  Queen  Charlotte  s 

Sound  ?  ....  I) 

V-,  How  is  Mexico  or  New  Spam  bounded  f  .      ,    ,  , 

In":h:t  Sudois  the  ci.y^f  Mexico?  How  s.tua  ed? 

37  Which  way  from  Mexico  are  Queretaro  andGuadalax- 

38  Which  way  is  Vera  Cruz?  how  situated? 
3!)  Which  way  Oaxaca  and  Zacatecas  . 

10  Which  way  Acapnlco  ?  an<|  on  what  situated 

n  In  wl' t  p/rt  of  Mexico  is  St.  Fe  ?  on  what  river  ? 

P  In  what  uj'.rt  of  Mexico  is  Texas  '. 

13  1 1  what  'part  is  Yucat.n?     44  Where  is  Campeachy  < 

\r,  Where  is  the  Hay  of  Tecoantapcc  .' 

4G  How  is  Guatimala  bounded  ?  ^ 

47  What  bay  lies  on  the  north  sirte  of  Guatimala 

48  In  what  part  is  Lnkc  Nicaragua  ? 

49  1  low  is  the  city  of  Guatimala  situated  '. 

50  Which  way  frbm  it  is  Chiapa  ;  and  1^?°" ;  ,     , 

51  What  is  the  most  easterly  provincfc  of  Guatimals^. 
5.'  WHiat  the  most  southerly? 


£82  QUESTIONS. 

f.3  Which  way  from  Cape  Hatteras  arc  the  Brrmuda  lA- 

anJs  ?  /•    -1     •  I    9 

51  What  IS  the  tnos^t  southerly  cape  of  1  lori.la  f  ^ 

bb  In  what  direction  from  this  cape  are  tlic  Bahamas  ; 

56  What  great  island  lies  south  of  Florida? 

57  In  what  part  of  Cuba  is  Ilavannah  ? 

58  Which  way  from  Cuba  is  St.  Domingo  ? 

?id  Which  way  from  St.  Domingo  is  .lamaica?  and  1  orlu 
Rico  ?  - 

t;0  On  which  side  of  Jamaica  is  K">g;t«''  •  .,     ,     , 

,;i  Where  arc  the  Caribbean  inlands?  Whicli  arc  the  larg- 
est of  them?  ,^.  J  ..      r-     -1 

C2  What  islands  are  between  I'arto  Kico  and  the  Carib- 

bean  islands  ?  »,    i.   i       o 

63  Which  is  most  northerly  Guadaloupe  or  Barbadoes ! 
C4  How  is  Trinidad  situated?  m  what  latitude  '. 
65  How  are  the  United  States  bounded? 
G6  Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  do  th<^y.Ji^4f- 


mm 


MAP    OF    SOUTH    A.MEBICA. 

I  How  is  South  America  bounded  ? 

^  What  islands  are  near  the  north  coast  i 

3  Where  are  the  ^'alkland  islands? 

4  Where  is  Terra  del  Fiiego?         ^  .        ., 

5  What  strait  se  ?s  Terra  del  Fucge  from  the  mam 

land?  T        r.  1     ■) 

Where  is  Chike  ..le?   7  Where  Juan  Fernandez? 
What  are  the  N.  E.  S.  and  W.  capes  ol  S.  America  ? 
In  whatiatitude  is  Cape  llorn  ? 
Into  what  sea  does  the  Magdalpna  river  flow  I  ^ 

•  r.  nhat  latitude  does  the  Orinoco  empty? 
What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Amazon  ?       -.  - 
io  \\hatis  the  latitude  of  its  mouth?  _ 

II  What  are  the  principal  rivers  that  flow  mto  it ; 

15  In  what  latitude  is  the  mouth  of  the  La  Plata  .' 

16  Where  is  Lake  Maracaybo?  ,  ,  ^.  .  , 
Where  Lake  Parirna?  lii  Where  Lake  Titicaca . 
llirough  what  pi^rt  of  South  America  do  the  An<^^ 

extepd? 


i; 
9 

10 
11 
IS 
13 


17 
19 


;?%* 


CiUESTlON>. 


i;b3 


:  the  Bprmu(1i>  i-l- 

I'lori.lii? 

I  the  Bah'amas '.' 

(la? 


iinnica  ?  and  Porlu 

in? 

V'hicli  arc  the  hiri?- 

ico  and  the  Carib- 

e  or  Barbadoes  ? 
latitude? 

I? 


jcge  from  the  main 

uan  Fernandez? 
es  of  S.  America  ? 

river  flow? 

empty  ?  ^  , 

Amazon?       ^^  - 

flow  into  it  ? 
le  La  Plata? 

Lake  Titicaca? 
lerica  do  the  Ar.dts 


.0  How  is  Now  fironada  bounded?  In  what  part  ot' Sooth 

America? 
M   How  is  Venezuela  houndetV? 

22  Hew  is  (iuianaliounded?    23  How  is  Brazil  bonndcl  ?— - 
M   How  is  Buenos  Ayres  bounded? 
i')  How  is  Chili  bnumh'd?    2d  How  is  Pern  bounded?   , 
il  In  what  part  ot"  South  America  is  Amazonia  ? 

28  In  what  part  is  Patagonia  ?  ^     ,    „  i 

29  In  what  part  of  New  Grenada  is  St.  Fe  de  Bogota  f 
50  In  what  direction  from  St.  Fe  de  Bogota  is  Popayan  ? 
;i  On  which  side  of  the  E(iuator  is  t^uito  ? 

V2  How  is Guayacpiil  situated? 
;ij  In  what  part  of  New  Grenada  is  Carthagcna  ? 
.;4  In  what  direction  from  Carlhagena  is  St.  Martha  .' 
;i5  Whore  are  the  bay  and  town  of  Panama? 

36  How  is  Porto  Bello  situated  ? 

37  Which  way  Irom  Q,uito  is  Chimborazo  ? 

S8  In  what  part  of  Venezuela  is  Caraccas?  ^£,U 

,9  In  what  direction  lYom  Caraccas  is  IVbracaybo  f    ^' 
!()  On  what  river  is  St.  Thomas  or  St.  Thome  situated  . 

11  li\  what  part  of  Guiana  is  Paramaribo  ? 

12  In  what  direction  from  Paramaribo  is  Cayenne  ! 

t.3  In  what  part  of  Brazil  is  Uio  Janeiro?  and  m  what 

latitude?'  ,    ,,  i     i     » 

M  How  many  dr-^rees  farther  north  is  it.  Salvador  i 
15  Which  is  most  northerly,  i.^ernambuco  or  Paraiba? 
IG  In  what  part  of  Brazil  are  Maranham  and  Para? 
n  On  which  side  of  the  La  Plata  is  Buenos  Ayres? 

18  On  which  side  is  Monte  Video?  .„     ,        „       . 

19  In  what  direction  from  Buenos  Ayres  id  Cordova  <  ' 
jO  How  is  Assumption  s'tuated? 

ol  In  what  latitude  is  Potosi?  .  y 

52  In  what  direction  from  Potosi  is  La  Plata?* 

53  In  what  part  of  Chili  is  St.  Jago  ? 

51  How  is  Valparaiso  situated?  ,    ,n  ^ 

55  In  what  part  of  Chili  is  Valdivia?  In  what  Copu.po^ 

56  Which  way  from  Valparaiso  is  Conception  ? 

57  la  what  part  of  Peru  is  Lima? 

68  Which  way  from  Lima  is  Truxillo  .' 
59  Which  way  are  Guamanga  and  Cuzco  ( 
CO  In  what  part  of  Peru  is  Arica  ? 
Gl  How  is  Arequipa situated? 


-iJiifcii.!.. 


MJ' 


:..f 


1*1 


}•"■  f^f'^  \ 


^iUl:sT10Ni:. 


HAP    or    TIIK    VN1TF.D   STATES. 

I  Between   what   parallels   of  latitu.lc  .lo  tho   United 

i  Whif  are  The  5  irreat  lakes  in  the  northern  part  of  the 

United  States? 
r>  Which  i«  the  largest  of  them .' 
4  •Which  is  the  smallest? 
•    \V  irh  lie**  wholly  within  the  Un.to.l  States? 
■>  \Vlucn  iitx  wnmij  ,     T  Which  the  most  eastcr- 

0  Which  the  most  westerly  !     1  \^  hi^»  i'»^  "'" 

Iv  f     8  Which  the  most  southerly  ! 
0  BetVeen  which  are  the  tails  of  Niag^^^^^^  ^^  ^,^^ 

10  What  river  forms  the   outlet  oi   uic.l 

ocean?  ,,  .       i  Tvr„,„  Vnrk ' 

I I  What  lake  lies  bet^vee^X  ^^^^^^J^^  ialls? 
12  Whore  is  Lake  ht.  Clan  '  i^  ^  ,  ;  a  ;„♦„  jhe  At- 
,1  What  are  the  principal  rivers  that  tlow  mto  the  At 

15  wStc  the'largest  that  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 

16  wiuli  'large  rivers  How  into  the  Mississippi  on  the  east- 

ern  side  '     H  What  on  the  western  s.de  ? 
,8  What  are'the  principal  nvers   that  tlow  mto  the  M.s- 

10  What  two  rivejs  unitmg  form  the  Ohio . 

oo  What  large  rivers  flow  '"|«  ' 'f.  ^'"^ ;,,,,uusetts  bay? 
21  What  capes  are  north  and  ^ou^h  of  M-v^sa.uu^ci        y 
"2  What  are  the  capes  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Day 
i  What  capes  atth'e  mouth  of  Ch-ap-k  hay? 
24  Where-^re  Cap«s  Jlatteras  and  Lookout . 

07  Between  what  states  is  Delaware  bay  .  .  ^ . 

"Q  Mow  is  €hesapeak  bay  situated:  ■■ 

Z;  Whit  towns  are  situated  ou  tjonnect.cut  nver  ? 

i  What  towns  are  Jj;-  j^    ^     ^  "^^^^^    Susqueban- 

31  What^  tow,.  -  f,^>?,t:c?"  34  James  river?     36 
The  Ohio?     3G  The  Mississippi? 

^1  What  states  border  on  the  Atlantic? 


rE5. 

(Ic  tlo   the    Unittil 

orthcrn  part  of  tht 


>1  States? 

cli  the  most  easier- 

'^-      , 
igara  ; 

these   lakes  to  tlie 

.ml  New  York? 
ere  St.  Mary's  falls  f 
it   flow  into  the  At- 

o  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 

ississippi  on  the  east- 
stern  side  ? 
it  flow  into  the  Mi''- 

Ohio? 

hio?  ,      , 

f  Massachusetts  bay  '■ 

of  Delaware  bay  ? 

apeak  bay  ? 

ookout  ? 

7 

ie  or  Pamlico  sound? 

bay?.  ,. 

lecticut  river  ? 
iuJson? 

32  The  Susqueban- 
4  James  river?  36 
ipi? 


QUESTIONS.  '2i}b 

What  states  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mrxi«o  ? 

What  states  art   bounded  !)y  the  Mi«sissii<|)i? 

What  states  arc  bounded  by  the  Ohio? 

Wliat  state!  border  on  the  groat  lukos  ? 

What  states  are  intersected  1)V  the  lOth  parallel  of  N 

lat.  ? 
What  states  are  situated  N.  of  the  4l)lh  parallel  ? 
Wiiat  states  are  situated  S.  cf  tjio  iOtli  parallel  ?  ^ 
What  states  are  intersected  by  the  meridian  of  Wa'li- 

iiigton  ? 
What  states  lie  east  Ion,  from  Wasiiiii^^jk-n  ? 
What  stales  are  W.  Ion.  from  Washington  ? 
1  How  is  Maine  bounded?  62  Georgia  hounded  ? 
•  N.  Hampshire  bounded  ?  (i.i  Ohio  bounded  ? 
)  Vermont  bounded?  61  Indiana  bounded? 

Massachusetts  bounded?  Gb  Illinois  bounded  ? 

M  Micbiaaii  Ter.  hounded? 
(37  N.  W.  Tor.  bounded? 
08  Kentucky  bounded  ? 
tin  Tennessee  bounded  ?     ,. 
7(J  Alaijama  bounded  ? 

71  Mississippi  boimded  ? 

72  Louisiana  boMuded  ? 
7:5  Arkansavv  Ter.  bounded  '< 
74  Missouri  bounded? 


tic? 


■  "^m,.; 


Rhode  Island  bounded  ? 

Connecticut  bounded  ? 

New  York  bounded  ? 

New  Jersey  bounded? 

Pennsylvania  bounded  ? 

Delaware  bounded  ? 

Maryland  bounded? 

Virginia  bounded  ? 

N.  Carolina  bounded  ? 

S.  Carolina  bounded  ? 

What  states  lie  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains? 

Which  are  the  largest  states  in  point  of  territory  ? 

Which  are  the  smallest? 

Which  extends  farthest  north,  Maine  or  the  N.  West 

Territory  ? 
What.are  the  principal  rivers  of  Mauie  ? 
What  is  their  general  course  ? 
In  wiiat  part  of  Maine  is  Katahdin  mountain  ? 
In  what  part  is  Portland  situated  ? 
Which  way  from  Boston  is  Portland  ? 
What  towns  are  situated  on  the  Kennebec  ? 
What  towns  oa  Penobscot  river  and  bay  ? 
How  is  Eastport  situated  ?   87  Machias  ?    88  Castine  ? 

89  Belfast?    90  Wiscasset?    91  Bath?    92  Bruns- 

wick?    93  Saco? 

25 


S"i 


Wl.ul.  ^v,.v  .^  I'.oslon  from  Wa.hin-ton  cil^  .' 
Whicli  way  iVom  Washington  ,.  N.-w  \ork?  i)  >    V  uch 

loni-'     Of)  Uichmon.l?     lOD  I'.UsBiir- •'     1'»1AI 
l.anv?     1(»:  Norfolk?     1();4  lialt.more  ? 
W        river  separator  N.  llamp^lnrc  irom  \  ormont 
TI.;o-,yi.  «hat  part  of  tl.c  .late  .loo.  tho  M.rnmack 

Wl.aTrivor  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  hcuulary  r 
How  is  Porl'^month  situated  ?  ,1,,  Vv. 

U.uv  is  Concord  situated  ?     U)9  Amherst  r     1  lu  Lx 

Pier-'     111    Kcerie  ?  ^  ^.     , 

What  towns  in  N.  Hampshire  on  the  Connecticut 
Which  wav  is  Concord  from  Boston  ? 
Whore  are  the  Wliito  mountains  ? 
wK  extends  farthest  north,  N.  Hampshire  or  \  er- 

WlTrivers  ,n  Vermont  flow  into  Lake  Champlam  ? 
What  mountains  in  Vermont  ?  ,„„.«„»    1^0 

Snrinfffield  ?     127  New  Bcdtord  ?    123  1itt^ncm 
Which  Say  from  Boston  is  Salem?     If  J!  ^^^^  \! 
1:31  Northampton?  132  Nantucket?  133  Worce. 

How  is  Providence  situated?     135  Newport?     136 

Bi^tol?  ^^      .,         , 

Which  way  from  Boston  to  Providence  . 
Where  is  Block  Island  ?  .       ,,  1111 

h!w  is  Hartford  ^itu.ted?  140  ^N-v  Ilaven  ^ 
New  London?  142  Middletown  ?  113  Norwjcn 
1  14  Fairfield  ?  /  .  "• 

How  is  Long  Island  situated  ? 
What  separates  it  from  Connecticut  f 
la  what  part  of  Long  Island  is  Sag  Harbour? 
To  wkat  state  does  Long  Island  belong  f 
WhaMakes  are  situated  on  the  northern  bouadarv  of 
New  York?  ^^,  . 

160  What  on  the  eastern?  "»'";  ',-* 


04 


101 
105 

ior> 

107 

108 

112 
113 
il  i 
115 

no 

117 
118 


124 
12!) 


134 

137 
138 
J  39 


145 
146 
147 
148 
149 


QUESTION  J 


•»(i7 


jrton  rity  ■ 

V  York?  '.>•>  Winch 

V  Orleans  ?    ;»5  St 

ittsBvuL;'    i'"  ''^' 
Ititnore  ? 

re  Iroin  Vorniont  ? 
oos  the  M«Trimiick 

itern  bor.ndary  f 

ymhorst?    110  Ex- 

he  Connecticut 

.n? 

Hamiishire  or  Ver- 
Lake  Chami>luin  ? 

9  Burlington?    120 
122  Bratlleboro? 

ff  cwburyport  ?  120 
iril?  123  PittsticW  : 
n?  130  Plymouth? 
ucket?  133  VVorces- 

135  Newport?     136 

ridence? 

)  New  Haven?     Ml 
,wn?    143  Norwich? 


Lieut  ? 

Sag  Harbour  ? 

1  belong  ? 

I  northern  bouadary  o! 


151  What  rivers  empty  intd  Lake  Ontario? 

152  In  wliat  part  of  the  <late  i<*  lluihon  river? 
15,1  What  is  its  principal  branch  ? 

151  How  is  the  citv  of  Now  York  situated  ?  How  Albany  r 
155  Ibnv  Uticar'Sarket's  Harbour?      150  I'lattsburg  ? 

157  0<,'den'.bur<,' ?   153  Ticondoroga?   151)  Troy  r 
IGO  What  towns  are  on  the  road  from  Albany  to  liullalo  r 
161   Wliat  is  the  southern  point  of  New  Jersey  ? 
1G-'  What  river  and  bay  arc  on  the  western  side  ol   New 

.lor^ey  ? 
I,,.'.  How  is  Trenton  Mluated?     Itil  Bordentowu  ? 
u;5  Wh;it  (own?  lie  between  New  York  and  Trenton  ? 
IGG  What  are   tlu>   branches  of  the  Delaware   river  u' 

Pennsvlvania  ? 
l.;7  How  is  i'biladclphia  t-ituated  ?     1G8  Lancaster?   10. > 

Harrisburg  r 

170  Wliorc  dotiie  br.uichcsof  the  Susquehanna  moot  r 

171  What  towns  are  situated  on  the  Susquehanna? 

172  What  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Ohio? 

173  Wliat  is  the  name  of  the  town  at  their  junction  ? 
171  What  lake  touches  Pennsylvania  on  the  northwest? 
175  In  what  part  of  Delaware  is  Wilmington  ? 

17G  How  are  Newcastle  and  Dover  situated? 

177  Where  does  the  Susquehanna  river  empty  ? 

178  Through  what  i»tates  docs  Chcasapeak  bay  pass  ? 
.7!)  How  is^Baitimore  situated?  How  Fredericktown  ? 
130  How  Annapolis  ?  Hac:erstown  ?  Cumberland? 

IGl   What  forms  (he  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia ? 

182  How  is  the  District  of  Colundjia  situated  ? 

1C3  What  places  lie  in  this  district  ? 

181  Where  does  the  Potomac  empty  ? 

185  What  other  rivers  empty  into  the  Chesapeak  ?  ^ 

ICG  What  rivers  are  there  in  the  western  part  ot  Virgmia- 

187  How  is  Norfolk  situate^  ?     138  How  Winchester  ? 

18?  On  what  river  are  Hichmond  and  Lynchburg  ?     190 
Petersburg?     191  York?    192  Fredericksburg? 

193  What  rivers  empty  into  Albemarle  Sound?  194  In- 
to Pamlico  SoundA 

105  On  what  river  are  Wilmington  and  Fayetteville  situ- 
ated ?  19G  How  Newbern?  197  Ualcigh  ?  198 
Salisbury?     109  Edenton  ?     200  Salem  ? 


\t 


204 


230  qUKSTIONS. 

201  What  rivers  nro  in  S.  Carolina 

O02  How  i.  CI.arlG.ton  situated?     203  Beaufort? 

ijOS  On  what  river  is  Columbia?     200  (  ..mien.  ? 
■'07  What  is  the  noilhcastirn  boundary  ol  Ocorgia  r 
oi.n   Willi  arc  the  principal  lownt  on  the  >avannal.  river  r 

0  no.';  rM.ii,.)i«ov.il  ,,,,.,.,1  f  „,^>"„»;;f;"«"'" ■ 

211   Athens:-     212  Daricn  ?     21.5  ^l>alta  r" 
OM  Wliere  iloesthe  Ogcchce  enil)ly  ? 

215  What  are  the  branches  of  the  •>'»<"'"■""?;,..  ' 

216  What  river  seimrates  Georgia  Hon.  Alal.;un.ar» 
^>17  What  i*^  the  iirincipal  river  in  Alabama  ? 
iir.  Where  .iocs  it  empty  r  What  are  its  hranchcs  r 
219  What  river  lies  in  the  north  part  of  Ahib«Tna? 
'20  How  is  Cahawba  situated?  221  How  Mob. le  ?  Blake- 

lev  ?     222  St.  Stephens  ?     223  Huntsville  ? 
224  Whe'rc  do  Yazoo  and  Black  rivers  empty,  and  m  what 

005  Whore  does  I'eail  river  empty  itself?     22G  Where 

227  HcIw'TNaldL  situated?     220  Washington  ?     220 

Fort  Gibson  ?     230  Mont.cello  ?  ,        .  ,„   „*• 

S31  What  river  forms   part  of  the  western  boundary   oi 

032  Howtt"w'orlea..s  situated?  ,233  Madisonyille? 
ar4  0°,  what  river  is  Natchitoches  ?!(  236  Opelou.^as  ? 
J  iC.  Where  is  Lake  Pontchartrain  ?  ,         1      ,  „, 

237  Whalr.ver  forms  part  of  the  so,.thern  boundary  0. 
Arkansaw  Territory  ?     )v. 

'•38  On  what  river  is  Nashville  situated? 

059  Where  doer-  Cumberland  nver  empty?  . 

2  0  How  is  kuo.viUe  situated  ?  How  ^^'^  ^/f^l^,  ,r. 

'zi\  Where   doos  the  Tennessee  empty  ?    212  What  arc 

0,3  wJ^t'riWsUuation  of  MurfreesboroV  Columbia  ? 
24  1  How  is  Kentucky  bouuda*^  tbe  nortn  . 
o    ,  What  rivers  empty  into  th«  Ohio  m  Kentudvy  ?,| 
:.  ■«  What      the  situation  of  Lexington?     247  Frankfort  ■ 
'  248  Loui^villc?  249  Bakdstown?    250  Maysv.lle 

liM  Danville?     152  Uilfcelville?  ,  ^,,  what 

253  What  rivers  in  Ohio  empty  into  the  Ohio  ?  254  \N  Uat 
inUi  Lake  Ii^rio  ? 


•^H:>J^ 


)3  Beaufort  ?    201     I      "j  jg 


Ciiiuilem  ? 
yr  of  Ccorgiii  ? 
lie  Siiv;iniial»  river  r 

210    Washington  r 
2\[i  Si»aitii  ? 

[itiliniillil  ?  '  ; 

m  Alal';i:iia  ?  ^' 
ibania  ? 

its  branches  r 

of  Alabama  ? 

low  Mobile  ?  Blake- 

3  Huiitsville  ? 

■fl  empty,  and  in  what 

itself?    22G  Where 

J  Washington?     ^29 

a? 

.voslern  boundary   ol 

233  Madisonvillc  ? 
l)  23B  Opelou.'as  ? 

»oathern  boundary  oi 

ntcd  i 

rnility  ? 

(W  from  Nashville? 

nii)ty  !    2 12  What  arc 

eesboro'?  Columbia? 

he  north  ?  ^ 

lio  in  Kentucky  .'/I 

rton?     217  Frankfort 

town?    250  Maysville 

Iville? 

.0  the  Ohio  ?  254  What 


qi,T,snoN>*. 

Wh:it  town«  in  the  xtatn  are  on  the  nvc^r  Ohio 


M'J 


'J'>7  ( 'incinnti ? 
•JoO    Zancsvillo  ? 


•Ji'.  \ 


■^f.r)  Wiial  river 


JO  5 


What  is  the  cituation  of  Cohnnlni'' 

'JoU  Athens?     2,V,)    Cliihcothe ' 

2G1   r)ayt<'n?     202  ('leveland  ? 
What  art'lhi'  river*  of  Indiana' 
What  lake  bouiuh  Indiana  on  the  N 

on  the  S.  '. 
How  is  Coryilon  situatoil '     2G7  Vinrcmifs  ? 
Vevayf     2G'.t   C  larkesville  .»     2*0  I'rin'-eton?   - 
What'  rivers  are  in    Illinois '     272    Where   do   they 

empty  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Pioria? 
How  is  Kuska^kiasiluat.'d?     27.')  CahoUin  ? 
Siiawnoetown?     277    Kdwardsville  '     270Carmi? 
lly  what  lakes  is  Michij^'an  surrounded  ? 
I  low  is  Lake  St.  Clair  situated' 
How  is  Detroit  situated  ?  202   How  Michilimakmak  > 
What  are  the  rivers  of  the  North  West  Territory  ? 
What  is  the  eastern  boundary  of  Missouri  Territory? 
What  rivers  in  this  territory  empty  into  the  Mississippi' 
What  are  the  branches  of  the  Missouri  i 
Which  is   the  most  westerly,  the  Osage,  Kansas,  or 

La  riatte? 
What  is  the  latitude  and  longitude  o(  Fort  Mandnn  ??  J 
How  many  degrees  west  of  Fort  Mandan  is  the  mouth 

of  the  Yellow  Stone  ?' '  ,  , 

How  is   St.  Louis  situated?     201   St.  Charles  ?     292 

St.  Genevieve  ■ 
How  is  Arkansaw  bounded  on  the  east  ?     291  On  the 

South  ? 
What  large  river  passes  through  it  ? 
What  countries  lie  north  of  the  great  lakes  ? 
What  river  separates  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  ?  '  ' 
Where  is  Nepi  ;smi!:  LiAe  ?  299  Where  Lake  Simcoe 
Where  does  th-.  liver  Ouse  emptvi?     301  Where  the 

Thames  ? 
How  is  York  situated  ^    303  Kingston  ?; 
Vfhat  towns  in  Upper  Canatia  lie  between  Lakes  On- 
tario and  Erie  ? 
Where  docs  St.  Maurice  river  empty'     306  Where 

the  Seguenai?  ': 

25* 


/  ii' 


(4i'Ksrif»Ns. 


;i09  Throe 


II, „v  ,.  liiicl-ccMtuatedf  f)*»l!  Montreal 

lliv»r*f  .        ^     1      » 

Wliirh  wny  !•<  IMontmil  Iroin  Qnoli.'.-  f 
Wl.icli  way  i^  (iiicl.or,  from  lloston' 
In  what  i.iut  of  Flori.lai^  I'onHUCoh  ?      _ 
Whicli  wiiy  IVom  I'.'iHivrolii  li  M.  Murks. 
WhiMc  it  Ajiiiluclioc  Imy  • 
Jlovv  isSl.  AiiK«i^tinoMt«iiitc.ll 
VVhicl.  wny  iVoin  St.  AugufUne  i»  Amelia  l«l.>n<« . 

MAI'  OF  I  uuort. 


I  What  oo-M  lie  hctwocn  Europe  ami  Ana  ? 
•>  Which  Mi\c  of  liurope  ih  Iho  ModitiMrannaii/ 
J  liotuoen  what  countries  i*  the  (lulf  ot  Venice  . 
4  Where  is  the  liuv  of  Biscay  ? 
b  ilow  is  the  liritisii  t'liaiincl  sitnateJ  I 

6  Where  the  North  Sea?  „i,:.7 

7  Wliat  connects  the  North  Sea  with  the  Ualtu.J 
;;  What  country  lies  S.,  what  E.,  and  what  W.  oi  the 

9  What'is  "the  eastern,  ami  what  the  northern  Gulf  of 

the  Halt ic? 
10  Where  is  the  White  Sea  7 

II  Wliat  rivers  flow  into  the  VN  hite  Sea  ? 

1  :>  What  river  flow-*  into  the  Sea  ot  Azoph  i 
1 J  What  rivers  flow  into  tlie  LUack  Sea  / 

14  The  Caspian  Sea?  ,,    ,,  ,. 

15  What  rivers  m  Spain  flow  into  the  Mediterranean  < 

u-  Whit  rivers  of  Spain  flow  into  the  Atlantic  !       .    .     , 
\n    Vh  rs  flow\nto  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ?  The  British 

Channel?     IH  The  North  Sea?     19  The  Baltic? 

20  What  are  the  ..x  largest  islamls  m  the  Mediterranean 

21  Which  is  the  most  easterly  of  the«e  islands  ? 

i2  How    is   Sicfly  nituated  ?     23   Cand.a?     24  Corsica^ 
25  Where  is  IJlm  ?     2ti  Malta?    27  C^ngo? 
20  What  islands  are  near  the  coast  ot  Spain  . 

29  What  islands  are  there  in  the  Archipelago , 

30  What  islands  he  N  W.  of  More  a  ? 

31  Which  way  is  Iceland  from  Scotland  f 


qUKSTlONS 


itrcal ?  :i<)9  Tlnce 


la? 


Amclui  Island  ? 


if  of  Venice  ? 

a? 

,  the  Kaltir  ? 

juJ  nhnt  W.  of  the 

ho  north*' rn  Gulf  of 


Azoph  ? 

Sea? 

e  MetUtoiTimenn '( 

ic  Atlantic  ? 

'  Biticay  ?  The  Hritish 

1?     19  The  Baltic? 

n  the  Mediterranean ' 

e«e  islands? 

:andiu?    24  Corsica' 

7  Cerigo? 

of  Spain? 

rchipelago  ? 

? 

llund  ? 


What  inlands  lie  N.  of  Scotland  I  W  hat  ^^  •  • 
What  inlands  ar.-  th.TC  in  the  Baltic  i  ■ 

What  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden . 
What  mountau)son  the  northeast  ..t   h-urope  ! 
Where  are  the  Carpathian  ui>>mUui^ 
'  Where  are  the  Alps?      ili  The   I'j rentes?     J9    Ih". 

,  W^irj^U 'of  Europe  lie  S.  of  the  parallel  of  ..0  N 

,  wJiucountru..  lie  chielly  l.etweo..  lU  <md  50N.  Lut? 

2  What  cotnitries  between  50  an.l  t.O  IS.  Lat. 

J  What  conntric-'  l)etwocn  GO  and  "i^  '  » 

4  In  what  part  ..f  Europe  are  Spam  and  I  ortupl  f 

I    n   vha     .art  is  UuH.i't  ?      ».l  Turkey  ?    47  t  ern.any 

40  Sweden?   49  I'rance?   50  Italy?    o\   Lnjjland  f 

52  Austria? 
How  arc  the  following  countries  hounded  ? 


r.4  Switzerland  ? 
Ca  Spain.' 
(HI   I'ortugul  ? 
o7   Italy  ? 
03  Turkey  ? 


Nor\w»y  ?  59  Scotland  ? 

Sweden?  t't»  Kii?:l-'"JJ 

Russia?  «»   Ireland? 

Denmark  ?         C2  Netherlands  . 
Frui'i'.  Doniin.  ?  ti3  France  t 
Austr.  Dumin.  ? 

How  are  the  following  Cities  situated? 

,  ,       ,      ,  r,'    imhon?  "^   Munich? 

1  London  r  '-^  I'lsuuii  . 

7ij  Berne  ? 

77  Turin? 

78  Koine  ? 
7i)  N|>ple8'< 
00  Vienna  ? 


Dublin  ? 
Edinburgh  ? 
Amsterdam  ? 
Paris  ? 
Madrid  ? 


82  Constantinople  ? 

83  Berlin  ? 

84  Stockholm? 
B5  St.  Petersburg? 
00  Moscow? 


Which  way  is  Paris  from  London  ? 

Which  way  is  Madrid  Irom  London  f 

Which  way  Rome?    90  Berlin?     91  Vienna?    92  bt. 

Petersburg?  ,     T^      i    o 

,  What  towns  arc  situated  on  the  Danube^ 
s  What  towns  on  the  Volga?     95  Ihe  Unitpt 

The  Rhine  ?     97  The  Elbe  ? 
I  What  are  the  principal  hvcts  lo  bpam 


r. : 


..  4| 


#:   J 


■I'U. 


(tUi:s'lMON'>. 

!);)  What  rivers  ri.>o  in  Sp;iiri  and  flow  through  I'ortngal ' 

1()0  Noiir  llie  nioulli  of  uliat  ri\or  i«  Oporlo  .' 

lUl  Wluit  towns  arebotwo'jn  Opoilo  mul  Lisbon? 

10>  How  i^  Cadi/,  situated?  On  wlial  river  is  Seville  '. 

lO.J  llowistiibraltarsitiuitoa?     lUl   How  Grenada  . 

100  What  towns  in  Spain  arc  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean ?  ,        •     'P   I     I     7 

lOG  On  wliat  river  is  Saragossa  ?  On  what  is  loledo. 

1U7  What  towns  in  the  nortli  of  Spam  . 

1U3  Where  is  Cape  St.  Vincent  ?     lU'J^  Cape  b  uuslerre  ? 

110  What  are  the  principal  rivers  ol  France  ^ 

111  How  is  IJayonne  situated?    li'J  How  is  Montpelher 

1  la  What  towns  are  on  the  Garonne  ?    1 1 1  On  the  Rhone  ? 

115  On  tlie  Loire?     Ho  O"  H'e  St*'"f=  ' 
in  How  are  Marseilles  and  'i'onlon  situated  . 
lis  What  towns  are  on  the  coast  between  the  mouths  of 

1'20  Lille?     I'-'l 


Garonne  and  Loin 


119  In  wliat  part  of  i.\-aiice  is  Brest  '. 

Strasburg;  ? 
1  "2  What  separates  r.ngland from  France? 

ih  What  town  in  England  is  nearest  Calais  in  France? 

1"4  Whal  mountains  separate  Switzerland  from  Italy  r 

)2rj  In  what  piirt  of  Switzerland  is  Geneva  .•' 

120  In  what  part  is  Berne  ?     127  Basle  .-     123  Zurich  r 
1  "9  What  larsre  rivers  How  through  Netherlands  .-  _ 

130  How   is  Amstertlam  situated?     131  Brussels.-     1-'- 

Hague  ? 
VJ,3  Which  way  from  Amsterdam  is  Antwerp- 
134  Which  way  from  Brussels  to  Liege  ?    lou  1  o  Ghent  ? 
130  Which  part  of  the  I'rus.-iau  dominions  are  the  greater, 

the  eastern  or  western  ?      . 

137  In  which  part  is  Berlin  ? 

138  How  is  Konigsberg  situated  f 

139  Which  way  from  Berlin  to  Breslaw  ? 

140  Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Dantzic  ? 

141  Which  is  most  eastrrly  Tilsit  or  Stettin  ? 

1 40  On  what  river  are  Cologne,  Dusscldorf,  and  C  oblentz  ? 
!43  Where  is  Copenhagen?  144  Viborg  ?  145  Sleswick  r 
:4G  On  what  river  is  Hnmburg  ? 

147  Which  way  from  Hamburg  to  Emden  r 

148  Which  is  most  northerlv,  Bremen  or  Hanover  r 


QUESTIONS. 


293 


hroii^h  I'ortiigal ' 

porlo  .' 

d  Lisbon  ? 

vcr  is  Seville  ? 

o\v  Greiiadii '? 

on  Ihe  Medilerra- 

uit  i-i  Toledo  ? 

L'ape  Fiiii*lorre  ? 

UllCC  ? 

w  is  MontpcUicr? 
14  On  the  Rhone? 

Seine  ? 
lated '.' 
L'en  ihe  mouths  of 

120  Lillo?     121 


CO  r 

ahiis  in  France  ? 

uul  iVom  Italy  r 

icva  ? 

.  ?     123  Zurich.- 

.■thcrland*  ': 

H  Uriji-scls  r     lo'- 

twpip  ? 

?    135  To  Ghent? 

)ns  are  the  greater, 


V  ? 

Dantzic  ? 

tettin  ? 

dorf,  and  Coblentz  ? 

■g?  Mu  Sleswickr 

len? 

or  Hanover  r 


Which  IS  most  easterly,  Brunswick  or  Franckfor.  r 
On  which  side  of  the  Rhino  is  Mont/.  ?  _ 

Which  i^i  most  northerly,  Dresden  or  Lcipsic  r 
Which  way  is  Mtniich  from  Vienna? 

,  On  what  rivet  is  Itatishon  ? 
Which  wav  from  Municii  \s  Stuigard? 

,  Throui-h  what  part  of  the   Austrian  domnnous   does 

the  i).mul)<'  tlowr  ,    ,r„  i> 

;  How  is  \ienna  situated?   157  Trieste?      5!'.  Kag««a . 
)  What  towns  of  Austria  arc  on  the  Danube? 
)  Which  is  most  westerly,  Ruda  or  Trcsburg  !     ^ 
1  Which  way  from  Vienna  is  Prague?  »"^.I»7'=  \,  „, .,, 
>  lu  what  part  of  the  Austrian  dominions  is  Lcmbmg  • 
I  Which  way  from  Lemburg  is  Cracow  ? 
4  Which  way  from  Buda  is  Debretzin 
r.  Which  side  of  the  Danu'^"  is  Pest? 
G  Which  way  from  Pest  t..  Tokay  ?     167  Hormanstadt  ? 
8  How  is  Venice  situated  ?  Padua  ?  ^ 

,0  Which  is  most  westerly  Milan  or  Mantua- 
0  Which  wav  from  Venice  is  Trent '        ^      .        , 
r"  Where  is  Turin  ?     172  Genoa f     HS  Leghorn? 
I  Which  is  most  easterly  Florence  or  B'^>"gI'-„ 
5  How  is  Rome  situated  ?   17G  Naples?    177  larento 
8  in  what  part  of  Sicily  is  Pulermo  ?     179  Catania  ? 
SO  In  what  part  of  Sardini^a  is  C^Jgl''^"?  „^f' 

81  What  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Corsica- 
8'>  Which  wav  from  Corsica  is  hiba  - 
83  How  is  Constantinople  situated  ?         .  ,  .  ^     , . , 

81  Which  way  from  ^""■•t-^"^'"°P';:,.*",;^:\''7oTAthei.-' 
85  How  IS  Saloniki  situated  ?0o  ^f  ^'^g^J^l^j^S,  > 
188  Larissa?     189  Philippopoh?     190  licl^r.uu 

191   Bucharest?  ,     t-v      i     > 

192  What  totN'ns  in  Turkey  are  on  tire  Danube  i 
qs  Wh-it  towns  in  Turkey  on  the  Black  Soa  .^ 
94  Wha     ea  Ues  between  the  Blaci-  Sea  and    ho   Archi- 

Delano'     195  Where  are  the  Dardanelles: 

196  What  island  lies  south  of  the  Archipelago  - 

197  What  islands  lie  N W .  of  the  Morea  ? 

198  On  which  side  of  th.  Black  Sea  is  Crimea? 

199  What  sea  lies  north  ot  tht  Black  se.t 


,^)«;, 


h%. 


'Jul 

207 
209 
210 
211 
"12 

217 
210 
220 
222 
223 
224 
225 


QUESTIONS. 

Wh;U  river  of  Russia  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ?20r 
What  .nto  (he   Sea  of  A/ofh  ?     202   The  IMacU 
Sea?     203  The  White  Sea? 
How  is  St.  Peterslnirff  situated  ?     205  Moscow 
Which  ^vav  IS  Moscow  fron,  St.  Petersburg' 
1  low  IS  Ri^a  situated  ?     .20B  Warsaw  ! 
Which  v.aV  from  Riga  to  Wilna  ? 
Which  w.v  from  ^t.  retershurg  to  Novgorod  ? 
Which  way  from  Moscow  to  Smolensk  • 
How  i«Clierson  situated?     213  Kiev?     211    Ca/.au? 

215  Archangri.'     210  Aho  •'      ^^    ,      , 
Mow  is  Stodvholm  situated  r     2 1 S  Gothenburg  r 
Whicli  w;.v  from  Stockhehn  is  Tpal  ■ 
How  isTurneasiuK.teai     221   in  what  lat.  ? 
Which  .smost  nortluMly  Torne;,  or  Arch^mger 
Which  is  most  westerly  lake  Wein.or  or  Welter 
In  what  part  of  Norway  is  Bergen  • 
Which  way  from  Bergen  is  Christiana  - 
How  is  Drontheim  situated  ■ 


A:^i; 


;  i'-'-^ 


^:  Nf  m 


1 

2 

4 
5 
C 

7 

10 
11 

13 
11 
lu 

16 

17 


MAP    OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 

What  is  the  southwestern  extremity  of  England-' 

What  islands  are  near  this  point  ? 

}[ow  is  the  Isle  of  Wight  situated  ? 

What  Sea  an.l  Channel  separate  E.ngland  trom  IrelanU 

What  islands  are  in  the  Irish  Sea  ? 

Which  of  these  is  most  northerly  ?  ^ 

What  rivers  run  into  tlie  English  Channel . 

What  [^the  course  of  the  Thames?   9  Of  the  Severn? 

Where  does  the  Severn  empty  ?      ,     .^    .,   ^^^  ,     ,„ 
What  rivers  in  England  run  into  the  North  Sea  ?     12 

Into  the  Irish  Sea.'  , 

Which  is  the  most  northerly,  the  Tyne  or  the  Tees  . 
The  Dee  or  the  Mersey  ? 

How  i«  the  Wash  situated .'  .    .     ,         ,        u„ 

Wliat  river  and  Erith  form  a  part  of  the  boundary  be 

tween  Encland  and  Scotland  ?  ^  .    •     .,  ; 

In  what  part  of  England  is  London  ?  on  what  rivei 
In  what  part  of  England  is  Manchester' 


(lUESTIONS. 


20: 


Caspian  Sea?  20 r 
202   The  IM.icU 

205  Moscow  ■ 
ilorsburg  ? 
aw  ! 

3  Novgorod  ? 

eusk  ' 

,iev?     211    Ca/.nii? 

Golhcnbui-!?? 

.sal ' 

11  what  lat.  ? 

or  Archanu;el  •' 

inior  or  WoUer  ' 

n? 

tiana  ? 


IN. 

ity  of  England  ? 

? 
:ngland  from  Irehind ' 

Channel  ? 

;s?   9  Of  the  Severn? 

the  North  Sea  ?    12 

Tync  or  the  Tees  ? 

t  of  the  boundary  be 
> 

on  ■  on  what  rivor 

ihcster' 


ij  On  wliat  river  is  Liverpool  situated  • 
■JO  How  is  Hirrnin^liam  situated  ?     21    Mow  l!ristol_^ 
12  Whicli  H  tlm  most  north(!rn,  Leeds  or  Slietlieldr 
"';3  Which  most  easterly,  Portsmouth  or  I'lymonth? 
'm  ^Yhat  it  the  situation  of  Bath  ?     25  Of  Hull  ? 
ji;  Which  way  is  Cambridge  from  London?     27  Oxtord  ? 
28    Cauterliury  ?     2!»    Norwich?     '.U»    Hath?     J I 
\Vinchester  ? 
,■12  How  is  Wales  bounded  on  the  south  ?  33  On  the  west  ? 
■54  How  is  Bangor  situated?     35  St.  David's'     30  Llaii- 

datr?     37  St.  Asaph? 
Mi  Which  side  of  Scotland  is  indented  by  numerous  lock-' 

or  hays,  the  eastern  or  western  ? 
i9  How  are  the   Hebrides  situateJl     40  Which  is  tlie 

largest  of  them  •' 
11  How  the  Orkney  Islands?     42  The  Shetland  Islands  ? 
I.}  hi  what  part  of"  Scotland  are  the  Friths  of  Forth    and 

Clyde.'     44  Where  Murray  Frith  ! 
1,')  AVhere  do  the  rivers  Tay  and  Spey  empty  ■ 
lo  With  what  Frith  docs  the  Caledonian  Canal  communi- 
cate ? 
I"  With  what  L.  Lomond?     A^ 
j()  How  is  Edinburgh  situated 
yj  Dundee?     53  Aberdeen? 

drews  ?     56  Inverness? 
:>'  In  what  part  of  Ireland  is  Galway  Bay  ? 
j8  What  course  does  the  bluumon  run? 
i'O  What  rivers  in  Ireland  run  south? 
i!0  Where  does  the  Boync  empty  ? 
f.l  Wiiich  are  the  two  largest  lakes  m  Ireland:     ^ 
!i'i  What  the  four  provinces  into  which  Ireland  is  divided 
i'3  How  is  Dublin  situated? 
t,  1  Which  wav  is  Dublin  from  London  ? 
i.j  Which  way  from  Dublin  are  Drogheda  and  Armagh  ? 
i;o  In  what  part  of  Ireland  n  Cork  ?     G7  On  what  river  ?^ 
68  On  what  is   Waterford  ?     69  Kinsale  ?     70  Limerick  - 

71  Which  way  from  Cork  is  Killarney? 

72  In  what  part  of  Ireland  is  Londonderry  ? 

73  Which  is  most  northerly,  Belfast  or  Carrickfergus  ? 
71  How  is    Galway  situated?    75  Kilkenncy  ?    76  Wick- 

low?     77  Wexford?     78  Cashel  ?     79  Tuam? 
",f)  What  is  the  southern  cape  of  Ireland  ■ 


L.  Fine  ?     49  L.  Tay 

51   Glasgow  ? 
51  Paisley?      b'j  St. 


An- 


'2<Hl 


qUl>TION; 


li 


'■'M 


'm 


•.,«    ■•/<: 


»«..v' 


MAI'  OF  Ai^lA. 

I  What  IS  the  most  northcily  ciipe  «''.-Jf,'»  '  , 
'>  What  H  the  most  southerly  cape  ct  Hmdoctan.^ 
:^  How  is  the  sen  of  Okotsk  Htuuted  .''    _ 

A  How  is  the  i?ulf  of  Corea  situated  ?    o  How  the  Lhm.. 

,ea  ?    6  Sea  of  Bengal  /     7  hea  of  Arabia  ^ 
n  Wliat  seas  lie  on  the  west  si<1e  of  Asia? 
'J  What  strait  connects  the  Red'sea  with  the  sea  ol  Ara 

10  What  gult^  lie  between  Persia  and  Arabia  ? 

I I  What  sea  lies  east  of  the  Black  sea  / 

12  Where  is  the  sestof  Aral  ?         „  .,    ,  . 

13  In  what  part  of  Sfteria  is  Lake  Baikal  /  ,u-n,,„h 
n  What  mountains  extend  from  the  sea  oi  Aral  through 

the  central  part  of  Asia  ?  ,, 

U,  Into  what  do  the  Oby,  Enisse>;,  and  the  Lena  tlou  . 
10  Which  is  the  most  easterly  ol  those  . 

Into  what  do  the  following  "vers  enjpty, 
n  Amour?  21  Burrampooter?      2;j  Euphiates 


18  Hoang-Ho?       22  Ganges  ? 

19  Kiang-Ku?        23  Indus  ? 

20  Cambodia  ?         24  Tigris  ? 
20  How  is  Arabia  bounded  ? 
AO  Turkey  in  Asia  bounded  ? 
:A   Russia  in  Asia  bJunded  ?_ 


26  Irawaddy  ? 

27  Meinam  ? 

28  Volga  ? 

32  Persia  boun<led  ? 

33  Hindoostan  bounded  .i 

34  China  bounded  ? 

3r,  In  what  part  of  Asia  is  Chinese  ^^^j^y^'   ,     ^^^^^  , 

3G  Independent  Tartary  ?    Malaya  ?     I  b.bet  .     torca 

37  How  isSiam  situated  from  Malaya- 

33  What  countries  lie  east  of  Siaio  . 

.5!)  What  country  is  north  of  Cochin-Chmn  . 

40  \Vhich  way  is  Buckharia  from  1  ei-sia  .  r„=r.:..r- 

n  WhLt  c^uYtries  lie  between  the  Black  and  the  Caspian 

42  Wlmt'cluntries  in  Asia  lie  between  lO  and  20  N.Lat.  ? 

43  What  countries  between  20  and  30  N.  I-it^ 

44  Between  30  and  40  ?        45  Between  40  and  50  . 

46  What  country  N.  of  50  ? 

47  Between  what  seas  is  Natolia.  M»,lifprranean  ? 

48  What  country  lies  on  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean. 

49  Where  are  the  Uralian  Mountains  / 


HUESTIONf 


'i'Jl 


><ia  .' 
lindoostan  ? 

b  How  the  ChiiK) 

f  Arabia  .^ 

a? 

th  the  sea  of  Ara- 

rabia  ? 


a  of  Aral  through 
he  Lena  tlow  / 

rs  empty  ? 

25  Euphrates 

26  Irawaihiy  ? 

27  Meinain  ? 

28  Volga  ? 
sia  boumled  ? 
(loostan  bounded  .* 
na  bounded  ? 
•tavy  ?  ■ 

Thibet  ?    Corca . 


Kinn  .-' 

sia  ? 

\ck  and  the  Caspian 

1  10  and  20N.Lat.  ? 

I  N.  I"it  ? 

jcn  40  and  50  ? 


he  Mediterranean  j 


Sinob  and  Trebi- 


34 


Where  is  Katntchatka  ? 
How  is  Nova  Zembla  situated  ? 
1h  what  part  of  Nalolia  is  Smyrna  ? 
On  which  side  of  the  Black  sea  are 

sond  ? 
What  towns  in  Natolia  are  on  the  Mediterranean  ? 
Which  way  is  Aleppo  from  Suez  ? 
What  cities  lie  between  Aleppo  and  Suez  ? 
Which  way  is  Medina  from  Mecca  ? 
How  is  Mocha  situated  ? 
Which  way  from  Mocha  is  Sana  ? 
How  is  Ispahan  situated  ?   Teheran  } 
What  other  towns  in  Persia  ? 
Wliat  towns  lie  near  the  tropic  of  Cancer .'' 
What  towns  near  the  parallel  of  30.  N.  Lat 

near  40  ? 


?   64\Nnmt 


How  are  the  following  towns  situated ." 


r.5  Herat 
OG  Samarcand 
G7  Balk 
f)8  Cashgar 
09  Cashmere 

70  Cabul 

71  Delhi 

72  Bombay 

73  Goa 

74  Madrixs 

73  Pjndicherry 


76  Calcutta  87  Singan 

77  Patna  88  Astrachan 

78  Allahabad  89  Tellis 

79  Lucknow  90  Orenburg 

80  Lassa  91  Tobolsk 

81  Ummerapoora      92  Tomsk 
{i2  Kesho  93  Kolyvanc 

83  Malacca  94  Irkutsk 

84  Canton  93  Obdorskaya 

85  Nankin  90  Bagdad 

,^         „.. J         86  Pekin  97  Bassora  ? 

98  What  strait  separates  Sumatra  from  Malaya  ? 

rtg  What  strait  separates  Sumatra  from  Java ." 

100  What  strait  is  between  Borneo  and  Celebes  ? 

101  What  strait  separates  New  Guinea  from  New  Hol- 

102  What  divides  Van  Dieman's  Land  from  New  Holland  ? 

103  What  separates  the  isles  of  Japan  from  Corea? 

105  On  what  island  is  Jeddo  ?     104  In  what  part  ? 

106  In  what  part  of  Sumatra  isBencoolen  ? 

107  In  what  part  of  Java  is  Batavia  ? 

108  In  what  part  of  Borneo  is  the  town  of  Borneo  7 

109  In  what  part  of  Celebes  is  Macassar  ? 

26 


.  tf 


■'■■I 


qiESTIONS. 
MO,„wU..p«.ofN«vn«U™d»rePor..Iac.«»,.an.l 

I^ornco  ?  ,     Sunda  l^les  or  the 

IIG  Which  arc  the  moat  easterly,  the  bunu.1 

Moluccae? 
tn  vin«r  iq  New  Guinea  situatcU  ? 

^  MAP    OF    AFRICA. 

.u    T<r    p    ^    nnd  W  capes  of  Africa  ? 
i  !irr.h=  Sn'rict- a^Sft^-wL  of  Madeira.  * 

,  Whni  wLds  are  there  m  the  G»lf  of  Guinea '    .„ 
t  r.lSnS™iS"Sa™«  front  Africa. 

6  How  are  Comoro  ishmds  situated  ?  ^ 

7  What  separates  Arabia  irom  Africa^  ^^^  ^^^^^ 

8  What  isthmus  separates  the  Ilea  sea 

9  WUeTdorthc  Nile  rise  ^  What  direction  does  it  run  ^ 
•  10  Into  what  does  it  flow  ?  ^       j^  jj^^y , 

11  Where  does  the  Niger  rise  ?  Which  wjiy  ?°  ^ 

12,  Where  are  Gambia  and  Senegal  f     13  Which 

southerly?  .    , 

14  What  cape  is  between  them 


6c 


QUESTIONS. 


caf^' 


Port  Jackson  and 

South  Wales ' 

/Holland? 

il  does  the  troiiK 

from  west  to  east ' 
Philil>l>ine  isles  or 

3unda  Isles  or  the 


3a  f 

of  Tonquin? 

sa  and  the  Isles  of 

f  Okotsk  ? 

le  Ladrone  Isles  or 

Carolines  ? 


les  of  Africa  > 

\A  of  Madeira,  sltM- 

'  of  Guinea '.    g, 

ar  from  Africa  ? 

3ea  from  the  Medi- 

direction  does  it  run  ■ 

ich  way  does  it  flow  ? 
?     13  Which  is  most 


i  In  about  what  latitude  does  the  Congo  empty  ? 

3  In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Egypt?  iv;„ri»... 

I  In  what  part  is  Barbary  ?     18  Sahara?  ^19  Nig""", 

orSoudan?    20  Guinea?    21  Congo?    22  CafTrana? 
23  Zanguebar?     21  Abyss.nia  ' 
3  Which  way  from  Abyssiuia  are  the  Mountayis  of  tlwi 

Moon?  ,  rr.   ■       r  J 

5  What  desert  lies  between  Egypt  and  Tripoli  ? 

6  What  desert  between  Egypt  and  Berdoa  ^ 

7  What  guh'  lies  on  the  north  of  Tripoli. 

8  Which  is  the  most  easterly  of  the  Barbary  Staes,  Tri- 

poli or  Morocco?     29   What  states  are   between 

th6S6  ^ 

10  Which  side  of  Algiers  is  Tunis  i       ,^  .       ^ 

II  What  Coasts  lie  north  of  the  gulf  of  Guinea  ? 

12  How  is  Dahomy  situated  with  respect  to  Abhantee  and 

53  WhaTiountries  lie  between  Benin  and  Benguela  ? 
}4  Which  is  most  northerly,  Congo  or  Angola? 

35  What  countries  lie  between  Monomotopa  and  the  straiw 

of  Babelmandel  ? 

36  Which  side  Abyssinia  is  Nubia? 

37  In  what  direction  is  Darfur  from  Abyssmia  • 

38  In  what  direction  is  Bornou  from  Nubia  ?  ^ 

39  What  country  lies  between  Bornou  and  bahara  • 

40  What  country  is  between  Kassina  and  Tripoli  ? 

41  Which  is  most  easterly  Tombuctoo  or  Bambarra : 

42  Between  what  seas  is  Suez  situated  r 

43  On  what  river  is  Cairo  ?     44  In  what  latitude  .        ^ 

45  What  cities  are  situated  at  the  mouths  of  the  JNHc  ■ 

46  In  what  latitude  is  Syene  ?  c  «„^  PVta  ? 

47  What  towns  aM  on  the  Nile  between  Syene  and  Cairo  ? 

48  What  directioris  Derne  from  Alexandria 

49  How  is  Tripoli  situated  from  ^'cily- 

',0  What  direction  is  Mourzouk  from  Tripoli  ■ 

M  Which  is  most  westerly,  Tunis  or  Algiers  • 

f,2  Which  way  are  Bona  and  Constantina  from  Algiers 

sa  What  towns  in  Africa  are  near  the  straits  of  Gibraltar  ? 

54  What  is  the  direction  of  Fez  and  Mequinez  tiom  mo- 

bb  What'^s^'hc  direction  of  Santa  Cruz  from  Morocco' 


.^f^  QUESTIONS. 

,%  What  towns  are  on  the  coast  between  Santa  Cruz  and 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar? 

63  VfZuL  «  .it«»l.a  ncr  the  C.pe  "f  GooJ  Il.pe  ! 

CO  wi:;'".'.h.  ..."*;f  ■".jj-'s:  '.;S  «l^BaU 

OT  What  towns  are  on  tue  a.  siae  ui  u«^ 

mandel?  ^      .     « 

«'(»  Noar  what  lake  is  Gondar  !  „ 

6?  WtoU,  the  ,lirec(ion  from  Gondnr  lo  Ax«».« 

Agadcs  ? 
^Jwh:nslKSonfro.K«tomn^ra^ 
-76  wS   is  most  westerly,  Tombuctoo  or  bego? 
7?  Whic    way  from  Tombuctoo  .s  Houssa  ? 
-R  \V    ch  wn V  from  Sego  to  Benowm  ? 


* 


Santa  Cruz  and 


n  Sierra  Leone  ? 

smbo? 

ts,  or  St.  George 

m  Renin '? 
Loanila  from  Lo- 

2  of  Good  Hope? 

mill  ? 

tIoml>az<i  anJ  ^^^' 

a.  to  MagaOoxa? 
c  str&its  of  Babel- 


to  Axum  1 

■  to  Cobbc  ? 

rola  to  Bornou  and 


i  to  Wangara ' 
JO  or  Sego  ? 
oussa  t 


QUESTIONS 

ON  THlL  ANCIENT    MAPS. 


HAT  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPIRE. 

What  sea  was  between  Europe  and  Africa  i 

Mow  wa9  the  JEgean  sea  situated  ? 

Between  what  seas  was  the  IVopontis- 

What  sea  was  situated  on  N.  side  of  Asia  Minor  i 
,  Where  was  the  Hellespont ' 
,  The  Thracian  Bosphorus  ?  » 

How  was  the  I'alus  Mceotis  situated  .  . 

■  Which  way  from  the  Euxine  was  the  Caspian  : 
;  What  scas^vere  connected  by  the  Cimmerian  Bospho- 

)  Between  what  countries  was  the  Adriatic  Gulf? 

1  How  was  the  Ionian  sea  situated  f 

2  W^hat  sea  was  southwest  of  Italy  • 

^  Where  was  the  African  sea  ?  ivf;„„„9 

W  ch  was  most  -sterly,  Syrtis  Major  or  Svrt.^^^^^^^^ 
5  What  strait  between  Spain  and  the  west  of  Atrica? 
C  What  sea  N.  of  Spain  and  W.  of  France  • 

7  What  sea  east  of  Britain  t 

8  What  sea  between  Scandinavia  and  Sarmatia? 

9  What  strait  between  Britain  and  Gaul .  ^ 

'0  What  sea  between  Britain  and  Hiberma.      ^ 

'1  What  islands  between  Britain  and  Hibernia_ 

;l  Wha  was  the  name  of  the   northern  part  of  Br.tan  I 

13  Whft^ere  some  of  the  P-^^'P^l,*:-- S"^"" ' 

24  Where  was  Scandmavia?     25  The  CimDri. 

26  How  was  Germany  situated  ?  ,  „„  ,      oo  What 

^7  What  river  formed  it«  «f"»  ^^^^fe  its  western  ? 
river  its  southern  boundary  ?^  29  What  its  wesiim 

30  What  rivers  were  in  Germany-  „»;^„c> 

31  What  were  some  of  the  principal  tribes  or  nations 

32  What  river  divided  Germany  from  Gaul . 

33  What  country  was  situated  Sb.  ol  uaui 

26* 


Ti» 


?*1»ft 


( \l 


:t  I  Whut  wore  the  piii.cii.:il  rivors  of  Gau^  ? 

.io  Into  what  ,.urU  wu-  <',»"> .J';"'!;^*.,^  ,,i,„i  ,,a 

U  On  wimt  river  was  LuRdunuin  ?      4i,  UuiU.gma 

4E,  Whal  town.  u.  Gaul  wer/on  tUo  McJaerrancan  • 
4.i  \VliatiHla»JswereSi:.otMa«:*.lia; 

47  Into  what  part,  was  ^FJ"/  '^'f^^\„  ,,,,,t  part  Ba>lica  • 

48  In  what  part  was  Lusitania!     -  J  m  wna    i 

50  What  part  was  'r«"««^°"7^'' \  jH.aic  ?     62  Into  the 

51  Wliat  rivers  flowed  into  the  Atianuo 

Mediterranean?  ca  «;ncriintum?     55  1^9- 

62  liow  was  lllyricum  situated  ?     i'^  Uhatia. 


cum' 


lllyncum^.tuaxeu.     --—       j^^^^i,? 
04  Pannouia?     t<B  iJacia-     ""-> 


G7  Thi-ncc  ?     08  Macedonia? 
09  What  towns  in  lHyricum  on  the  Adr.aUc. 
70  WluU  towtis  were  situated  on  the  Utcr  • 
-1   Wh-U  rivers  flowed  into  the  huxine  se.i  ? 
7i  W     t  rive^  emptied  "^to  the  I'alus  M«o Us . 
7;)  What  river  flowed  into  the  f.»^P  »"«««•, 
uropcan  Sarmatia  situated. 

Sarmatia' 


74  How  was  European  barmatia 


75  Asiatic 


70  Wha[":;lntries  were  situated  between  the  Euxine  and 

77  Ho'ivTrArniVnia  situated?     7B  Media? 
7<)  Between  what  rivers  was  Mesopotamia  ' 

80  What  country  h»y  north  of  the  Caspian  sea* 

81  Between  what  seas  Asia  Minor  ! 

82  How  was  Syria  situated  !       ,    ,      , 

83  Which  way  from  Syria  was  Arabm^ 

84  What  towns  were  on  the  Euphrates 

85  What  towns  on  the  Tigris?        „,,„„, 
8?  Which  way  was  Nineveh  from  Babylon  ? 

87  Which  way  Arbela  from  Nmeveh  ?       ^ 

88  In  what  part  of  Armenia  was  Artaxata 

89  In  what  part  was  Tigranocerta 


HL' EST  IONS 


:iO;) 


whfil  {luii 

40  BelgJE? 

:  Burdigula?     ^L) 

eJiterrancan  ? 


I  what  part  Ba-lica  • 

itic  ?     &2  Into  the 

laffiintum?     B5  iHs- 
untia?      50  Gadc^? 

N.  and  NK.  ? 
Rlra^tia?     0:»  Non- 


a: 


CO  Majsia? 


>jO  What  towns  on  the  ea^t  cud  nf  the  Kuxine  ; 

<)1   Which  way  iVom  IMiHcis  WiH  Cyta? 

■f  How  waslduma-asiluatfd?     Mount  iMnai         ^ 

9J  How  wiH  MomphU  sil.niled  ?     91  Alexandm  . 

95  Which  wan  most  .-asteriy,  CsinopiiHor  lehis.u.n  . 

9(5  Which  was  larthist  south  Thobo^  or  lont)iu  ' 

97   Where  was  lleliopohs?     i)8  Coplon  •'     99  Arsinoe  ; 

100  Which  way  from  Alexandria  was  Amnion  •  ^ 

lUl   What  couiitiy  was  situale.i  west  of /Kaypt 

\0'i  How  was Cyreiie  situated? 

loj  Which  way  from  it  was  Darnis  t     10 1  Ftoieniaw 

1U5  How  was  Carthage  situated  .'  ,,,7'/,.... 

100  Which  way  from  Cartha-e  was  Ltica       107  /ama  , 
lOO  Suletab?     lOi)  Hippo  Regius  ' 

no  Which  was  most  westerly  Numidia  or  Mauretania. 

Ill    How  wasCirta  situated^     U'-'  Caiteuna  ' 

1 13  Which  way  from  Cirta  was  Ctsaica? 

Ill  What  towns  in  Africa  were   near  the  strait  ol  Her- 
cules? 


drialic  ? 

Istcr  ? 

le  sea  ? 

^  Moeotis  ? 

in  sea? 

tuatcd!       75  Asiatic 

ween  the  Euxine  and 

Media? 
jtamia ' 
iispian  sea ' 


i&' 


ites? 

iabylon  ? 
h? 
taxata  ? 


MAP  OF  ITALY. 

In  what  part  of  Italy  was  Cisalpine  Gaul  1 
In  what  part  was  Venctia?  ,.,.,, 

What  were  the  southern  divisions  ot  Italy  ? 
What  were  the  middle  divisions  ? 
What  gulf  was  situated  S.  of  Cisalpine  Caul  i 

G  What  gulf  was  situated  SE.  of  Italy? 

7  What  three  large  islands  belonged  to  Italy  • 

0  What  rivers  were  there  m  Cisalpine  Oaul  ■ 

9  What  rivers  in  Etruria  ? 

10  What  rivers  south  of  Etruria  . 

11  What  lakes  were  there  in  Italy 

\l  On  what  river  was  Verona  ?     13  Placent.a  ? 

14  Which  was  most  easterly,  Vicentia  or  Patavmrn' 

15  Which  was  most  northerly,  Mantua  or  Bnxia  ? 

16  Which  way  from  Placcntia  was  Cremona  ? 

1 7  Which  way  Parma  ?     1 8  Augusta  Taurmorum  ? 
19  How  was  Genua  situated  • 


I  *. 


'l.'l 


•'V 


!i 


301  qUESTION.''. 

'21   Winch  uuy  tV<.n.  'IVrKontc  «a«  Aqu.lo.a  , 

"»  How  wa^  IliivcniianilUiUeil? 

-i;  WWi.l.  ^vny  iVo,n  ll.vonnu  to  Bonon.a 

.^i  Into  wl.al  .I..1  I'."'  Huluro,.  W 

*;^  I'.PtwiM.n  whal  tovviit  wan  its.  mouth? 

o,  ,n  what  part  of  Italy  ^-^^T^'^^  ./^"J/VJ  l"  ,...,,. 

34  Ouuhal  "ivor^asrapua^     .U,  Arr-"  ;  ,, 

•M\  Which  way  Iroin  Capua  was  .Stapoli 

lorn  ■■     '.W  Sah:rnum  ?  ,  ^  , 

,0  N^rwl.at  nve..  wore  r..n.  and  CaouBjunj 

,10  llowwaU5nm.h.'*ium>utu,.l.'a?     41    larcmum. 

,12  Crotouai'     13  Wv^^nwn  ' 

•"       '  .'  ■  .         An      ^»>l•rnll(llln  :         'I 


LcontHii ' 


47    AViBeutum^      48    I.ilyba.um    a.u 


Drcpanum?     49  Fanormus?    n  ,  ,  „  , 
rn  Which  m\c  of  Mount  /Ktna  was  Cataua 
5^  How     cic  the  A^han  iM^u,  J  .^^ 
50  What  islands  were  south  ol  h.c.ly  ? 
S3  Which  >vay  from  Sicily  wa»  Carthago  f 


MAF  OF  URFXCE. 

2  Which  i«  mo>.t  "^'♦''"'y  ^°'*^ypV!,,u,  / 

i.    l„i  were  Ihf  Slrophadei  sitmlciU    ^  t/ »°™ 

WwTere  ,l,c  P".-H  »'— "J,"™''  """' 
n  WKni  liwr    ^  in<1  .vas  east  ol  Bceotia . 

1^  Eor.'U:a.r-'^°- *::Lu.  o,  cor..h. 


QlT.^TIONS. 


Mb 


loiu 
a 


I  On  wh  \i  riv<  r 

0"  'oAlba-' 

piiuw    ' 

!anu9iun»  ? 
'I'iirentum  ? 


)     4G  Syracuse  and 
48    Lilybucuin   uni' 

llUlil  ? 

licit  > 


lEc 


ic  of  Greece? 
or  Ziicynthus  ? 
ypsus  ? 

A  Cephalenia  ? 
(1  i     1  Cythera  ' 
iround  Delos  ? 
otia  ? 
11  Seym: 

;oast  of  Greece? 

> 

[nu8  of  Coripth  ■ 


18 


Ep»ru»  ? 


20  Elm? 


n  In  wh:U  part  of  Gr.occ  wan  Macctlonia. 

HI  'lIu'^Maly'f     '20  IVInpom  .'MH  f 
'1  What  were  the  river*  of  Macedonia  I     tt  yt 

"J  Of  TheHHjly  ?  i!4  Of  reloponnesus  ^ 
'5  wiiat  were  the  6  (hvi«ions  of  I'oloponneHu-i  i 
.Jo  In  what  pait  wa.   l.aconia?     '21   Mesneniu? 

TJ  Achaiu?     ;iO  Argolis?     :M    Airacha  f 
•»  •  On  what  river  was  bparla  or  Laceilatiion  ( 

OPlymi'ia?    37  EliH?     3»Sicyon?     ^iOCor'nth? 

:,OAr«ol.s?     41    Mycenm?     42Naroeu?     13  Mc- 

irainpoli'*  ?     •J4  Mantinea? 
15  What  wa^*  north,  and  what  west  of  Attica? 
10  Mow  was  Athens  Hituateil?      H   Kleusis? 


50  To  Sparta? 


10   now  was  i»iii»."^  -■'"••  — -•         - 

•10  Which  way  from  Athens  to  IMarathoi 

6'J  Which  way  from  Athens  to  Corinth  ! 

51  How  was  Megaris  situttteil  ? 

52  On  which  side  of  Attica  was  BcEOtia  ( 
63  What  lake  was  there  in  Boeotia? 

51  What  river  tlowed  into  the  lake  t 

n-,  In  what  pari  of  Ha'olia  was  Mount  Holi.on? 

5G  llow   wa's  Thebes  ..tuated?     57  Plal«a?     .8  Cher 

ona^a  ? 

59  How  was  Phocis  eituatotl?  , 

60  What  famous  mountain  in  Phocis  f 
CI   How  was  Delphi  situated  ? 

G2  What  country  lay  west  of  1  hocis  f 

63  What  NE.  ?  ,•..,? 

61  How  was  Thermopyhc  situated  ?  ,„ 
65  Between  what  countries  was  .'Ltolia  =  tuated  . 
6(1  Where  was  Actium  ?     GTNaupactusf 

60  Which  Z  most  northerly,  Mount  Pmdus  or  Mount 

69  wis  las  most  northerly.  Mount  Ossa  or  Pelicn  ? 

70  between  what  two  mountains  was  Tempe  situated? 

71  Vear  the  mouth  of  what  river  was  lempe  t 
1-  Mow  was  Larisfia  situated? 

7,    Whi^h  way  from  Larissa  was  Pharsalus? 
71  In  what  part  of  Epirus  was  nmhrotum  ! 


11 

;* 


>ft* 


QUESTIONS. 


79  How  was  Thcssalonica  situated  ? 

to  Which  way  from  Thessalonica  to  Phihppi . 

Ct  On  what  river  was  Amphipohs? 

92  How  was  Potiila^.a  situated?     83  01ynthusl     84 

cis?     85  Stagira? 

86  How  was  Mount  Athos  situated? 

87  In  what  part  of  Crete  was  Mount  Ida  !  ^ 
8C  Which  was  most  easterly  Cydonia  or  Gnossus  . 


MAP    OF  ASIA    MINOl;. 


Chal- 


f  'a 


1  What  sea  was  N.  of  Asia  Minor  ^     2  What  »ea  S. ; 

3  What  part  did  the  Proponus  hound  . 

4  What  strait  connected  the  Propontis  with  the  Euxinc 

sea?    5  What  with  the  ^gean  sea  ? 

6  What  ishmds  were  west  of  Asia  Mmor  . 

7  Which  was  most  northerly,  Chios  or  Lesbos  •  , 

8  How  was  Rhodes  situated  ?     9  Samos  ?      10  Pathmos 

11  Cos?     12  Carpathus? 

13  Which  way  from  Cilicia  was  Cyprus  •  .      , 

14  In  what  part  of  Cyprus  was  Salam.s?     1;' .J^Prjigg^. 

16  On  which  side  of  Asia  M.nor  were  Armenia  and  Meso 

17  Whal'thiee  countries  of  Asia  Minor  bordered  on  the 

Euxine  sea?  .  ,, 

18  What  country  bordered  on  the  Propontis  >^ 

19  What  countries  were  on  the  western  side  . 

4o  What  countries  bordered  on  the  Mediterranean? 
21  In  what  part  was  Phrygia?    22  Galatm? 
23  How  was  Cappadoc.a  situated  .  p»,-veia  » 

<n  What  country  between  Cappadocia  and  Phrjgia  . 
ot;  What  rivers  flowed  into  the  Euxme  bea  f 
no  Whkh  was  most  easterly,  the  Halys  or  Sangarius' 
o^  What  rivers  flowed  into  the  Propontis  ( 
"8  What  rivers  emptied  into  the  ^gean  sea  '. 

29  What  mountains  were  m  Asia  Minor  . 

30  In  what  part  of  Mys.a  was  Iroas?     31  Eoha^       , 

32  Which  was  most  easterly,  the  Granicus  or  iEsepus  . 

33  How  was  Troy  situated  ? 


(QUESTION  J?. 


307 


iiilippi  '( 

ynthusl     84  Chal- 


la? 

)r  Gnossus '.' 


<2  What  sea  S. ; 

tis  with  the  Euxint 

1  8ca? 

inor  ? 

or  Lesbos  ? 

nos?     10  Pathmos' 

rus? 

lis?     15  Paphos? 

i  Armenia  and  Meso- 

nor  bordered  on  the 

•opontis  ■? 
lorn  side  ? 
Mediterranean  ? 
Galatia? 

cia  and  Phrygia  ? 

ine  Sea  ? 

iilys  or  Sangarius  ' 

pontis  1 

Igean  sea  ? 

Inor? 

s?     31  Eolia? 

ranicus  or  JEsepus  ? 


Wliut  5rnall  island  was  westerly  from  Troy  ? 

Wliat  mountain  was  situated  near  Troy  ? 

What  towns  wore  situated  on  the  Hellespont  ? 

How  was Cyzicus  situated?     83  Adrarnyttium  .' 

(Ill  what  river  was  Pergamus  situated  ? 

Which  way  irom  »Vrj?amu3  to  Thyatira  ? 

On  what  river  Sai  lis  and  Philadelphia? 

How  Smyrna  situated?     4'J  Ephesus? 
:  On  what  river  was  Laodicea  ? 
i  VVhich  way  from  Ephesus  to  Laodicea  ? 
;  \Vhich  was  most  northerly,  Laodicea  or  Colossa; ; 
J  \Vhich  way  from  Colossae  was  Hierapolis  .' 
]  Which  way  from  Ephesus  was  Miletus  ? 
i  Which  way  from  Samos  was  Mycale  ? 
3  In  what  part  of  Caria  was  Doris? 
1  Which  was  most  southerly,  Halicarnassus  or  Cnidus  ? 
::  In  what  part  of  Lycia  was  Patara  ?        * 
;5  Which  was  easterly,  Attalia  or  Perga? 
1  How  was  Tarsus  situated?     56  Issus?     oG  Antioch? 
7  Which  way  from  Tarsus  to  Iconium  ? 
3  Which  way  from  Iconium  to  Derbe  i     59  To  Lystra ' 

0  On  what  river  was  Gordium  ? 

1  How  was  Ancyra  situated  ?     62  Tavium  ? 
3  Which  side  of  Mount  Olympus  was  Pnisa  ? 

i4  How  was  Nicomcdia  situated?     65  Chakedon  ? 

('.  Which  way  from  Nicomedia  to  Nice  ? 

;7  Which  was  most  easterly,  Amastris  or  Sinope  ? 

i8  On  what  river  was  Amasia? 

39  How  was  Amisus  situated  ? 

;0  Which  was  most  easterly,  Cerasus  or  Trapezus? 


MAP  OF  PALESTINE. 

1  What  sea  was  situated  west  of  Palestine  ? 
'i  What  country  was' on  the  south? 

3  What  country  was  east?  '   _,      .  .,     , 

4  Where  were  the  Moabites?     5  The  Ammonites? 
e  How  were  Coelo-Syria  and  Damascene  situated? 
7  How  was  Phoenicia  situated  ?    Abilene  7 


I 


tlUESTlONd. 


V'r'un 


„  «v,o  siVV  cart  of  PalesUne " 
9  What  country  wa«;;^h«f^^„P[;ra^a? 
10  How  was  l'"=!^^^^'2i^'      13  Gaulonitis  ? 
,o  Whore  was  irad.0"^'^^^^^^^  Sa- 

''  "^:aS,   and  G^Uaee,  situated  with  regard  to  each 
,,  wSSnvcriorn;ed^ir-t-nb.undar^  ^^^^^ 

to  Where  d.d  the    o^'^J^'^^^^^  ,1,  did  it  flow  ? 
,e„rrtheDo^f.tuateaT    .0  The  .a  of  Gah- 

,.  jrwhat^jaif  o^^rDTad  .^ 

flow?  .  „n,n*v'      24    The  Jabok ' 

.,   Where   did   the    Arnon   -Rv^      24 

25  The  Leontes  f     -o    ^I;/.  p.. „„,:„„  9 

28  Whore  ..*  f »»"' 5S°°v^  Mounl  Tato-l 

32  Which  was  most  normeriy, 

izim?  •  .,,     T»„„j  OPT  was  Mount  Seir? 

rnnean?     '  ,  ^inrirho'     38  Bethle- 

50  In  -tat  pattwM  Dan  ■  , 

6,  Which  «ay  f?'" '"Ta.  Arimalhea  i 

""Ts^e.Sl'.UwrroL.ain,. 


:8 


QUESTIONS. 


;J09 


of  ralesline  ? 

•sea? 

onitis  ? 

ilestine,  Judea,  Sa- 

ith  regard  to  each 

Bundary? 

rhrough  what  lakes 
id  it  flow? 
20  The  sea  ot  Uali- 

id  the  brook  Kidron 

24    The  Jabok' 

rek? 
'alestine  ? 

Mount  Gilead  ? 
ount  Tabor  ? 
1 
t  Elbal  or  Mount  G€r- 

as  Mount  Seir  ? 
»unt  Nebo  ? 

ad  sea  or  the  Mediter- 

Jericho?    38  Bethk- 
pa  ?     4)  Bethel  ? 

a  what  latitude  1 
jnGazaand  Joppa- 

°"was  Eleutheropohs' 

5  Beersheba  1 

rdda? 

athea? 

Jerusalem  ? 

„  situated  from  Samanai 

itainst 


or,  How  was  Coesarea  situated  ? 

<,7  Which  side  of  the  Jordan  were  SaliW  and  Lnon  . 

r.i;  Where  was  the  valley  of  Jezreel? 

V>  How  was  Tiberias  situated?    60  Capernaum?  ol  Cho 

ra/.in?  62  Bethsaida?  63  Magdala  ? 
,;  1  How  ^vas  Nazareth  situated  ?  65  Nam  ? 
(;(■>  Which  way  from  Nazareth  to  Cana? 

,n  How  was  ftolcmai.  situated?     G8  D.o-CtESarea  ? 

,;i)  Which  was  most  northerly,  Tyre  or  bidon  . 

-0  Where  was  Sarcpta  ?     7lBerytus? 

7>  Which  way  from  Sidon  was  Damascus  ! 

-,'<,  What  were  the  rivers  of  Damascus  . 

71  Which  way  from  the  sea  oi  Gahlce  was  Gadara  . 

75  Where  was  Ashtaroth  ?     76  Mahanann? 

77  On  nhich  side  of  the  Jordan  were  Succoth  and  Beth 

abara?  ,  ,    ,,       „a    »„nf>r' 

78  How   was    Ramoth    Gdead    situated?       -9   Arocr . 

no  Heshbon?     81  Beth-peor? 


27 


jjl< 


m 


GLOBES. 


PROBLEMS  ON  THE  TERRESTRIAL  GLOBE. 


PAOBLEU   !■ 

To  find  the  latitude  of  any  place. 

Turn  the  globe,  and  bring  the  place  to  the  engraven 
edge  of  the  brazen  meridian;  and  the  degree  on  the  me- 
ridian  is  the  latitude,  north  or  south,  as  it  may  be  on  tbe 
north  or  south  side  of  the  equator.  ,     r  cf 

Thus  the  latitude  of  London  is  5H  "orth;  and  oi  bt. 
Helena  nearly  16  degrees  south.  nr  a  ♦!,»«« 

What  is  the  latitude  of  Alexandria  m  Egypt—Of  Athene 
-Of  Bengal-Of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope-Of  Cape  Horn 
-Of  Constantinople— Of  Edinourgh-Of  spahan— Ot  Mad- 
ras-OfMoscow-Of  Paris- Of  Philadelphia-Ol  Prague 
-Of  Stockholm— Of  Teneriffe— Of  Vienna— And  of  Bota- 
ny Bay  ? 

PROBLEM   n. 

To  find  the  longitudi  of  any  place. 

Bring  the  place  to  the  brazen  meridian,  an^  the  degree 
on  the  equator  shews  the  longitude  from  London. 
Thus  the  longitude  of  Madras  is  80  degrees  east:  ol 

Lisbon,  9  degrees  west.  u„„„„i 

What  is  the  longitude  of  Amsterdam-Of  Archangel- 

Of  Babelmandel-Of  Bengal-Of  D"''l««-0(,<^'^''*'^rf 
Of  Jerusalem-Of  (^uebec-Of  Syracuse-Of  Tunis-Ot 

Turin- OfUpsal." 


im. 


^'m 


GLOBES. 


PROOtEM    111. 


>!  ■' 


m  lon^itndc  one?  latitude  of  any  plac.  being  giver.,  iofuul 
that  place. 
Look  for  the  longitude  on  the  en-tor    and  bnng.t^t. 
the  h^aiffcvneridian,  then  under  the  given  u..gre», 
tude  will  be  the  place  requ.red.  ,  ,^^_ 

.V^^!/:^^Tl^^S!£    ^  the  place  wh.ch 
Snear  6^   ^Aigifude,  and  10"  north  latitude,  is  M. 

Helena.  .         ^^    following  longi- 

What  places  are  those  tnat  nave  mc  o 

,JeB  an.? latitude.:  30o  H' east  'ong     a.«^3      l^no^^^^^^^ 

78°  west,  but  which  has  no  latitude ! 


PROBLEM   IV. 

To  find  the  difference  of  latiiude  of  any  tr^'o  places. 

il;:t'^?rsi::;^:^;n:;:)f.i-n..he.es,addthei^^ 

,tude  of  the  one  to  that  «y';^^;;*j;-i,,tween  London  and 
^T?"s^'"'i/2    -Tet^et'StS  C         Horn  is  101= 
?'"  W  at  s  fhed'i^ference  of  U^titude  between  Copenh 
,en  and  C^braUur  ^-between  Lomlon     nd^  th^  C^^^^ 

1°°'  ,"r^l tl^a -Sentad^id  Ind  Moscow  .- 
nengaUndbt.Iltlena       "  p^j^^^  ^^^ 

I  ban  N.ipl.-? 


'  •» 


GLOBES. 


^ir 


I 


king  given,  to  find 

or,  and  bring  it  tw 
iven  degree  of  lati- 

50°  17'  east,  and  lat- 
id  tlie  place  which 
north  latitude,  is  St. 

he  following  longi- 
.,  and  31°  11' north 
th  lat.— "79°  50'  west 
est,  and  51°  54' north 

Ih  lat.— 76=  50'  west 

long.,  and  40°   53' 

e  longitude  is  nearly 


PHOBLEM  V. 

To  find  (he  difference  of  Longitude  of  any  tx»:o  places. 

r.ring  one  of  the  places  to  the  brazen  meridian,  and 
mari<  its  longitude  ;  then  bring  the  other  place  to  the 
meridian,  and  the  number  of  degrees  between  its  longi- 
tilde,  and  the  first  mark  is  the  difference  of  longitude  ; 
thus  the  difference  of  longitude  between  London  and  Con- 
stantinople is  28°  53' :  between  Constantinople  and  Madras 

is  51°  54'. 

Wiiat  is  the  difference  of  longitude  between  Athens  and 
r.atavia? — between  Brest  and  Cape  Horn — between 
Charleston  in  America  and  Cork  in  Ireland  ? — between 
Rome  and  Cape  I'inesterre  ?— between  Canton  """the 
most  northerly  point  of  the  Orkney  Islands  ?— between  Mo- 
rocco and  Thibet.^— between  Cape  Bojador  in  Africa  and 
Port  .lackson.  New  Holland  ?— between  the  most  norther- 
ly point  of  Madagascar  and  Otaheite  ?— between  Mecca 
and  Calcutta? 


)/  any  Itc-o  places. 

sphere,  bring  each  to 
lulc  of  the  one  from 
lispheres,  add  the  lat- 

between  London  and 
id  Cape  Horn  is  101° 
ide  between  Copenha- 
lon  and  the  Cape  ot 
d  Bristol?— between 
iladrid  and  Moscow  !— 
—between  Pekin  and 
3  colder  is  Petersburg 


PROBLEM  VI. 

To  find  tlic  distance  of  any  tvoo  places  on  the  Globe. 

Lav  the  graJIbted  edge  of  the  quadrant  of  altitude  over 
both  places,  and  the  degrees  between  them,  multiplied  by 
691,  will  give  the  distance  in  English  miles.  Thus  the 
distance  between  the  Lizard  Point,  and  the  island  of  Ber- 
mudas,  is  46°,  or  3147  miles  ;  between  London  and  J  amai- 

ca,  is  4691  miles.  .     _,„.♦„.„ 

What  is  the  distance  between  Samarcand,  m  Tartary, 
and  Pekio?— between  Warsaw  and  Ascension  Island  ?— be- 
tween  North  Cape  and  Gibraltar  ?-between  Lisbon  and 
Ispahan  ?-between  Rio  Janeiro  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  ?— between  Madrid  and  Cairo  ?— between  Bo«toa 

Siud  Cayenne  ? 

"'  27* 


i 


f4. 


■;^1 


PIVOBLUM  V'll. 

m,, ■.,  anyplace  bei,,,, hen.  to  find  ulm  hour  it  uu^ 

unij  other  place.* 

aon  inorKlian,  ami  h(  i  '"^  »'"  „r„.,oseil  place  coino 

s,:;;:;  ;,ir:,:;'i.:.':™5',';;:,;ix  wSr'oi...  .o'o.o  pre,.,,, 

hour  at  that  plaro.  „vinrlt  -it  noon  in  l.omlon,  it  is 

rill  ...l.r>M    it    l-i   twelve   0  ClOCIl   1*1   IH'un    iii    ».  7 

nc  .^' n.  u       t  e  al^n:;,ou  at  the  island  of  Ma.mt.u.  :  but 
TlSr^c.  it  i.  only  about  -v- m  the  mcn.n.ng.  ^^^^ 

rt^a'?r  orLat"5e'i:r,  Owyhee,  and  Ea.cr  Ul- 
""What  o^lock  is  .t  at  York,  M"-"-;  ^^  "^J^.^r"' 

"m1";  i^wd-  't  noon  at  Port  Jackson,  what  t.me  . 
it  at  Paris  and  Dublin  ? 

.  When  t„e  .liManco  o.  -llffcrence  of^  '^Sil^^:^  Z' bj 
l,l«ce.  i.  known,  it  j,  c-.sy  »» '"';^'*X,S,  w  "  n  any  pla«on  the 
klculation.  It  i.  noon,  or  twelve  °  J°^«',^;,,„i„'„'of  day  and 
globe   is  exactly  towards  the  huu    and  the  »  ^^,,,,      h,,,„  by 

Tnght.  01-  morning,  "»'""' ?!"''r'Xi'Sioe,  Mn  Ih/  light  of  a 
tu'rnin.the  rcre,  nal  'J  '  <;  f/ ',\,Ty  the 'number  of  hour,  and 
tile  or  cniidlc.     uut  in  asccr     '    -  ^   .  ,:    p   t^j,  places  differ, 

„>i,.ul«.,  in  «>'*'^"' "V^.^l'":i  S  eo?  lo3"de  b/l5.  because 
^' ''  "r '& es  s'\'  ua  o'llThour  "of  tiofe  ,  and  consequently, 
rfel^rnXre'e  Uc  u..  -  Jo-  n.nutes  o  U.e  ^^^  ^,^,^^^,^ 
F'or  osami.Ie,  when  .t  '' XlfhavesTxty  degrees  of  longitude 
t:T^Z^:t^'::Z  ^'t  Sn.n,  .l  a.,  places  which  have 

will  be  twelve  o'clock  at  "'g^'.^v  en  "  calculated, 

ing  wUen  it  is  west. 


GLOnKS 


IU5 


id  Khat  hour  U  is  ti 


given,  to  the  bra- 
hour  circle  to  thiil 
ojioseil  place  coino 
point  to  the  present 

loon  ill  London,  it  is 
ind  of  Mauritius  :  but 
le  morning. 
London,  what  is  the 
nds,  Barbadoes,  the 
:iee,  and  Easter  Isl- 

,,  Capo  Horn,  Genoa, 
dnight  at  Lisbon  ? 
idoes  behind  ours  ? 
Jackson,  what  time  13 


icitude  between  any  two 
leir  difference  of  time  bj 
;k,  w'i.en  any  place  on  the 
uc  succesiion  of  day  and 
r  be  bMutifully  ihewn  by 
bine,  JRn  tlie  light  of  a 
the  number  of  hours  and 
,f  time,  two  places  differ, 
longitude  by  15,  because 
lime ;  and  consequently, 
i  of  time.  .  ,    ,  . 

n,  it  will  be  five  o'clock  m 
xty  degrees  of  longitude 
5  to  all  places  which  have 

difference  of  longitude,  it 
18  noon  at  London.  Andm 
world  may  be  calculated, 
;e  is  east,  and  by  subtract- 


PllOUU'.M  Vlll. 

To  rectify  the  (Hole  for  the  Lalltiiilc,  Zenith,  nml  Sm\i  place. 

1  For  tlu-  Latltudf  LUvate  the  pole  above  the  lion- 
zoii,  acconliniyto  the  li.titu.Iooflhe  pli.ro. 

"  For  the  Z.Miuii :  Scivw  the  .ina.Ir.nt  ol  allilude  on 
,ht''nuTidiun  at  llu>  given  d.-givi'  of  lut.t.ule,  cuunln.glro.u 
(he  e.piator  towards  the  elevated  pole. 

■5  For  the  bun's  place  ;  Find  llu-  -~un  s  id.ce  on  he 
horizon,  and  then  brin-  the  same  i-lace  lound  ....  the  eclip- 
tic to  the  meridian,  and  set  the  ho.ir  ...dex  to  twelve  at 

""tIius,  to  rectify  for  the  latitudp  of  Loudon  on  the  UMii 
day  of  Mav,  the  globe  must  be  so  ,daced,  that  the  iioitU 
pole  shallbe  5U  degrees  above  Uu-  north  s.de  ol  the  hori- 
zon tiien  r,li  will  be  found  on  the /.eu.th  ol  the  nion.han, 
on  which  the'.p.adiaut  must  be  screwed.  On  the  hor./ou 
Ue  10th  of  Ma^  answers  to  the  '-'Oth  ol  Taurus,  which 
find  on  the  ecliptic,  and  bring  it  to  the  meridian,  and  set 

the  index  to  twelve.  a,    , .  ,    P„ 

Rectify  the  globe  for  I^ondon,  !'elo.i-bur?,  Hl.idias,  Ic- 
kiii,  Oporto,  Venice,  Quebec,  Fort  Mahon,  \  leuna,  Danl- 
•;£,u,d  Connth,  for  the  2Uh  of  February,  27th  ot  June, 
and  the  6th  of  August. 


PROBLEM  IX. 

To  find  at  'xhat  hour  the  Sun  rises  ami  sets  any  day  in  the 
year,  and  aUo  upon  what  point  oj  the  Compass. 

Rectify  for  the  latitude  and  sun's  place,  (Prob.  viii.) 
and  turn  the  sun's  place  to  the  eastern  edge  ot  the  hori- 
zon, and  the  index  will  point  to  the  hour  ol  rising  :  then 
bring  it  to  the  western  edge  of  the  horizon,  the  index  will 

'*^'Thi«'^on^tE6thofMarch  the  sun  rises  a  little  after 
?ix,  aud'sets  a  little  before  six  in  the  evening. 

What  time  does  the  sun  rise  and  s^  at  Petersburg,  Na- 
ples, Canton,  Dublin,  Gibraltar,  Teneriffe,  and  Vienna, on 


^vl1 


(iLOlJKS. 

il„.  15lh  of  April,  the  411.  of  July,  ami  the  '^Olh  of  ^o 

^'  N.m-  Oil  iho  '21st  of  March  the  sim  ri»ef«  iluc  cast,  and 
pet.  auc  west;  I.etwrrn  thin  an.l  the '^ht  of  Seplemher  .t 
riHC.  an.l  setH  to  th.-  northwanl  of  tllkse  pomts  anil  in  th. 
I^iutor  monthH  to  the  M.u.lmanl  of  them  W  hen  the  .un  . 
l.lace  in  h.ou^rl.t  to  the  eastern  or  western  f.lge  ot  Ih^ 
},ori/.on,  it  makes  the  point  of  the  cornpas"  upon  uhicli  . 
rises  or  sets  that  day. 


I'UOBLKM  X. 

To  find  th  Icaisth  of  the  day  and  flight  at  any  time  in  the  year. 

Double  the  time  of  the  '^uu's  risinf?,  which  >?ivc«  the 

length  of  the  night :    doubl.  th.  lime  ot  h.s  settmg,  wh.cb 

='T;.ul:'c^lhe'^ih  of  May,  the  ,un  rises  at  London  about 
four  o'lolnd  sets  at  eight.  The  length  of  the  n.ght  . 
twice  four,  ^r  eight  hour.:  Iho  length  of  the  day  .3  tw.ce 
eight,  or  sixteen  hours.    .^ 

PROBLEM  XI. 

To  find  all  iht  fuccs  to  'J>:hich  a  Lunar  Eclipse  is  viMe  at 
^  any  instant. 

Find  the  place  to  which  the  sun  is  vortical  at  that  time, 

and  bringtlKt  place  tu  the  zenith,  and  set  the   mdex  to 

?Je  m.  eVtwelve,  then  turn  the  globe  till  the  mdex  pouit 

0  the  Cer  twelve,  .nd  the  eclipse  is  visible  to  every 

part  of  the  earth  that  is  now  above  the  hwjzon. 


OF  THE  CELESTIAL  GLOBE. 

As  the  terrestrial  globe,  by  turning  on  its  axis,  repr  -ents 
the  reai  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth  ;  so  the  celest.al  g^  obe, 
by  turning  on  its  axis,  representa  the  apparent  motion  ol 
the  heavens. 


ULORF.S. 


SIT 


the  '^Olh  of  No 

•ihCf  <luc  cast,  iiiiiJ 
it  of  Scplcnil'er,  i' 
poiiits*,  iviul  ill  tl\t 
1.  Wlicn  the  sun's 
Uern  edge  "t"  ll>« 
ass  uiton  which  i' 


any  lime  in  the  year. 

tr,  which  ^ivp«  the 
f  his  setting,  which 

ises  at  Lomlon  nhout 
.>ngth  of  the  night  is 
of  the  ihjy  is  twice 


Eclipse  is  viiihle  at 

ircrtical  at  that  time, 
nd  set  the  index  to 
;  till  the  index  point 
19  visible  to  every 
\e  horizon. 


SLOBE. 

on  its  axis,  repr  -ente 
so  the  celestial  globe, 
5  apparent  motion  of 


T1.0  nominal  pomt^  of  Aries  and  Libra  arc  called  the 
..,,!;:;:. "...Tpon.k  Im...u,.o    wIm...  Uw  -..«  appears  to  be  in 

!I; Vl.;.  heaven.,  at  twelve  o'clock  at  noon,  lur  several  day. 
'"^Sion.  Tl.e/.r/.<./.ofthehejivn.lylK,.li.si.mo.. 
Minul  from  the  cclii-tic  north  and  south.  I  he  ...n,  b,  m^ 
ilw  ivs  in  till'  cdinlic,  has  no  latitude. 

f  'I'l  e  longitude  of  the  heavenly  bod.e.  .s  reckon- 
rd  on  the  echpticl  from  the  first  point  of  Ar.es  eastwad 
rouml  the  globe.  The  longitude  of  the  sun  is  whut  is  call- 
ed, on  the  terrestrial  globe,  Uie  sun  *  place. 

PROBLEM   I. 

'lofind  the  Latitude  awl  Uugitude  of  any  given  Star. 

S  ,r',"»lrm,t  cuw  o„  .1,0  oclil.tic  „  the  .logrco  of  m 

'"fi^ti.e  l.tU,.J«  of  li«g"l»  «  U"  ■">■  ^-  »"''  '"  '""S- 
lude  nearly  1-17°. 

mOBLEM  II. 

Tofuul  any  place  in  the  heavens,  hy  ha.ing  its  latitude  and 
•'  lungitude  given. 

Fix  the  quadrant,  as  in  the  last  i.roblcm ;  let  it  <-'it  the 
Ion.  itude  given  on  the  ecliptic ;  then  seek  the  latitude  on 
E»-i3  under  it  is  the  place  sought 

Su  T am  asked\vhat  part  of  the  heavens  that  .s, 

'D  longitude  IS  6(3°  ^0'  and  latitude  5°  M'  ...,  1  t.i.d  it  is 
that  space  which  Aldxbaran  occupies. 

Dcf.     The  declination  of  any  heavenly  body  is  mea.ui 
ed  upon  the  meridian  from  tlie  .Mpnnoctial. 


S19 


GLOBES. 


FROBLEM  111. 


Tofmd  the  drclinatiun  of  the  Sun  or  Stars. 

Hiirie  the  sun  or  ntiir  to  the  bra/.Pii  meriiliiin,  uiul  th.M. 
ug  Ciir  A*  it  i«  in  .IrgrpcH  from  tlu-  ..<iuit.octuil  i-  it«<  .l.-clinu- 
tioi.  TI»'i!itlH'Min\. Inclination,  Apnliy,!-*  II  I '.V  north. 
On  111.'  l^^t  of  Dcr.!mhi.r  it  i«  -M"  f)l'  «onlli. 

What  iMlicilrcliniilionofthe  sunonllif    UHh   ol   H»- 

ruarv;  nn.l  the  IMh  of  May?  ,     .     ,  ,. 

Ihr.     'VUv  nuhtit^cnision   of  any  heavenly  I'o.ly    is  it^ 

.listuiVe   from   the  fir-*t   ineri.lian,   or    that   which    pa^«es 

Chrough  the  first  point  of  Aries,  connle.l  on  the  equinoctial. 


n 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  MAPS. 

There  nre  four  methods  of  representing  the  Earth's 
surface,  vi/.  (ho  Orthographic,  the  ^'''.'•^"f 'M'.'",'"\,.  J' 
(yohular,  and  Mercator's  rrojectiotis ;  all  ol  ^^  "*''/' ■"/^ 
their  respective  advantages  and  delects.  1  he  t»vo  latter 
methods  approach  nearest  the  truth,  and  are  most  gener- 

''\hbular  Projection.  The  Globular  Projection  of  the 
Sphere  exhibits  its'surface  by  means  ot  curve  lines,  call- 
ed Circles  of  Longitude,  and  Parallels  of  Latitude. 

Mercator's  Projection.  M.rcator^s  Chart  exhibits  the 
nroiection  of  the  tivo  hemispheres,  laid  down  upon  a  p lane, 
witri  all  the  circles  of  latitude  and  longitude  projected  in- 
to straight  lines.  The  lines  of  longitude  are  all  equidis- 
tant, and  parallel  to  each  other ;  the  lines  of  latitude  are 
also  all  parallel,  but  not  equidistant. 

PROBLK.MS'. 

1.   To  divide  a  given  line  into  two  equal  parts. 

Let  A  l\  fig.  1,  be  the  given  line.  With  the  poinU 
A  and  B  as  centres,  with  any  distance  in  the  compasses 
greater  than  half  A  B,  describe  the  arcs  intersecting  cacU 
other  in  vi  und  n. 


»  or  Stan. 

criiliiin,   uiul  tln'ti 
ctiiil  \*  ilH  ih'clinu- 
ID,  it  n"  I '.V  north. 
111., 
ihf   null  of  Fob- 

uvrnly  •'<'<ly  '«  •''* 
lliiit  which  paMcs 
on  the  iMiuinoctiiii 


lAl'S. 

tenting  the  Earth's 
t^trreof^raphic,  the 
all  of  wl»icl»  hiivo 
s.  Tilt!  two  hitler 
ml  uri-  most  gener- 

r  Projection  of  the 
)f  curve  lines,  caH- 

of  Latitude. 

Chart  exhibits  the 
il  down  upon  a  plane, 
gitude  projected  in- 
iide  are  all  equidis- 

lines  of  latitude  are 


wo  equal  parts. 

ine.  With  the  points 
ce  in  the  compares 
ires  intersecting  each 


;■/.  / 


i.;.,:-y  NV  - 


/;.,  ', 


'jx  '?''  rsf^''---*  f'**"-'^^-^ 


,^    •   *»'     '^'  *''*'  '  .      .r. 

,  ,4  i('i  ,&^  *<<*  fe>* '«/■  '" 


1.  :; 


cqua 
2(1 


1^* 


.t  »''';v 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  MAPS. 


319 


a^'iT 


i»}M  sit- -s»i  ■ 


^^>^f^■  ¥0^  ifc'* 


,„'V,.,;t-«»^ 


Through  the  points  of  intersection  draw  tlie  line  m  C  n, 
Will  it  will  divide  A  B  into  two  equal  parts. 

2.  To  erect  a  perpendicular  on  a  given  point  in  a  line. 

Let  A  B,  lig.  2,  be  the  given  line  and  C  the  given  point. 

On  each  side  of  point  C  measure  off  equal  distances  to 
a  and  b. 

From  the  centres  a  and  6,  with  any  distance  greater 
than  a  C  or  6  C,  describe  two  arcs  intersecting  each  other 

in  c. 

Through  C  and  c  draw  the  line  C  c  and  it  will  be  per- 
pendicular to  the  line  A  B. 

3.  To  let  fall  a  perpendicular  from  a  given  point. 

This  is  the  2d  problem  reversed,  and  one  figure  may 
serve  for  both. 

From  the  given  point  %at  any  distance  describe  an  arc 
intersecting  A  B  in  a  and  o. 

Proceed  exactly  as  in  problem  2d,  only  describing  the 
arcs  below  the  line  A  B,  and  the  line  D  C  E  will  be  the 
perpendicular  required. 

Projection  of  Mafs.* 

1.  To  draw  a  map  of  the  vcorld  on  the  globular  projection. 

(See  plate  I.  fig.  3.) 

1st.  Describe  the  circle  N,  E,  S,  W,>  and  draw  right 
lilies  cutting  one  another  at  right  angles  in  the  centre. 
N  S  will  represent  the  axis  of  the  earth,  and  W  E  the 
equator. 

2d.  Divide  each  quarter  of  the.se  right  lines  into  nine 
equal  parts,  proceeding  from  the  centre  to  the  circumfe- 
rence ;  each  division  will  represent  ten  degrees  and  may 
be  numbeifcd  accordingly.  Those  on  the  axis  will  repre- 
sent the  latitude,  and  are  to  be  numbered,  from  the  equa- 
tor towards  the  pole,  U),  20,  &c.  Those  on  the  equator 
will  represent  the  longitude,  and  are  to  be  luimbered  so 
as  to  correspond  with  whatever  point  is  fixed  on  as  a  first 
meridian.  Figure  3  is  supposed  to  be  the  western  heniis- 
piiere,  and  London  to  be  the  first  meridian ;    and  this,  by 

*  Thii  method  ofprojccting  maps  is  taken  chiefly  from  Mr.  Melish. 


,j20  CONSTRUCTION  OF  MAPS. 

the  axis  as  110,  from  whence  the  nnmotr^ 
wes^twaril,  12(^  UW,  &c.  outward  circle   into 

Ijd.  Divide  the  four  (luar  ers,  °';''^,^";;     „  ,hc  cnua- 
nme  equal  parts  respectively    proccehK  lunn  1 

,or  to  the  ,!oles,  --' """^  >-.>/,"  'i^j,;  'general  rule  ., 

'i'o  draw  the  pamUels  '/'«/"'•  ^^^  ^  „,«  through  I  , 
to  guide  the  -^-;V-^^;^l^:  praxis'  Jespectively,  w 
the  divisions  m  the  ontwaiti  cu,  ,    ,      ^j^  g^nie  dilli-  I 

,ro,n  SO  to  00.     This  however  ..  •  ttuu    d  w. .  ^    ^^.^^^^^^^^  p 

culty,  because   the   '"•^^'''^^  "' ,.^,;"yentres  can  be  easily 
each  rcpiires  a  new  ceut..e.      1 1»-  «  ^.^^^  ^^^^ 

found  by  the   «" '«-'".^  .f  ",;;:•„„  Oe  circuu.terence  re- 
the  divisions  on  the  ax.«  to  "i^  ^;.  J^",,,^,^  ,ight  lines   into 

will  be  the  centres,  as  C  ^,^^  compasses  so 

(Sec  plulc  1-  fig-  J) 

,.  the  polar  prelection  the  no^n.  ^^^^^^ 
pheres  are  pro  ected  on  ^be   plaue   o  1^^^  .^  ^^. 

Voles  being  in  the  centre      I*      b"'i  ^^^^^^^^  ^,,^,„„. 

l';::;:^^;',e^rrS.^^^-r,  whil  are  or  .ore 

foot  of  the  compasses  in  the  I  ole.,    e-i  .^  ^g^     ^^^^^^^^^  ^, 
equidistant  Irom  each  «t'f  [  ^^^J'Ves  apart.  , 


,l!i. 


M^ 


MAPS. 

:  the  world,  will  lix 
bers  arc  continuL'(' 

outward  circle   into 
lug  from  the  cquu- 

20,  k.c. 

he  general  rule  is, 
es  may  pass  through 
1  axis  respectively,  l\v 
uled  with  some  dilVi- 

linc  being  dilTerent, 
>ntros  c:m  be  easily 
liMW  riglit  lines  from 
he  circumference  re- 
lese  right  lines  into 
,  6,  let  fall  perpen- 
n  the  axis  south  or 
lliey  respectively  cut 

Hide  the  compasses  so 
hrough  the  divisions  m 
^tral  points  are  lound 
i.  Seelig.  3,i/,(',«i''J 

the  polar  projection- 

■\.) 

rn  and  southern  heniis- 
,e  of  the  equator,  U.c 
t  little  used,  as  it  cx- 
to  the  greatest  advan- 
r,  which  are  of  more 

executed  by  fixing  one 
describing  nine  circles 
present  the  parallels  ol 

recs  apart.  .  , 

ator,  into  thirty  SIX  equal 

,le  to  each  pomt  m  the 
e  meridians  of  longitude 


/  ^ ..-  '  f 


'»} 


'■'.ff.l 


f 


\.-V\ 


M 


r    I. 


i        t      ^-.  f 


rONSTHlCnON  OF  MAi'H. 


.•V?l 


HI.   7*0  draw  a  //*.«/'  «f  the  ii-urhl  on  Mcrduo,-^  yn^iectinn. 

(Soo  llj,'.  o,  i>I;ito  II.) 

L.v  out  (ho  n.ni'  i"  "".V  si/e  U.at  mriy  be  wnnto.l  Dniw 
the-  Imo  K  W  to  rcpic^rnt  (he  r..i""l"'N  •'"''  ""'  ''"^,  ^.^ 
fora  M..ui.!i.n  of  l-.n^iluao.  Draw  risht  hn<  s  ,,;.r...k.|  to 
(1.,.  lino  N  S,  ca-t  tiiul  west  of  it,  to  represent  lU  degrees 

To'.lr.iw  the  i-ariiilel.  of  latit.ule,  have  recourse  to  tl.e 
tabl.  of  inerichoual  i-art.,  ,..  .52:3,  an.l  graduate    the  .calo 
between  the.u  a-reeably  to  it.      The  princpU)   on  uh.eh 
thi.  table  is  constructed  is  explaiuod  ui  a  note  annexed  to 
it      Its  practical  application  is  to  add  the  mendionabparts, 
over  GO,  to  the  scale  of  every  degree  of  latitude  as  you 
proceed  north  and  south  of  the  eciuator.     Thus  ,„  the  tirst 
10  degrees  there   are   only   3   meridional  parts  over  GO^ 
That  is  3  parts  are  to  he  added  to  000.     netween  10  and 
■10  "<»  are  to  be  added  to  600  ;  between  '20  and  :'>0  add  i>o  ; 
between  M  and  40  add  i:55  ;  between  W  and  50  add  251  ; 
between  50  and  GO  add  45;; :  between  GO  and  /O  add  n;,7  ; 
between  70  and  80  a<ld  1C09  ;  the  last  is  0  more  than  -^ 
limes  GO,  extending  the  scale  between  70  and  CO  to  more 
than  4  limes  thai  between  1°  au.l  10°.      Ihe   nicruhona! 
parts  increase  so  fast  above  80  degree.-  that  it  is  not  judg- 
ed of  importance  to  pursue  the  subject  iarthrr. 

The  projection  being  made,  the  map  is  to  be  hlled  up 
with  appropriate  matter.  The  few  places  hud  down  in 
fiff  5  will  serve  ns  a  specimen.  Maps  on  this  pr(.)eclion 
are  usually  shaded  upon  the  land  side;  other  maps  on  tlif- 
water  side. 

1\  .    .0  draxi'  a  map  on  the  com[,onnd  p, ■■■>;, ctior.. 

(See  Plate  II.  fig.  G.— fig-  «•  «i  ""^1  <'?■  ^-  ^0 
This  is  termed  the  compound  projection,  because  ll  i? 
composed  of  the  polar  projection,  and  plain  projectioa. 

Having  fixed  upon  your  scale,  measure  cfl  the  number 
of  miles  agreeably  to  it  between  the  southern  cxlremily 
(supposing  the  map  to  be  in  the  northern  hemisphere)  and 
2S 


m 


,1        I        'I'lU*.  tlip  DoliU-  point,  as   ii  ccnlic,  j*ec 

ov-o  octree  ol  '>  \;""'^^    ;;\-^,;j  '"^......sponding  distances 

a„.i  K.^  T«'*^r;^^;,„;^i  1  y  iU>iron  the  Imes  30  nn<l 
r  tt^^''.?  ,u'  wo^\  "l  litlu.u  dn.vv  r.,ht  linos  be- 
■'  .  ,  :      '  "l  e  circv.lxr  linos  will  rei-r.  sent  the  paruU 

off  on  it  a-.Toably  to  the  ^ -•"*';     ^'\    reinesent  the  nic- 

V.   T..  .«.-«%'  a  AA'i'  on  the  riain  rrojcction. 
(Soe  Plate  U.  fik'-  "•) 

plain  i.rojectioa  are  resorted  to. 


;;.:.i 


*^•'•*^l 


II  centre,  Hec 
issesi,  iiiul  with 
,  30,  35,  4t),  45. 
iiiii.     Look  into 
:ori'e!ipon(ling;tc) 
Jistanccs  at  ^O" 
imding  distances 
the  lines  30  mid 
r  ri;,'l»t  linos  be- 
•t  sent  the  parul- 
ini4  or!on',^itude. 
inns  of  longiltido 
iiutor.      Hut  this 
II  by   the  iij^ure. 
it'  the  compound 
iho  distiinccs  laid 

dotted  lines  run- 
epresent  the  me- 
tre or  polar  point, 
ich  are  laid  down 
rate  the  error. 


Projection- 


i  croM  it  at  ripHt 
1  the  table  of  mile^ 
10  every  degree  ot 
respectively.  Ad- 
jn  the  compound 
n  them. 

•ojection  "^nd  plnin 
space.  Either  of 
of  country.  When 
ilarly  the  globular 
lular  projection  and 


TAULF. 

nftke  ]hri.llon„l  ParU  in  a  <lc^ne  of  Latitude  for  rvrry  Je- 

^  VcTin^iludc,  calcuUuing  each  j.art  c.^ual  to  a  gro- 

Irapkical  mile  at  the  c</.<utor,  (30  to  a  degree. 


2G 
28 


Mtr.Parts. 
60 
120 
180 
'iU) 
300 
3lJl 
121 
482 
542 
003 
G64 
725 
787 
848 
010 
'J73 
1035 
1098 
1161 
1225 
1289 
1354 
1419 
1484 
I   1550 
1616 
1684 
1751 


Mer.PnTls. 
4183 
4294 
440'J 
4527 
4649 
4775 
4905 
5039 
5179 
5324 
5474 
5631 


Dcg.    Mtr.  Paris.  Deg. 

a<j  1819  57 

30  1888  58 

31  1953  59 

32  2028  60 

33  2100  61 

34  2171  02 

35  2244  63 

36  2.118  64 

37  2393  65 
31{  2468  66 

39  2545  (37  • 

40  2623  68 

41  2702  69 

42  27C2  "^O 

43  2863  71 

44  2946  72 

45  3030  73 

46  3H0  74 

47  3203  75 
4C  3292  76 

49  3382  77 

50  3474  78 

51  3569  79 

52  3665  80 

53  37t,4  81 

54  3865  82 

55  3968  83 

56  4074  84 

The  aboVe'talde  is  constructcd'so  as  the  meridional  part', 

J^'^Z^  the  distances  between  the  l''-; »«  ^^  J^^ 
t„de  decrease.     In  navigation  books  there  are  tables  shew 

tslTw  tIirFi;ciple,as  well  as  for  coastructmg  maps  on 
Mercator's  projection 


5795 
5966 
6146 
6335 
6534 
6746 
6970 
7210 
7467 
7745 
8046 
8375 
8739 
9146 
9606 
10137 


]Mv 


V 


'iwnLr. 


/' 


.n 


Shrjuingthe  loyiith  nf  a 
of  Liitituii 


ilgrec  of  Lon ffiliidc  for  cver^'hsrf 
t'l  •"  ^eogrujihU'iU  iniUs- 


Dcs-Lal. 

.V<7t». 

1 

50,!»l) 

3 

r)'.t,-.<  I 

3 

r);>,iVj 

4 

iV.»,fiti 

5 

5it,77 

t> 

u'.),»)7 

1 

5H,f)0 

8 

ny,  U) 

\ 

5!t,20 

1(1 

niMB 

11 

5l!,(i9 

12 

53,08 

i:\ 

58,40 

11 

5P.2* 

15 

B!.',<»0 

IG 

57.';(> 

17 

57, .)0 

lU 

57,01 

IP 

50,7t}  , 

20 

50,3« 

21 

5G,00 

22 

55,o:'« 

23 

55.2;i 

21 

51.»1 

25 

54,:i8 

20 

54,00 

27 

53,41 

28 

53.00 

2i) 

o'2,l8 

30 

51, 06 

/)<, 


.I.M. 

Mtlti. 

Deg.Liit. 

MiUt. 

31 

51,13 

01 

29,0  1 

32 

50,88 

02 

28,17 

33 

5(),3'.i 

03 

27,21 

34 

49,74 

01 

20,30 

35 

19,15 

05 

25,30 

30 

48,51 

00 

24,41 

37 

47,!t,: 

07 

23,45 

38 

47.23 

08 

22,48 

39 

40,02 

09 

21,51 

40 

40,00 

70 

20,52 

41 

15,28 

71 

l'>,54 

4'-: 

44,95 

72 

18,55 

43 

43.U8 

73 

17.54 

4  1 
4  it 

4;i.io 

42.43 

74 
75 

10,53 
15.52 

40 

41,08 

10 

14,51 

47 

41.00 

77 

1 3,50 

48 

40,15 

78 

12,18 

49 

39,30 

79 

11,45 

50 

38,57 

80 

10,42 

51 

37,73 

81 

OH,38 

52 

37,00 

82 

08,35 

63 

30.18 

83 

07,32 

54 

35.2G 

i34 

00,28 

55 

34,11 

85 

05,23 

50 

33,55 

S6 

01.18 

57 

32,67 

37 

03,14 

58 

31,70 

88 

02,09 

59 

30,90 

89 

01,05 

RO 

30,00 

90 

00,00 

iiiiihfor  tverjf'acgrc 
i;U  inilts. 


Deg.Lat. 

Miln. 

(U 

2it,o  1 

iVi 

28,17 

C) 

27,21 

Gl 

2»'.,:U> 

0& 

2:),:<G 

66 

21,11 

07 

aiMf' 

68 

22,10 

69 

21,.')! 

70 

2i»,52 

71 

i'»,r)i 

72 

I8,r)5 

73 

17. f)! 

74 

Ui,5:> 

75 

1  r>.52 

•56 

14,51 

77 

1 3,50 

70 

12,18 

79 

11,15 

80 

10,42 

81 

0!«,38 

82 

U8,:i6 

0:i 

07,:i2 

81 

Of.,23 

or. 

05,2;> 

S6 

04.18 

37 

03,14 

00 

02,09 

00 

01,05 

90 

00,00 

